NIK NUR AZMINA BINTI AZHAR 2016818082

Purchasing Software

AIS Ways in obtaining

information
-> Company follow SDLC except conceptual design & physical design &
implementation.
-> Company select vendor which can found by referrals, at conferences, magazines,
or internet.

DEVELOPMENT -> Company sent Request For Proposal (RFP) to propose system their need. RFP
can save times, simplifies decision making process, reduce errors & avoid potential
disagreement.
-> Evaluate Proposal & Select the system. Benchmark Problem; Point Scoring; &

STRATEGIES
Outsourcing Requirement Costing are the ways to compare system performance.
-> Hire an outside company to develop & operate the system.
-> Advantages of Outsourcing :
- a business solution;
INTRODUCTION - asset utilization; In-House Information System Development
- access to greater expertise & better technology; -> Company develop custom software to meet their unique needs.
- lower costs; -> End-User-Computing (EUC) : IT used by people to meet their information
Difficulties when developing AIS :- - less development time; needed.
- elimination of peaks-and-alley usage; and -> Advantages of EUC :-
- facilitation of downsizing. - user creation, control & implementation;
- Numerous of backlogged project; -> Disadvantages of Outsourcing : - system that meet user need;
- inflexibility; - timeliness;
- loss of control;
- AIS does not meet needs of user; - reduced competitive advantage;
- freeing up of systems resources; and
- versatility & ease of use.
- locked-in system; -> Disadvantages of EUC :-
- unfulfilled goals;
- Development takes longer time; - poor service; and
- logic & development errors;
- inadequate tested applications;
- increased risk. - inefficient system;
- User do not specify their needs; and - poorly controlled & documented systems;
- system incompatibilities;
- duplication of systems & data (wasted resources); and
- Frozen requirement difficult to change. Ways to improve development - increased cost.
process
Business process redesign Prototyping
-> Business Process Reengineering (BPR) : One-time-event approach to improve & -> An approach to systems design in which a simplified working model is developed.
automate business process. -> Prototype development steps : 1. Meet the users.
-> Business Process Management (BPM) : Systematic approach to continue improve & 2. Develop initial prototype.
optimize business process. 3. Use feedback to modify & return to user.
-> Principles of BPM : 4. Use the system.
- can produce competitive advantage; -> Type of Prototype : 1. Operational Prototype (Half of prototype turned
- must be manage end to end; into functional system.
- should be agile; and 2. Nonoperational Prototype (Prototype that are discarded).
- aligned with organizational strategy & needs. -> Advantages of Prototype :
-> Business Process Management Systems (BPMS) : Automate & facilitate business - better definition of user needs;
process improvement through SDLC. - higher user involvement & satisfaction;
-> Major components of BPMS :- - faster development time;
- process engine; - fewer errors;
- business analytics; - more opportunity for changes; and
- collaboration tools; and - less costly.
- content manager. -> Disadvantages of Prototype :
- significant user time;
- less efficient use of system;
Agile development technologies - inadequate testing & documentation;
-> A guiding philosophy & set of principles for developing information system. - negative behavioral reactions; and
-> Development methodologies :- - never ending development.
- Scrum : a team work together in an intense but short process to reach common goal.
- Extreme Programming : produce higher-quality software more productively by taking Computer-aided software engineering tools
traditional software development to extreme level.
-> Computer-aided software (or system) engineering (CASE) is integrated package of tools
- Unified Process : development with 4 phases;
that skilled designer use to plan, analyse, design, program & maintain information system.
1. Inception : shortest phase where analysts define project's scope.
-> Advantages of CASE :-
2. Elaboration : 2nd longest & most important phase where
- improve productivity; -> Disadvantages of CASE:
detailed development of user requirement.
- improved program quality; - incompatibility;
3. Construction : Longest phase where system is coded & built.
- cost savings; - costly; and
4. Transition : system is made available to system users.
- improved control procedures; and - unmet expectations.
- simplified documentation.