Cdt Aymen Yahyaoui: MP2 2020-2021

MP2 2019-2010 Cdt A.Yahyaoui

Introduction to Programming

Getting Started with Python 3

Python References

  Home Page
  www.python.org
  Documentation Home
  www.python.org/doc/
  Getting Started Page
  http://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/

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Installing Python
  Go to www.python.org/download
  Select the version for your platform

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Interactive vs. Batch Execution
  Interactive (command line) mode
  Enter program statements one at a time at a command
prompt
  Each statement is processed after it is typed
  This mode is appropriate for exploring or studying the
Python language and its features
  Batch (script) mode
  Enter the entire program into a text file, using a text editor
  Invoke the interpreter to process statements in the text file
  This is the standard mode for writing Python programs
  We will use the Interactive mode in class for introducing
the basics of Python

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Interactive Mode Example

Initial startup
message

Prompt Statement
>>> 23 + 45
Response 68

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Batch Mode Example
  Use a text editor (Notepad, TextEdit, …) to create
a Python program containing the following code:
print("Welcome to Python")
  Save the file as welcome.py and run it from the
command prompt (not from the Python interpreter)
c:\>python welcome.py
Welcome to Python
  Note that the file path must be set appropriately for
your system. If not, specify the full path in the
command, e.g., c:\python32\python. Here we
assume the command is executed from the current
directory, which includes welcome.py.

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Python Programming Basics: Data
  Computer programs manipulate different
types of data
  We start by looking at simple data types
  Numbers (numeric values)
  Strings (textual values)

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Numbers
  Integers
  Whole numbers
  Floating-Point Numbers
  Real numbers
  Stored in computer memory using a
representation called floating-point
  Complex Numbers

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Integers
  Standard Integers (int)
  -20, 0, 23, 4, …
  Represented (stored) in the computer using the number
of bits needed, i.e., there is no size limit

  History lesson: Python 2 had two distinct

types of integers
  int: used 4 bytes (32 bits) to represent most integers
  long: had no fixed size; used for "large" integers
  Represented with an "L" notation, e.g., -2315894839384L,
2345980333443334L
  Note that in Python 3, all int's are treated like Python 2
long integers, and there is no longer a "long" type

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Floating-Point Numbers
  Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754
representation is used for real numbers
  Both decimal and scientific notations can be
used
  All of the following are valid Python float data
  2.9, .998, -2345.0909
  32.54e5, 0.12e-4
  345.0E-20, 54.0E2

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Complex Numbers
  Complex numbers have a real and an
imaginary part, represented by the syntax:
<real> + <imaginary>j|J

  Examples of complex data:

34 + 23j
2 + 3j
4.05 – 2.3J

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Strings
  A string is a sequence of characters
surrounded by single or double matched
quotes
  Examples:
"This is a string"
"John's Mac"
'Jane"s PC'
"I like 'double quotes' better."
  We will use double quotes by convention in
this class (except for internal quoting, where
single quotes must be used)
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Variables
  A variable is a memory location where we store
data values during program execution
  We can store exactly one value in a variable at
any given instance
  It’s called a variable because the value stored within
it may vary
  We can store different values in the same variable at
different times during program execution
  A variable can be assigned a literal (fixed) value,
or a value from another variable
  A variable must have a name in order to be
referenced or accessed
  We call this name an identifier

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Identifiers
  An identifier is a sequence of characters we
use to name a variable, and other program
elements (such as functions or constants)
  A valid Python identifier must:
  consist only of letters, numbers, and the
underscore symbol, and
  begin with a letter or underscore
  Example identifiers:
total _isThis_OKAY camelCaseIsBest
sum string CONSTANT2
1badExample

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Reserved Words
  An identifier that is used for a specific purpose by a
language is called a reserved word, or keyword
  Python reserved words:
and assert break class
continue def del elif
else except finally for
from global if import
in is lambda not
or pass raise return
try while yield

Added/removed in Python 3

True False None print

as nonlocal with

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Choosing Variable Names
  Any valid identifier that is not a reserved
word can be used as a variable name
  But good programmers must...
  choose a descriptive name
  avoid non-reserved system or language names,
e.g., sum, print
  use camelCase notation (easier to read)
  Starts with a lowercase letter
  Successive words are capitalized

  Examples:
monthlyRent
discountAmtForSeniors

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Assignment Statement
  A statement that assigns a value to a variable
  Basic Syntax:
<variable> = <expression>

  Examples:
x = 3
name = "John"
daysPerWeek = 7
r = x Notice that this is addition
followed by assignment, not
x = x + 2 a mathematical equality

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Multiple-Equal Assignments
  We can assign a value to multiple variables
using a single statement
  Basic Syntax:
( <variable> = )+ <expression>
  The notation ( A )+ means 1 or more of A

  Examples:
x = y = 3
sum1 = sum2 = sum3 = 0
msg1 = msg2 = "hello"
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Multiple-Target, Multiple-Source Assignments
  We can also assign multiple values to multiple
variables using a single statement
  Basic Syntax:
<variable> ( , <variable> )* =
<expression> ( , <expression> )*
  The notation ( A )* means 0 or more of A
  The number of target variables and RHS
expressions must match
  Examples:
x, y = 3, "hello"
x, y, z = 1, 2, 3
x, y = 4, x
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Multiple-Equal, Multiple-Target, Multiple-Source
Assignments
  Finally, we can combine the two previous
types of multiple assignment statements
  Basic Syntax:
(<variable> ( , <variable> )* = )+
<expression> ( , <expression> )*
  Again, number of target variables and expressions
must match
  Examples:
x, y = a, b = 3, 4
a, b, c = w, x, z = 1, 2, 3
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Shortcut (Augmented) Assignments
  It is very common in programming to modify the
current value of an integer variable, e.g.:
x = x + 10
  For this type of update assignment, Python
provides a shortcut assignment operator
  Instead of x = x + 10, we can write x += 10
  Python shortcut assignment operators:
x += y x /= y x *= y x -= y
x %= y x //= y x **= y x <<= y
x ^= y x &= y x |= y x >>= y

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Python is a Type-less Language
  This means it is perfectly legal to assign
different types of data to the same variable,
e.g., the following is valid:
x = 20
x = "I love Python"
  The interpreter keeps track of the type of data
currently stored in a variable at any given time
  The type() command is used to reveal the
type of data currently stored in a variable
x = "This is a string."
type(x) Returns <class 'str'> since x
was assigned a string value
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Expressions
  An expression is a programming construct
that yields a value when evaluated
  Anything that equates to a value is a valid
expression
  Example expressions (notice no '='):
1 + 2
3 * 4 / 9
7.2
x + 2
"Just a string"
x == y
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Types of Expressions
  Arithmetic Expressions
  Yield a numeric value
  String Expressions
  Yield a string value
  Boolean Expressions
  Yield a boolean value, i.e., True or False
  Others
  We’ll learn about other expressions later

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Operators
  Operators are the fundamental building
blocks of expressions
  Mathematical symbols such as '+' and '*'
are well known, common operators

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Arithmetic Operators
  Addition/Subtraction operators: + -
4 + 2

  Multiplication/Division operators: * / //
20 // 3

  Exponentiation operator: **
2 ** 3

  Modulus (remainder) operator: %

9 % 6

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Integer Division
  In Python 3, the division operator always
yields a float
  Try these: >>> 18 / 5
>>> 18.0 / 5
>>> 18 / 5.0
  History lesson: Python 2 performed integer
division with two integer operands
  In Python 3, the // operator provides
truncated division
  Quotient is truncated, not rounded
  Try the operations above, but with //

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Operator Precedence
  For this statement, will the value of x be
22 or 30?
x = 2 + 4 * 5
  Operator Precedence (partial list):
Operator Group Operators Example High

Exponentiation ** x ** y
Unary + - -x
Multiplicative * / // % x * y
Additive + - x + y Low

  Operators in the same group are evaluated left to right

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Sample Arithmetic Expression
  The expression below is evaluated in the
order shown:
2 - 4 * -3 // 2 + 2
-12
-6
8

10

  Alternatively, we can (and should) always use

parentheses to explicitly dictate the order of
evaluation
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String Operators
  Concatenation: +
"I say 'hello' " + "you say 'goodbye'"
>>> "I say 'hello' you say 'goodbye'"

  Repetition: *
"hello " * 3 >>> "hello hello hello "
3 * "hello " >>> "hello hello hello "

  Length: len( )
len("hey hey hey") >>> 11
x = "hello " * 3
len(x) >>> 18

  Note: len is actually a system function, but it’s so common we

treat it as a unary operator for strings and other sequence types.
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Mixed-Mode Expressions
  What is the result of each of the following
expressions?
3 + 5
"3" + "5"

  What is the result of the following expression?

"Sum of 1 + 2 is " + 3
  The expression attempts to convert the integer 3 to
a string, which causes a Python TypeError
  Note: this is legal in Java

  Instead, we use string conversion function str():

"Sum of 1 + 2 is " + str(3)

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Boolean/Comparison Operators
  Class of operators that equate to True or False
value
  Boolean operators: and or not
  Examples: x or y
not x
  Note that not has a lower priority than non-boolean
operators, so not a == b is interpreted as
not (a == b), while a == not b gives an error
[ instead, use a == (not b)]
  Comparison operators:
  Less/Greater than: < <= > >=
  Equality/Inequality: == !=
  Object Identity/Negation: is is not

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