PDF Decreto 616 Plantilla Invima Leche Compress

TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT

Sensor v/s transducer

tra nsducer
Characteristics of sensor/ Transducer

Transducer
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATIO
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INTRODUCTION
Temperature
Speed Flow
Level Pressure
INSTRUMENTATION
N

Temperature Measurement
INSTRUMENTATION
N

Temperature v/s Heat
Temperature is is a direct
func
functi
tion
on of rarand
ndom
om mo
molec
lecul
ular
ar
mot
otio
ionn wi
with
thin
in an obje
ject
ct or a
fluid sample.
Heat, by contrast, is an
ex
expr
pres
essi
sion
transfer. on of th
ther
erma
mall en
ener
ergy
gy
INSTRUMENTATION
N

Heat is form of energy transfer
INSTRUMENTATION
N
INSTRUMENTATION
N
 Illustrating by way of example, a single molecule of gas moving at a constant

velocity will have a definite temperature.
 Two or three molecules moving at the same speed will have the same temperature,
but together represent a greater thermal energy than any one of them considered
alone.
 Heat is either the reduction or increase of thermal energy by transfer of energy. If
these gas molecules

molecules happen while
will lose velocity to collide with slower-moving
the slower molecules willgas molecules,
gain velocity. the faster
velocity.
 Thus, the higher-temperature molecules cool down while the lower-temperature
molecules warm up: a transfer of heat.
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Temperature
• Temperature is measure of the

the relative hotness or coldness of an object.
object.
• Temperature is often measured relative to the freezing and boiling points of water.
water.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
 Temperature is the measure of thermal energy in the body.

 Normally measured in degrees [°] using one of the following scales:
1) Fah
Fahren
renhei t.[°°F]
heit.[
2) Celsiu
Celsiuss or centig rade.[[°C]
centigrade.
3) Kel
Kelvin
vin.. [K
[K]]
F = 32 + 9 C / 5
C = K-273.15
INSTRUMENTATION
N
WHY MEASURE TEMPERATURE?
Industry
Healthcare
Meteorology
INSTRUMENTATION
N Science and Technology
Home appliances

Different types of temperatur

temperaturee measurement methods
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Bi-metal temperature sensors

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Fig : A bimetallic
bimetallic coil from a thermometer reacts to the heat from a lighter, by uncoiling
and then coiling back up when the lighter is removed.
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION BY V.SRAVANI
A typical bimetallic strip The structure of a bimetallic strip

Consider the bimetallic strip is made of two different metals, i.e., metal A and metal B. Both the
metals have a different temperature coefficient. The T2 – T
T1 shows the variation of temperature, which
causes the expansion of the string.
The above equation shows that th

thee st
stri
rip
p be
bendnd to
towa
wardrdss th
thee me
meta
tals
ls wh
whic
ichh ha
hass a lo
low-
w-te
temp
mpererat
atur
uree co
coef
effi
fici
cien
entt
(when
(when th
thee te
temp
mper
eratu
ature
re in
incr
crea
ease
ses)
s) and ththee in
inve
vers
rsee wi
will
ll ha
happ
ppen
en whe
whenn th
thee te
temp
mpererat
atur
uree de
decr
crea
ease
ses.
s.
For practical applications,
applications, the strip is made of metals whose moduli of elasticity and thickness
thickness are same.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Application of bimetallic strip

•
When the temperature increases,

increases, the strip bends towards
towards
the metal which has a low-temperature coefficient.
• And whe
whenn the tem
temper
peratu
ature
re dec
decrea
reases
ses,, the str
strip
ip ben
bendsds
towa
toward
rdss the metetal
al wh
whicich
h ha
hass a hi high
gh-t
-tem
empe
pera
rattur
uree
coefficient.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
SPIRAL TYPE BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER

INSTRUMENTATION
N
HELIX BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER

INSTRUMENTATION
N
LIQUID IN GLASS THERMOMETERS

• Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid
is enclosed in a sealed system and then heated, the molecules in that fluid will exert a greater
pressure on the walls of the enclosing vessel. By measuring this pressure, and/or by allowing
the fluid to expand under constant pressure, we may infer the temperature of the fluid.
f luid.
Glass-stem thermometer
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• Mercury or some other liquid (alcohol, pentane) fills the glass bulb and extends into the capillary bore of the stem.
• The space above the mercury column to the scaled top is evacuated, but occasionally it may be filled with an inert dry gas, such
as nitrogen, to increase the temperature range.
• The expansion of pure 0.01%/°F (0.005%/°
pure mercury is 0.01%/° (0.005%/°C) and very linear; therefore, the volume of the bulb must be about 10,000
1 °F (0.56°
times the volume of the capillary between two marks 1° (0.56°C) apart.
• used from its freezing point (−

Mercury is most suitable and can be used (−38
38°°F, or −
or −39 °C) up to nearly its boiling point (over 1000 °F,
or 538 °C).
• Alcohol and a few other hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons may be used for low temperatures.
• Colorfast dyes are usually added

added to the liquid to increase
increase visibility
Liquid
Liquid proper
properties
ties
• Have large temperature coefficient

coefficient of expansion
• Temperature- dimensional
dimensional relationship mist be linear
• Liquid should accommodate

accommodate reasonable temperature
temperature range
• Liquid should be clearly visible when drawn into thread.

thread. Alcohol
Alcohol can be used only if a dye is used
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• Liquid must not stick to the capillary walls.
capillary
 Advantages of liquid-in-glass thermometers are their low cost, simplicity, and

long life if treated properly.
properly.

Disadvantages are difficult
adaptability to recording reading, confinement
or automatic control. Theytoalso
local measurement,
break very easily.and non
Mercury filling has been

discontinued in most
indu
indust
stri
rial
al appl
applic
icat
atio
ions
ns
because of health
concerns.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• Liquid –
Liquid – in –
in – glass
glass is commonly manufactured in two types,
(a) Total
Total immersi
immersion on type (b) Partial
Partial imme
immersion
rsion type
type
INSTRUMENTATION
N
FILLED
FILLED THE
THERMA
RMAL
L SYS
SYSTEM
TEMS
S
• A fi
fill
lled
ed ther
therma
mall sy
syst
stem
em is
basically a pressure gauge
connected by small bore tubing
to the bulb acting as the
temperature sensor. The whole
system is gas-tight, and filled
with
with an app
approp
ropria
riate
te con
confin
fined
ed
gas or liquid under pressure.
• There are many different
different types
of filled systems, each having
certain peculiarities which give
it advantages over others.
•
T hekerss Sc
Maker
Ma Scie
iennti
tifociati
Associ
Ass fic ation(
App
ppar
on(SAMarat
SAMA)atu
us
A)
hass cl
ha clas
assi
sifi
fied
ed fi fill
lled
ed-s
-sys
yste
tem
m
thermometers into four major
clas
classe
sess acacco
cordrdin
ingg to fi fill
llin
ing
g
material
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Class II: vapor system
• The pressure element,

element, capillary
capillary,, and
bulb of a Class II system have the
fillin
fillingg me
mediu
diumm in boboth
th the liq
liqui
uid
d
and vapor form.
• The interface between the the two must
must
occu
oc curr in th
thee bu
bulb
lb,, an
andd th
this
is wi
will
ll
mo
moveve sli
affectingsligh
ghtly
thetly with
with tem
pressure. temper
peratu
ature,
re,
• The pressure within
within the system
system is a
function of the vapor pressure of the
filling fluid at the operating (bulb)
temperature.
•
The fi fill
llin
ingg fl
flui
uids
ds usused
ed inincl
clud
udee
methy
me thyll chlchlori
oride,
de, sul
sulfur
fur dio
dioxi
xide,
de,
butane, propane, hexane, methyl
ether
ether,, eth
ethylyl chl
chlori
oride,
de, eth
ethyl
yl eth
ether
er,,
ethyl alcohol, and chlorobenzen
chlorobenzene.e.
• Each has a different
different vapor pressure –
temperature relationship.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• The operating principle for

for gas-filled systems is that in a perfect gas confined
confined to
a constant volume the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Static errors in filled systems

• Ambient temperature effect
• Head effect
• Barometric effect
• Immersion effect
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Compensating techniques
Full compensated
INSTRUMENTATION
N Case compensated

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Pneumatic temperature transmitter

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Resistance Temperature Detectors

• In 1821 Sir Humphry Davy discovered that the resistivity of metals depends on their
temperature.
• Resistance thermometry isis based upon the increasing
increasing electrical resistance
resistance of conductors with
increasing temperature.
• The resistive material may be platinum, nickel, or copper.
• Plati
Platinum
num is also available
available as a depos
deposited
ited film sensor,
sensor, which is much less expensive,
expensive, and
platinum, nickel, and Balco(70%
Balco(70% nickel/30% iron) are all available in foil-type sensors.
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Two wire RTD

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Two wire RTD
 +  +  
 =  −
 +  +  + 3 2
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Three wire RTD

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Four wire RTD

INSTRUMENTATION
N
THERMISTORS
•
NTC thermistors,
of nickel, or NTCs
or
manganese, forcobalt,
copper, short, tin,
are uranium,
are semiconductors made
made
zinc, iron, from specific
magnesium, mixtures
titanium, and of puremetals.
ot her
other oxides
• PTCs
PTCs are man
manufaufactu
ctured
red fro
from
m sil
silico
icon
n (si
(silis
listors
tors)) or bar
barium
ium,, lea
lead,
d, and str
stronti
ontium
um tit
titana
anates
tes wit
with
h the
addition of yttrium, manganese, tantalum, and silica.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• The negative
negative expon
exponentia
entiall func
function
tion that best
describes
describes the resis
resistance-
tance-tempe
temperatur
raturee (R(T)
(R(T)))
characteristic of an NTC can be interpolated
using different equations.
Where T  absolute temperature in Kelvin

R  Thermistor resistance at temperature T
R 0  resistance at specified temperature T0
β  material constant
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• Highly sensitive and non - linear

INSTRUMENTATION
N
NTC Thermistors
Measurement of Resistance
• Consists of a battery, a
sensor, and a micro ammeter
can be used to measure
temperature with a
thermistor.
• In such a circuit, the sensor
will have a very high
resistance.
• As
As lolong
ng as th thee vol
olta
tag
ge is
cons
constan
tant,
t, th
thee cu
curr
rren
entt fl
flow
ow
will be determined only by
Micro Ammeter Readout changes in resistance of the
thermistor.
• Conditioning circuit more widely

used with thermistors.
• Thermistor is located in one leg of
a bridge circuit.
Wheatstone Bridge
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• Very accurate temperature

measurement can be made with a
differential circuit.
• With two thermistors in different
halves in a bridge, the unbalance
willl be det
wil determ
ermine
ined d by res
resista
istance
nce
differen
difference
ce cause
caused
d by temp
temperatur
eraturee
difference of the sensors.
Differential measurement
NTCs can be classified in one of two groups according to the way electrodes are connected to
the thermistor body:
Bead-type thermistors and Surface electrode-type thermistors
• Bead-typ
Bead -typee thermistorss have platinum lead wires sintered into the sensor body. This group
thermistor
includes bare and ruggedized beads as well as several glass-encased beads, rods, and probes.
• Surface-t
Surf ace-type
ype therm istorss have metallized surface contacts and leads. They are cheaper to
thermistor
manufacture than
used, but disks, bead-type
rods, NTCs.
and washers areChip and
also in surface mounts are probably the types more
demand.
• PTCs can be divided in two groups: th ther
erma
malllly
y se
sens
nsit
itiv
ivee si
sili
lico
con
n res
esis
istors (silistors) and
tors
switch
switching
ing PTC the
therm
rmist
istors
ors
INSTRUMENTATION
N
PTC Thermistor
• PT
PTCC ththeerm
rmis
isttor
orss araree re
ressis
isto
tors
rs wi
with
th a po possit
itiv
ivee
temp
tempera
eratu
ture
re co
coef
effi
fici
cien
ent,
t, in whiwhich
ch th
thee re
resi
sist
stan
ancece
increases in proportion with the temperature.
• These thermistors are differentiated into two groups
based on their structure and the manufacturing process.

• The first group of therm
thermistor
istor comprises
comprises silistors that
make use of silicon as a semi-conductor material.
• The
These
se the
thermi
rmisto
stors
rs ca
cann be use
used
d as PTC temperat
temperature
ure
sensors due to their linear characteristics.
•
Switch
Swit chin
ing
g ty
type
pe th
ther
ermi
mist
stor
or is the second group of
PTC thermistor that is used in heaters, and also the
polymer thermistors come under this group which are
made up of plastic and are often used as resettable
fuses. Characteristics of PTC
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Applications of PTC thermistors
Self-
Self-regu
• Ifregulati
lating
there isng
a heat
heaters
cur ers
curren
rent
t run
running
ning through
through a swi
switchi
tching
ng PTC thermistor
thermistor,, it will
auto-stabilize at a certain temperature.
• It means that if the temperature
temperature is decreased,
decreased, the resistance
resistance will decrease
decrease
as well, allowing more current to flow and thus heating the device.
•
Similar
Similarly
ly,, if the tem
temper
peratur
aturee is incr
increas
eased,
ed, the res
resista
istance
nce is incr
increas
eased
ed as
well, limiting the current passing through the device, thus cooling it down.
Over-current
Over-curr ent pro
protecti
tection
on
• Switche
Switchedd PTC therm
thermistors
istors are used as over-current
over-current limiters or resettable
fuses in various
various circuits.
circuits.
• In the case of an over-current
over-current situation, the thermistor
thermistor body temperature
rises and quickly reaches the transition temperature.
• This results in the resistance
resistance of the PTC thermistor
thermistor sharply rising, limiting
limiting
current in the circuit.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Two wire thermistor

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Self-heating Error
• Encountered in both RTD’s

RTD’s and thermistors.
• In order to measure the resistance of either device,
device, an electric current is passed
through it.
•
Unfortunately
Unfortunately,, this results in the generation of heat at the resistance according
according to
Joule’s Law.
• This dissipated power causes the thermistor or RTDRTD to increase in temperature beyond
its surrounding environment, introducing a positive measurement error.
• The effect may be minim
minimized
ized by limiting excitation
excitation current
current to a bare minim
minimum,
um, but
this results in less voltage dropped across the device.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Thermo-electricity
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Peltier effect Seebeck

Seebeck eff
effect
ect
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Dissimilar metal junctions

THERMOCOUPLE
• Thermo for the heat

requirement and couple
denoting two junctions.
Unknown temperature = (voltage/Seebeck coefficient) + reference temperature

INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Thermocouple types
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Thermocouple types
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Di
Dissssim
imil
ilar
ar-m
-met
etal
al wi
wire
ress araree pr
prot
otec
ecte
tedd
from
from phyphysisica
call da
dama
mage
ge by a st stai
ainl
nles
esss
stee
steell or cecera
rami
micc sh
shea
eath
th,, an
and
d th
they
ey ar
aree
ofte
of ten
n eqequi
uipp
pped
ed wiwith
th mo moldlded
ed-p
-pla
last
stic
ic
plugs for quick connection to and
disc
di scon
onne
nect
ctio
ionn frfrom
om a th ther
ermo
moco
coupuple
le--
based instrument
K type
INSTRUMENTATION
N
J type

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Manually interpreting thermocouple voltages
 = 1 − 

INSTRUMENTATION
N
The (Thermocouple) Thermoelectric Laws
• The
The th
thre
reee fu
fund
ndam
amen
enta
tall em
empi
piri
rica
call la
laws
ws be
behi
hind
nd th
thee ac
accu
cura
rate
te me
meas
asur
urem
emen
entt of
temperature by thermoelectric means are the:
1. Law of ho
Law homo
moge
gene
neou
ouss ma
mater
teria
ials
ls
2. Law
Law of in
inter
terme
medi
diate
ate ma
mate
teria
rials
ls
3. Law
Law of in
inter
terme
medi
diate
ate te
temp
mpereratu
atureress
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Law of homogeneous materials
• The e.m.f.
e.m.f. of a the
thermo
rmocou
couple
ple depends
depends only on the temperat
temperatureuress of the junction
junctionss and is
independent of the temperatures of the wires connecting the
t he junctions.
• Th
This
is me
meananss th
that
at th
thee le
lead
adss co
conn
nnec
ecti
ting
ng th
thee in
inst
stru
rume
ment
nt cacann be exexpo
pose
sed
d to tetemp
mpererat
ature
ure
fluctuations without affecting the measurement.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Law of intermediate materials
• The e.m.f. is not changed

changed when a new conductor is introduced
introduced into one of the metals
provided that both of the new junctions are at the same temperature.
temperature.
INSTRUMENTATION
N

• Law 3 states that if a third metal, C, is inserted at one
one of the junctions, the e.m.f. is unchanged
unchanged
provided that both of the new junctions are at the same temperature.
temperature.
• This means that a third material
material may be used to braze the thermocouple
thermocouple materials
materials together without
without
affecting the measuremen
measurement. t.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• The law of intermediate

intermediate metals states that the e.m.f.
e.m.f. of materials AC can be predicted
if the e.m.f’s of materials AB and BC are known.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Law of intermediate temperatures
• The law of intermediate temperatures

temperatures states that if two junctions
junctions at temperatures T1
and T2 produce a Seebeck voltage V2, and temperatures T2 and T3 produce voltage
V1, then temperatures T1 and T3 will produce a voltage V3 = V1 + V2.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Reference junction compensation
• Physically
Physically fix the temperature
temperature of that junction at some constant
constant value so it is
always stable.
• Fixing the reference junction at the temperature of freezing water is impractical for any
real thermocouple application outside of a laboratory.
INSTRUMENTATION
N
• Th
Thee co
comp
mpen
ensa
sati
ting
ng vol
volta
tage
ge
must continuously track the

volt
vo ltag
agee pr
prod
oduc
uced
ed by th thee
reference junction.
• To do this, the compensating
volt
vo ltag
agee so
sour
urce
ce (Vrjc in th
thee
above schematic) uses some

othe
otherr temp
tempera
eratu
ture
re-s
-sen
ensi
sing
ng
device such as a thermistor
or RTD to se sens
nsee th
thee lo
loca
call
temper
temperatu
ature
re at the ter
termin
minal
al
block where junction J2 is
formed and produce a
 = 1 −  +  counter-voltage that is
precisely equal and opposite
 = 1 + 0   = 
to J2 s voltage (Vrjc = VJ2) at
 = 1 all times.

INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Software compensation
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N

Types of Thermocouple Sheathing
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION

INSTRUMENTATION
N
Surface-type thermistors
• NT
NTC
C Th
Therm
ermis
isto
torr is a ce
cera
rami
micc el
elem
emen
entt th
that
at ch
chan
anges
ges it
itss re
resi
sist
stan
ance
ce va
valu
luee as th
thee am
ambi
bien
entt
temperature change.
• Appearance
• Construction
INSTRUMENTATION
N

Temperature Characteristics
INSTRUMENTATION
N
Surface-t
Surface-type
ype the
thermi
rmisto
stors
rs
NTC
NT C EX
EXAM
AMPLPLES
ES
1. SMAR
SMART PHONE
PHONE
INSTRUMENTATION
N
2. CAR
CAR
INSTRUMENTATION
N

INSTRUMENTATION
N
NON CONTACT TYPE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
• Eve
verry obje
ject
ct in th
thee wo
worrld ra
rad
dia
iate
tess
thermal energy.
• The amount of radiant energy
energy emitted is
proportional to the temperature of an
object.
•
The wavelength
occurs
occ urs endss at
depend
dep onwhich this
the tem
temper radiation
peratu
ature
re of
the material.
INSTRUMENTATION
N

Thermal radiation lies in the wavelength region from about 0.1 to 100micrometers
INSTRUMENTATION
N
SOLID STATE TEMPERATURE

SENSORS
Hall Effect: When an electric current
passes
magneticthrough
field, aa potential
conductordifference
placed in isa
deve
develo
lope
pedd acr
acros
osss th
thee co
cond
nduc
ucto
torr in a
direction perpendicular to both
magnetic field and the current and its
magnitude is proportional to the current
and magnetic field.
This is known as Hall-effect and it is
basis for many magnetic field
measuring instruments and devices.
INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTAT
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Fig. 1


Consider the simple setup to illustrate the hall-effect shown in Fig. 1.
A conducting material or plate is supplied by a battery such that a current ‘I’
‘I’ flows
flows
through it.
A pair of probes of a voltmeter is connected to the sides of the plates such that
measured voltage is zero in the absence of magnetic field.
When a magnetic field is applied to the plate such that it is right angles to the
curr
curren
entt fl
flow
ow,, th
then
en a sm
smal
alll vo
volt
ltag
agee ap
appe
pear
arss fo
forr th
thee cu
curr
rren
entt di
dist
stri
ribu
buti
tion
on in th
thee
conductor.
This force acts on the current and crowds the current to the one side of the wire or
conductor which resulting a potential difference across the conductor
conductor..
If the polarity of the magnetic field is reversed, then the induced voltage also
reversed across the plate. This phenomenon is the hall-effect.
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
In cas
casee of tem
temper
peratu
ature
re mea
measur
sureme
ement,
nt,
bellows assembly is sealed with a gas
with known thermal expansion
properties.
When the chamber is heated, the gas

inside the bellows gets expanded.
This causes a voltage to be produced

from sensor proportional to the
temperature.
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
NON-CONT
NON-C ONTACT
ACT TEMPE
TEMPERA
RATURE
TURE
SENSORS
Any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation
(photons, or light) as a function of that temperature.
This basic fact makes possible the measurement of temperature by analysing

the light emitted by an object.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law of radiated energy: the rate of heat lost by radiant

emission from a hot object is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute
temperature.
The primary advantage of non-contact thermometry: no need to place a
sensor in direct contact with the process.
RADIATION METHODS

OPTICAL PYROMETER
INSTRUMENTATION
ION

INSTRUMENTATION
ION

INSTRUMENTATION
ION
RADIATION PYROMETERS
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Radiation receiving elements

INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Radiation receiving elements
• Bolometers give an electric signal as a result

of the variation in resistance of a conductor
with temperature.
• It co
cons
nsis
istt of a th
thin
in pl
plat
atin
inum
um ststri
rip
p in an
evacua
eva cuated
ted gla
glass
ss ves
vessel
sel,, wit
withh a tra
transp
nspare
arent
nt
window in the infrared range.
• Irradiation by the infrared
infrared beam produces an
increa
increase
se in re
resi
sist
stan
ance
ce of ththee meta
metall st
stri
rip,
p,
whic
wh ich
h is meaeasu
sure
red
d wi
with
th a Wh Whea
eattst
ston
onee
bridge.
Bolometer
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Thermowell
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Thermowell with RTD and temperature transmitter
Thermowell
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Series and Parallel Connections of Thermocouples
Thermo
Ther mococoup
uple
le co
conn
nnec
ecte
ted
d in
seri
series
es / Th
Ther
ermo
mopipile
le
N  if thermocouples are identical
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Thermocouple
connec
connectio
tion
n in par
parall
allel
el
′

 ,
,  =   
    ℎ 
   ℎ 
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
• The accurate averaging of these Seebeck

voltage poteten
ntials relies on each
thermocouple’s wire resresist

istanc
ances
es bei
being
ng
equal.
• If th
thee th
ther
ermo
moco
coup
uple
less ar
aree lo
loca
cate
ted
d at
different places and their wires join in
parallel at a single location, equal wire
length will be unlikely

unlikely..
• The the
thermo
rmocou
couple
ple hav
having
ing the gre
greate
atest
st
wire length from point of measurement
to parallel connection point will tend to
have the gregreate
atest
st res
resist
istanc
ance,
e, and wil
willl
theref
therefore
ore ha
have
ve th
thee le
leas
astt ef
effe
fect
ct on ththee
average voltage produced.
• To help comp
compensate
ensate for this, additional
additional
resistance can be added to each of the
parallel thermocouple circuit branches to
make their respective resistances more
equal.
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Semiconductor temperature sensors

•
The most
mo st po
temperature popul
pular
and ar se
semi
currentmico
cond
nduc
ucto
torr te
temp
characteristics mper
of erat
theatur
uree se
sens
nsor
transistor. orss ar
aree ba
base
sed
d on th
thee fu
fund
ndam
amen
enta
tall
• If two identi
identical
cal transistors
transistors are operat
operated
ed at diffe
different
rent but const
constant
ant collector
collector curre
current
nt densities,
densities,
then the difference in their base-emitter voltages is proportional to the absolute temperature of
the transistors.
•
This voltage difference

difference is then converted to a single
single ended voltage or a current. An offset may
be applied to convert the signal from absolute temperature to Celsius or Fahrenheit
LM-35
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
• The forward
forward bia
biased
sed voltage
voltage acr
across
oss a dio
diode
de has a tem
temper
peratu
ature
re coe
coeffi
fficie
cient
nt of abo
about
ut
2.3mV/°°C and is reasonably linear.
2.3mV/
• The bias current should be held as constant as possible - using constant
constant current source,
or a resistor from a stable voltage
vo ltage source.
INSTRUMENTATION
ION
Black Body Radiation

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero (0 K) emit energy in the form
of electromagnetic radiation.
A blackbody is a theoretical or model body which absorbs all radiation falling on it,
reflecting or transmitting none.
It is a hypothetical object which is a “perfect”
“perfect” absorber
absorber and a “perfect”
“perfect” emitter
emitter of
radiation over all wavelengths.
Th
Thee sp
spec
ectr
tral
al di
dist
stri
ribu
buti
tion
on of th
thee th
ther
erma
mall en
ener
ergy
gy ra
radi
diat
ated
ed by a bl
blac
ackb
kbod
ody
y
depends only on its temperature.
Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding
a body, emitted by a black body.
It has a specific spectrum of wavelengths, inversely related to intensity that depend
only on the body's temperature.
INSTRUMENTATION
ION

INSTRUMENTATION
ION

INSTRUMENTATION
ION

INSTRUMENTATION
ION

INSTRUMENTATION
ION

PDF Decreto 616 Plantilla Invima Leche Compress

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF Decreto 616 Plantilla Invima Leche Compress

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sensor v/s transducer

Characteristics of sensor/ Transducer

Temperature v/s Heat

Heat is form of energy transfer

 Illustrating by way of example, a single molecule of gas moving at a constant

these gas molecules

• Temperature is measure of the

 Temperature is the measure of thermal energy in the body.

WHY MEASURE TEMPERATURE?

Different types of temperatur

Bi-metal temperature sensors

A typical bimetallic strip The structure of a bimetallic strip

causes the expansion of the string.

The above equation shows that th

Application of bimetallic strip

When the temperature increases,

SPIRAL TYPE BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER

HELIX BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER

LIQUID IN GLASS THERMOMETERS

• used from its freezing point (−

• Colorfast dyes are usually added

• Have large temperature coefficient

• Liquid should accommodate

• Liquid should be clearly visible when drawn into thread.

 Advantages of liquid-in-glass thermometers are their low cost, simplicity, and

Mercury filling has been

Class II: vapor system

• The pressure element,

• The operating principle for

Static errors in filled systems

Pneumatic temperature transmitter

Resistance Temperature Detectors

Two wire RTD

Two wire RTD

Three wire RTD

Four wire RTD

Where T  absolute temperature in Kelvin

• Highly sensitive and non - linear

• Conditioning circuit more widely

• Very accurate temperature

based on their structure and the manufacturing process.

Applications of PTC thermistors

Two wire thermistor

• Encountered in both RTD’s

Peltier effect Seebeck

Dissimilar metal junctions

• Thermo for the heat

Unknown temperature = (voltage/Seebeck coefficient) + reference temperature

Manually interpreting thermocouple voltages

 = 1 − 

The (Thermocouple) Thermoelectric Laws

Law of homogeneous materials

Law of intermediate materials

• The e.m.f. is not changed

Law of intermediate materials

Law of intermediate materials

• The law of intermediate

Law of intermediate temperatures

• The law of intermediate temperatures

Reference junction compensation

must continuously track the

above schematic) uses some

 = 1 all times.

NON CONTACT TYPE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT