2021

Final Proyect
Universidad Dominicana O&M
Fecha:2021/07/16

Student: Alex Santana Colata

Enrollment: 21-MIIN-2-018
Teacher: DAHIANA BERROA MERCEDES
Contenido
Introduction to Technical English...........................................................1
Conceptualization of the parts of a sentence in English.....................1
Recognition of the parts of a sentence...............................................1
Pronouns..........................................................................................1
Prepositions.....................................................................................2
Article...............................................................................................2
The verb...........................................................................................2
Nouns...............................................................................................2
The adjectives..................................................................................2
Introduction to the computer..................................................................4
Specific vocabulary related to the computer.......................................4
Types of computers and their use.......................................................5
Supercomputers...............................................................................5
Mainframe........................................................................................5
Minicomputer....................................................................................5
Microcomputer.................................................................................6
Computer networks..........................................................................6
Personal computers.........................................................................6
Personal organizers and PDA..........................................................6
Computer parts...................................................................................7
Keyboard..........................................................................................7
CPU.................................................................................................7
Monitor.............................................................................................7
The mouse.......................................................................................7
Motherboard.....................................................................................8
Graphic card....................................................................................8
RAM.................................................................................................8
 PSU..................................................................................................8
Storage............................................................................................8
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE............................................................9
Hardware............................................................................................9
Basic hardware................................................................................9
Complementary hardware..............................................................10
software............................................................................................10
System software.............................................................................10
app software...................................................................................10
Programming software...................................................................10
Comparison of the terms hardware and software.............................11
Definition of hardware components..................................................13
Cpu................................................................................................13
Motherboard...................................................................................13
RAM...............................................................................................14
HDD...............................................................................................14
Power supply..................................................................................14
Graphic card...................................................................................15
Keyboard.............................................................................................17
Keyboard description........................................................................17
Computer keyboard........................................................................17
Virtual keyboard.............................................................................18
Different types of keys......................................................................18
Typing keys....................................................................................18
Control keys...................................................................................18
Navigation keys..............................................................................19
Numeric keyboard..........................................................................19
Adequacy of the correct abbreviations for each function..................19
The Diskette and CD...........................................................................22
 Using the floppy disk and cd correctly..............................................22
Floppy disk.....................................................................................22
The CD..............................................................................................23
Las partes del disquete y cd.............................................................23
Disquete.........................................................................................23
CD.....................................................................................................24
How to protect a floppy disk and a cd...............................................27
Floppy disk.....................................................................................27
CD..................................................................................................28
Disk Operating System (Dos)..............................................................29
Origin of the two................................................................................29
Basic concepts of the components of plus two.................................30
The BIOS rom................................................................................30
The io.sys.......................................................................................30
Msdos.SYS....................................................................................30
DBLSPACE.BIN.............................................................................30
COMMAND.COM...........................................................................31
Ms-dos commands............................................................................31
Programs that make up the ms-dos..................................................32
Bootstrap........................................................................................32
BIOS..............................................................................................32
IBMDOS.........................................................................................32
COMMAND.COM...........................................................................33
CONFIG.SYS.................................................................................33
AUTOEXEC.BAT...........................................................................33
Internal and external commands.......................................................34
Internal commands.........................................................................34
External commands.......................................................................34
 Intoduccion

In this work it was carried out in order to make known the

basic parts of a sentence in English such as the verb, the
article, the adjectives etc.

The different types of computers are also developed in detail,

from supercomputers to computers for personal use, as well
as the parts that make up the pc and the importance of each
of its components.

In the investigation we can appreciate what the different

types of keyboards are and the use that each command has,
it can be appreciated what the history of the floppy disk and
other topics developed in this work.
 Introduction to Technical English
Conceptualization of the parts of a sentence in English
The basic parts of a sentence in English are the subject, the verb and
sometimes the object. The subject is usually a noun, a word that
names a person, place or thing. The verb (or predicate) generally
follows the subject and identifies an action or state of being. An object
receives the action and generally follows the verb.

Recognition of the parts of a sentence

The variable parts of a sentence are the following pronouns, nouns,
adjectives, articles and verbs which are developed below:

Pronouns
English personal pronouns are a subset of English pronouns that take
various forms based on number, person, case, and natural gender.

Prepositions
Prepositions in English can be invariable words or groups of words
that are used to indicate relationships of place, movement, direction or
time.

Article
An article is a word that follows a name, giving some basic information
about that name, such as whether it is plural or singular, or if it is a
general or specific object. The articles in English are: a, an, some and
the.

The verb
Verbs are the words that refer to an action, a state, or an event.
Nouns
Nouns are the words we use to refer to people, countries, places,
animals, among other things, whether they are mental or material.

The adjectives
Adjectives are those words that we use to modify or accompany the
noun or noun.

To form the past simple with regular verbs, we use the infinitive and
add the ending “-ed”. The form is the same for all people (I, you, he,
she, it, we, they).

Structure of the past tense of regular verbs in English.

This structure is used to indicate that an activity began and ended at a

specific point in the past, to list a series of actions that were completed
in the past, it can also be used to talk about an action that had a
duration in the past, that is, a action that was performed for a time in
the past.

 Affirmative: verb in the past

 Negative: didn't / did not + the verb in its simple form.
 Interogative: did + the verb in its simple form.
 Introduction to the computer

Specific vocabulary related to the computer

Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, CD (compact disk), Speakers, Printer,
Scanner, File, Folder, Database, Delete, Network, Laptop, Desktop,
Software, Hardware

Types of computers and their use

There are different types of computers, from the one we use at home
to those that are responsible for processing more complex data,
knowing their characteristics we can identify the different types of
computers that exist.

Supercomputers.
A supercomputer is a computer with high computing power
specialized in carrying out specific operations. And "mainly used in
science.

Mainframe
. A mainframe is a high-performance computer capable of carrying out
complex data processing.

Minicomputer.
A minicomputer is a computer with power and performance
intermediate between a microcomputer and a maiframe, capable of
allowing access to multiple users.
Microcomputer.
A microcomputer is a piece of equipment characterized by the
presence of a single microprocessor.

Work stations.

A single user computer workstation is a high performance job used for

running professional software.

Computer networks
. A computer network is capable of calculating the architecture to
connect several computers directly to each other. The computer
network is also called a network.

Personal computers.

The personal computer is a computer with enough power and

performance to meet the needs of the average user.

Personal organizers and PDA.

From the point of view of the consumer's computer it is, above all, the
"personal computer" (desktops and laptops) and "personal diaries"
(PDA). The other categories of computers identify professional
computers, characterized by high computing and storage performance.

Computer parts
Keyboard
It is the device that allows the user to enter data so that it can later be
interpreted and processed by the CPU.
CPU
is in charge of processing the data contained in the programs and
interpreting the user's instructions.

Monitor
It is the device that, through an interface, allows the user to view the
data previously processed by the CPU.

The mouse
It is the device that, like the keyboard, allows you to send instructions
to a computer while it interacts with a graphical interface.

Motherboard
The motherboard is a printed circuit to which all the other components
of the computer are connected.

Graphic card
Its purpose is to calculate anything to do with images and send these
images (images, user interface, GUI) to the monitor.

RAM
It is the temporary storage part of the thought of the computer if you
compare it to a brain.

PSU
It is the part of the hardware that is responsible for providing power to
each and every one of the components of your computer.

Storage.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Hardware
The physical parts of the computer are all that can be seen and
touched, which there are two groups which are:

Basic hardware: these are the fundamental elements for the

operation of the computer such as ram memory and cpu

Complementary hardware: they are not essential elements for

the operation of the computer, which are printers and cameras

software
The software is what enables the interaction between the device and
the user, all the digital commands and instructions that are processed
by the computer.

Which are divided into:

System software
Which are the operating system, device controls and system utilities.

app software
They are the programs used to perform tasks, such as word
processors or applications

Programming software
They are a tool used to create new programs and to develop existing
programs.
Comparison of the terms hardware and software

The difference between hardware and software is that the hardware is

all the physical devices of the computer such as the motherboard, ram
memory, keyboard, mouse, everything that can be touched, and the
software is a set of code instructions installed in the computer. that is
executed to fulfill a function, which cannot be touched.

Acronyms technically used in computing

ABAP: Advanced Business Application Programming: it is a type of

language that is used to program most of the sap-type products.

ACID: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation Durability. It is a characteristic

of the parameters that are used to classify transactions in database
management.

ACIS: It is a modeler that works as a geometric three-dimensional

modeling engine.

AES: Advanced Encryption Standard.

API: Application Programming Interface.

ARCNET: Attached Resource Computer Network. It is a local area

network architecture.

BIOS: Basic Input Output System: basic input and output system.

Bit: Acronym for binary digit

 Modem. Acronym for Modulator Demodulator. It is a device that
converts digital signals to analog and analog signals to digital.

VPN / VPN: Virtual Private network. It is a private network.

WLAN. Wireless local area network.

Definition of hardware components

Cpu
It is the most important component in the computer, since it is in
charge of executing instructions and processing data. If it is
manufactured as a single integrated circuit, it is known as a
microprocessor, commonly called a processor.

Central processing units are not only present in computers, they are
also in all devices with a certain processing capacity, for example
Smart TVs, cars, telephones, etc.

Motherboard
It is a large circuit in which the other devices of the computer are
connected. In it are placed the memories ram, cpu, rom and other
elements more
RAM
It is a set of chips that store information that can be accessed very
quickly. Random access memory has the characteristic of presenting
equal access times to any of its components, both for reading and
writing.

HDD
It is a data storage device that relies on a magnetic recording system
to store many digital files. It is made up of one or more plates joined
by a shaft that rotates at high speed inside a sealed metal box.

Power supply
It is the device that is responsible for converting the alternating current
into direct current, which feeds the different circuits of the electronic
device to which it is connected.

They are used because computer components run on direct and non-
alternating current.

Graphic card
It is an expansion card that is in charge of processing the data from
the CPU and transforming it into presentable information on the Output
device, for example: monitor, TV and protector..
 Keyboard
Keyboard description
It is a device made up of a set of keys with letters, numbers,
commands etc that can represent different devices, instruments or
machines, and can be a pc keyboard, instrument keyboard or a type of
virtual keyboard. Divide to that there are many types of keyboard it is
important to identify each one of them.

Computer keyboard
It is a device used to send all kinds of information to computers and
also to mobile phones. In this the device has alphanumeric keys.

Virtual keyboard
This mechanism has very similar functions to the pc keyboard, since
they began to appear in mobile phones, the difference was that it was
only used to send texts and make calls over time they have been
updated and added improvements.

Different types of keys

Typing keys
These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol
keys found on a traditional typewriter.
Control keys
These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to
perform certain actions. The most commonly used control keys are
Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key, and Esc.

Function keys. Function keys are used to perform certain tasks. They
are labeled F1, F2, F3, and so on up to F12.

Navigation keys
. These keys are used to scroll through web pages or documents and
edit text. They include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page
Down, Delete, and Insert.

Numeric keyboard. The numeric keypad is used to type numbers

quickly. The keys are grouped into a block like a conventional
calculator or when adding a machine.

Adequacy of the correct abbreviations for each function

Ctrl

Control key. It is a modifier key that when pressed with another letter
performs a special operation.

Alt

Alternative key. Used to access menus and shortcuts.

Esc
Escape key is used to exit, cancel or escape an operation.

F1, F2

Function keys. They are used as quick commands that we save to do

a predetermined action

Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete and Insert.

Navigation keys, allow you to scroll through documents and web

pages
 The Diskette and CD

Using the floppy disk and cd correctly

Floppy disk
It is a magnetic type data storage device, it is used in the computer as
a boot disk, to transfer data from one computer to another and to store
and protect files.

At present this device is obsolete, computers already come with

different types of newer and more efficient storage and have greater
capacity, such as usb memories.

The CD
The compact disc is an optical disc type format used to store data in
digital format, be it images, videos, audio, documents, games, and
more. The cd can store 700 MB, at first they were used to store audio
then it was expanded and adapted for data storage.
Las partes del disquete y cd
Disquete
Plastic shell Plastic shell Protects the
magnetic disc from dust and
shocks

Magnetic disk Contains the information

Protection paper Protects the disc against chassis

friction

Spring Shifts the metal sheet into

position

Writing insurance When the notch covers the hole

you can write on the magnetic
disk to keep it clean
CD
Recording area The main part of cd or dvd discs
is in this area where the audio and
data are encoded
Mirror band It is the next inner ring, located
after the recording area. The
mirror strip is not encoded with
data, it has a reflective
characteristic being brighter than
any other part of the CD or DVD
disc.
Hub This is the innermost part of the
disc, in fact it is the hole where we
insert the discs.
Stacking ring This thin plastic ring, if we pass
our finger over the disc, we will
notice this thin ring, it is used to
maintain a small space between
each disc, when stacked on spools
for transport.
How to protect a floppy disk and a cd.

Floppy disk
• Do not touch the surface of the disc

• Keep away from magnetic source fields

• Keep away from heat

• Keep away from smoke

• Do not bend floppy disks

• Do not place them on metal surfaces

• Do not get them wet

• Do not use an eraser on the disc

• Do not use alcohol to clean the disc

CD
• Buy good quality discs

• Do not expose it to the sun

• Write the labels with a marker

• Do not use alcohol to clean

 Disk Operating System (Dos)

Origin of the two

It is an interface that was created in 1981 for IBM PCs, this interface
was used massively in the 1990s until it was replaced by the Windows
system, it was replaced because Windows had a more friendly and
graphical interface than the ms dos.

Basic concepts of the components of plus two

The BIOS rom
They are input and output management programs between the
operating system and the basic devices of the computer.

The io.sys
It is a set of instructions to differentiate the input and output from
peripherals to memory, prepares the system at boot and contains
resident device drivers.

Msdos.SYS.
It is the ms2 kernel, which contains instructions to control floppy disks.
It is a file, directory, memory and environment management program

DBLSPACE.BIN
It is the kernel driver for the hard disk compressor that is used to
increase the disk's storage capacity, from version 6 of ms-dos This
driver takes care of all the compression and decompression of files and
can be transferred from memory conventional to upper memory.
COMMAND.COM.
It is a command interpreter, in which the user communicates with the
computer, interprets the keyboard commands and contains the internal
commands of ms-dos which are not displayed in the system directory.

Ms-dos commands
• Cd ..- go down one step in the hierarchy of the inspected directories
or folders

• Chdir- allows you to change the directory in front of any other

determined one

• Cls- removes the complete information displayed on the screen by

returning to the command prompt.

• Copy- allows you to copy a specific file to another specific directory

• DIR- displays the content of the current directory on the screen. The
way it is displayed can be controlled by additional parameters.

• Del- deletes a specific file

• For- re-enter a command already used

• MD or MKDRI- create a directory

Programs that make up the ms-dos

Bootstrap
This one in charge of starting the computer is also known as IPL, this
program is located in the rom what it does is read the startup program
from the disk.
BIOS
It is responsible for controlling input and output hardware.

IBMDOS
Its function is to manage the file, the memory and the management of
other programs

COMMAND.COM
It is an interface between the user and the device through a set of
prompts and response messages to the user's commands. It is in
charge of managing interruptions and is in charge of dealing with errors
that may have occurred during the execution of a program.

CONFIG.SYS.
It is a system file created or modified with any text editor, contains a
series of equipment configuration commands and has no size
limitations and must be listed in the root directory of the disk.

AUTOEXEC.BAT
It is a batch procedure file. Used to initialize a series of functions and
enter data, activate system controls, and load programs automatically

Internal and external commands

Internal commands
They are those that are transferred to memory when the operating
system starts and can be executed without having the dos present in
the unit, the internal commands are stored in the file called
COMMAND.COM, some of the internal commands are: dir , del, date,
time.
External commands
They are stored in command files called transient or external, in order
to be executed they need these files, these commands have their own
name and can be copied from one disk to another
Topic sentences

1. To learn to speak English you have to learn the grammar rules.

2. The computer is a device that is composed of several electronic
circuits and its main function is to process data.
3. The hardware is the physical part that we can play on the pc and
the software are the programs that allow us to interact with the
pc.
4. 4.The keyboard is an essential device to be able to execute
commands
5. The floppy disk is an old device and is hardly used anymore.
6. CDs can store 700MB of music files.
7. The ms-dos operating system was the first operating system to
be mass-sold.
8. Computers with ms-dos were used with commands.
9. The CPU is the brain of the computer because it is the one that
processes information.
10. The ms-dos operating system failed because of Windows
 conclusions

The difference between hardware and software is that hardware are

the physical parts of the pc and software are the programs that allow
us to interact with the pc

The floppy disk is a device that was used for data storage, this device
is assembled with a magnetic disk that allows the reading of the
documents on the disk.

Operating system two was implemented in the first mass-market

computers which were used through commands which allowed the use
of the computer.
Bibliography

Significados.com
https://comofuncionaque.com/tipos-de-computadoras/
https://culturacion.com/las-partes-de-una-computadora/
https://rockcontent.com/es/blog/hardware-y-software/
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/es/informatica-basica
https://m.monografias.com/trabajos14/sistemas-full/sistemas-full.shtml