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1- Chang, S. T. 1987. Microbial biotechnology. Integrated studies
on utilization of solid organic wastes. Resources and conservation,
75:13.
2- Chermiti, A. , H. Rouissi & M. Mahouachi. 1999. Bilan des
recherches sur l’utilisation des sous produits dans l’alimentation
des petits ruminants. Séminaire national sur le bilan des recherches
sur les petits ruminants. 20-21 septembre. Mateur. Tunisie.
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summary
This study is part of the Arab Organization for Agricultural
Development plan for 2006. The main objective of this study was the
formulation of a regional project, utilizing appropriate technologies to
optimize economic return on the reuse and recycle of agricultural and
agro-industrial by- products and reduce environmental pollution. The
project is based on the evaluation of the current use of by-products,
limitations and constrains that hinder optimum economic utilization as
well. In addition to the main objective, several secondary objectives can
be achieved such as: development of alternative by-products uses,
reduction of its impact on environment, recognition of available
technological know-how for investment and more active role of
governmental and nongovernmental organizations.
The study was divided into seven chapters. The first one illustrated
the economic importance of agricultural sector in the Arab World. The
available data, for the year 2004, showed that the value of gross national
products was around $68.2 billion; total cultivated area was 69.6 million
Hectares which makes less than 5% of the total area of the Arab World,
and around 11.4% of the cultivated area was permanent crops. The
agricultural labour forces was about 31.6% of the total labour forces.
The data of year 2004, indicated that total production from main
crop groups were around 5.4, 6.7, 1.4, 1.4, 5.8, million tons for cereals,
rice, roots and tubers, legumes and oil seeds, respectively. While
92
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vegetables, fruits and sugar crops production were around 44, 27 and 1.4
million tons, respectively. The number of animals, were: 60, 4, 166, 114
and 14 million heads of cattle, buffalos, sheep, goats and camels,
respectively. The total products of red meat, white meat, milk, eggs and
fish were: 3.9, 2.9, 22, 1.4, and 3.9 million tons, respectively.
The second chapter dealt with the total production of various agricultural
by-products which exceeded 500 million tons, where animal by-
Products represented 81%.
For practical purposes, the plant by-products were classified into:
field crop residues that remains after the harvest of the main crops
(vegetative parts, leaves, branches and stems.) such as: wheat, barley,
rice, maize, (around 32 million tons); cotton by-products was estimated
around 4.6 million tons (63% were produced by Egypt and Sudan and the
rest was produced by the Eastern region; Oil seed crops generated 2.4
million tons of by-products (65% was produced by Sudan and 25%
produced by Egypt); legumes generated around 2.8 million tons (56%
from Morocco and 34% from Egypt and Sudan); sugar cane generated
around 8.9 million tons (37% was produced in Egypt and Sudan, Yemen
and Saudi Arabia around 20% and Morocco about 16%); sugar beets
generated around 3 million tons (36% from Algeria); Palm trees by-
products was around 3 million tons (32% from Egypt and Sudan, 25% for
Saudi Arabia and 22% from Western region); date seeds and pulps were
around 0.22 million tons produced mainly in Iraq, Egypt and Saudi
Arabia. Total by-products of fruits and vegetables were around 13 million
tons, vegetables contributed about 59% of the total; fruit trees by-
products and pruning of olive trees generated around 3.1 and 2.1 million
tons respectively.
93
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Chapter five discussed the obstacles that may face the optimal by-
products utilization. These obstacles were:
- Technical ones that are associated with type of by-products, its
availability, methods of treatment, technical know- how as well,
and lack of homogeneity of by-products;
- Organizational and by-laws such as scattering of responsibilities
among various organizations that are responsible for the
management of utilizing by-products, in order to maximize
economic benefits and to reduce environmental pollution; weak
coordination among the said organizations and bodies;
- environmental issues, such as: the negative impact in case that by-
products were not utilized, on the other hand when by-products
were left there is a potential for the diseases propagation in the
environment.
- Economic and social issues, loss of potential income if by-products
were not properly utilized, high cost of collection and
transportation from production to utilization areas many hinder its
optimum use.
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Résumé
La présente étude qui fait partie des activités de l’Organisation
Arabe du Développement Agricole pour l’année 2006, a pour objectif
principal l’élaboration d’un projet régional relatif aux possibilités de
recyclage des sous produits agro industriels et leur utilisation à travers
l’évaluation des quantités disponibles et leur qualité, en plus de la
connaissance des technologies développées en vue de les transférer et
appliquer à l’échelle de l’exploitation agricole et/ou industrielle afin
d’augmenter le revenu de l’exploitant. D’autres objectifs spécifiques
sont également visés tels que l’étude des possibilités et l’efficacité
d’utilisation des sous produits dans différents domaines, le
développement d’autres alternatives qui assure la valorisation d’une
manière durable de ces ressources locales, leur adaptation aux
systèmes de production et la limitation de l’impact sur l’environnement.
L’étude est composée de 7 parties. La première partie concerne
l’importance économique du secteur agricole dans le monde Arabe. En
effet, la valeur de la production agricole a atteint en 2004 environ 69,6
billions de dollars et la superficie agricole représente moins de 5% de la
superficie totale et emploie 31,6% de la main d’œuvre totale. La
production totale de céréales, de riz, de pomme de terre, des
légumineuses alimentaires et des graines a atteint en 2004, les valeurs
de 5,4 ; 6,7 ; 1,4 ; 1,4 et 5,8 millions de tonnes, respectivement. La
production totale des légumes, des fruits et celle des récoltes sucrières
est de 44,5 ; 26,9 et 1,4 millions de tonnes, respectivement. Les
effectifs des bovins, des buffles, des ovins, des caprins et des camelins
sont de 60 ; 4 ; 166 ; 114 et 14 millions de têtes, respectivement. La
production des viandes, du lait, des œufs et de la pêche est
respectivement de, 3,9 ; 2,9, 22 ; 1,4 et 3,9 millions de tonnes.
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