NAME: Anne Margarette A.

Lanit COURSE #: CPE 313

COURSE & YEAR: BSCpE-III

PRETEST:
True or False. Write Tama if the answer is correct and Mali if otherwise.
_Tama__1. Data is unprocessed information.
_Tama__2. Digital transmission handles bits of information.
_ Tama _3. Host is the device at the end of the system.
_Mali _4. Internet doesn’t need a protocol.
_ Tama_5. Network should have link in transmitting data.
_Mali_6. Network can’t have multiple hosts.
_Tama_7. Data transmission is applicable in audio format file by converting into digital form.
_ Tama_8. A receiver is an important entity in data communication.
_ Tama_9. The internet is a product of research.
_ Tama_10. The transmission medium is an essential part in data communication.

Learning Activities:
1. Explanation. Briefly explain the key ideas of the ff:
a. What is the importance of the components of data communication?
ANSWER:
The five components of data communication can help in delivering data or messages.
Each of its components has various roles in which they can provide a great assistance to all
people all over the world. Its importance is that it can help us in communicating to various
places, also finding and gathering information about a certain topic.

b. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multipoint connection over a point – to –
point connection?
ANSWER:
The advantages of a multipoint connection over a point-to-point connection are ease of
installation, low cost, reliability. A point to point connection is used for connecting 2 devices,
whereas in a multipoint connection more than 2 devices share the communication link.
Therefore, multipoint connection provides more reliability. It is easier to add more users in a
multipoint connection, than creating individual connections between all users separately.

c. How can LAN and WAN be differentiated?

ANSWER:
A WAN differs from a LAN because it is not restricted by geographic location. As
opposed to a LAN which connects local devices to each other, a WAN connects LANs to each
other, usually across multiple locations as well as individual devices that connect from a remote
distance.

d. Give the relevance of the network criteria in assessing a network stability.

ANSWER:
The relevance of the network criteria in assessing a network stability are performance,
reliability and security. The three that I have mentioned can help us in having a great stability of
our network.

e. What are the standard encoding system for text data format? Discuss each.
ANSWER:
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
- is an American standard as designed to encode English characters and
punctuation as used on typewriters and teletypes of that era (1960s). ASCII uses 8 bits
although only 7 bits are actually used. Because ASCII was developed at the time
Teletype devices were in operation it also contains control codes designed to control
the teletype device.
 Unicode
- is a universal encoding system to provide a comprehensive character set and
was created by the Unicode consortium (a group of multilingual software
manufacturers). Unicode simplifies software localization and improves multilingual text
processing. It overcomes the difficulty inherent in ASCII and extended ASCII. Unicode
has standardizes script behavior which allows any combination of characters, drawn
from any combination of scripts and languages, to co-exist in a single document.
Unicode defines multiple encodings of its single character set: UTF-7, UTF-8, UTF-16,
and UTF-32. Conversion of data among these encodings is lossless. Unicode was
originally a 2-byte character set. Unicode version 3, however is a 4-byte code and is fully
compatible with ASCII and extended ASCII.

f. Describe how digital data [bit] is used in pixel as image data representation.
ANSWER:
A 'pixel' (short for ‘picture element') is a tiny square of colour. Lots of these pixels
together can form a digital image. Each pixel has a specific number and this number tells the
computer what colour the pixel should be. The process of digitization takes an image and turns
it into a set of pixels. Each one of those squares is a pixel and each pixel can be one of millions
of different colours. To display an image, the computer tells the monitor to show a particular
colour for each of the pixels.
g. Compare and contrast the telephone network and Internet.
ANSWER:
The similarities between the telephone network and internet is that both are a public
network and also it has an end to end transmission of data. The differences is that the
telephone network is a connection oriented circuit switched network while the Internet is a
connectionless packet switched network. In a telephone network, call signaling of some sort
must be used to establish a circuit before any information exchange can take place. In an
internet network a connection does not have to be established before information is requested
or exchanged. An example of a connectionless application is the Network Time Protocol (NTP)

2. Create a chronological diagram showing the data transmitted from a multipoint connection
tracing the process data flow in all components.
Ex. Zoom meeting. [Draw a diagram showing the process in zoom meeting]. Describe the
process.

Enter the meeting

Open the Zoom ID number and
desktop client your display
- Click Join a Meeting if name
Select if you would
you want to join
like to connect audio
without signing in.
and/or video and
- Sign in to Zoom then click Join.
click Join

ZOOM MEETING (Joining a Meeting)

As we can see, the process of joining a zoom meeting is that first the participant will
open the Zoom Client in its desktop then once it is open the participant can join in the zoom
meeting without signing but also they can join the Zoom Meeting before they sign in their
official email. Third the participant need to enter the meeting ID that is given by the host. And
lastly, they can choose whether the participant will connect its audio and video before they
click join. And that’s the process when joining a meeting.
 The host and
The Host of the the
meeting will wait The participants
Set date and The host participants
for the ask some
time of the started the leave the
participants to join questions to the
meeting meeting meeting.
the meeting Host.

The Host of the

Send the link of The meeting share its
meeting to all participants The host
topic and
of the join the zoom ended the
information by
participants meeting meeting.
using the
SHARESCREEN

ZOOM MEETING (Hosting a Meeting)

In the second diagram, the host will set a time and date for its zoom meeting. Next, the
host will send the link of the meeting to all the participants, then after sending the link the host
will wait for the participants to join the meeting. When all the participants of the zoom meeting
are all present the host will immediately start the meeting. The host will discuss all the topic
and information to the participants. After the discussion the host of the meeting will ask some
opinions and questions from the participants if they truly understand its discussion. Lastly, the
host will end the meeting then all of the participants of the zoom meeting will leave after it is
ended.

3. Research Activity. Discuss the provision of the standards from the organizing bodies.
Include the set of standards for data communication and networking.
a. IEEE
- IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE is an organization
composed of engineers, scientists, and students. The IEEE is best known for developing
standards for the computer and electronics industry. Also, it develops communication and
information processing standards with the underlying goal of advancing theory, creativity, and
product quality in any field related to electrical engineering. There are various standards of IEEE
in computer networks such as:
Standards Description
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Overview and architecture

IEEE 802.1 LAN/MAN Bridging and management

IEEE 802.1s Multiple spanning tree

IEEE 802.1 w Rapid reconfiguration of spanning tree

IEEE 802.1x Port-based network access control

IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)

IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD access method (Ethernet)

IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet

IEEE 802.4 Token passing bus access method and Physical layer specifications

IEEE 802.5 Token Ring access method and Physical layer specifications

IEEE 802.6 Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) access method and Physical
layer specifications (MAN)

IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN

IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic

IEEE 802.9 Isochronous LANs (standard withdrawn)

IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN/MAN Security

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN MAC and Physical layer specifications

IEEE 802.12 Demand-priority access method, physical layer and repeater
specifications

IEEE 802.13 Not used

IEEE 802.14 Cable modems (proposed standard was withdrawn)

IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN)

IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Access

b. ANSI
- ANSI is the official standards agency for the United States and is the U.S voting
representative for the ISO. ANSI is a completely private, non-profit organization comprised of
equipment manufacturers and users of data processing equipment and services. ANSI
membership is comprised of people form professional societies, industry associations,
governmental and regulatory bodies, and consumer goods. Although ANSI is actually a private
nonprofit organization, and has no affiliation with the federal government, its goals include
serving as the national institution for coordinating voluntary standardization in the United
States as a way of advancing the U.S. economy and protecting the public interest. ANSI’s
members are consumer groups, government and regulatory bodies, industry associations, and
professional societies. Other countries have similar organizations that closely track ANSI’s
actions. The indispensable American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ACSII) that
determines what bits mean is an example of an ANSI standard.

c. RFC
- In the computer network engineering and design realm, a Request for Comments (RFC)
is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods,
behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet, along with
Internet connected systems.
Through the organization known as the Internet Society, designers, engineers, and
computer scientists can publish papers or discourses in the form of an RFC, either for peer
review or simply to share new concepts, information, or (occasionally) engineering humor. Peer
review is an important process of subjecting your work, research, or personal ideas to the
scrutiny of others who are usually considered to be experts in the same field. The IETF will then
adopt some of the proposals published as RFCs as “Internet Standards.”

d. EIA
- EIA is a non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes and recommends industrial
standards also it is an organization aligned with ANSI to promote electronic manufacturing
concerns. EIA activities include standards development, increasing public awareness, and
lobbying and it is responsible for developing the RS (recommended standard) series of
standards for data and communications. The EIA has contributed to networking by defining
physical connection interfaces and specifying electrical signaling methods. The popular
Recommended Jack #45 (RJ-45) connector for twisted pair LANs is an example of an EIA
standard.

e. ITU-T
- A global economy needs international standards not only for data networks, but for
the global public switched telephone network (PSTN). The United Nations formed a committee
under the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), known as the Consultative Committee
for International Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT) that was eventually reabsorbed into the
parent body as the ITU-T in 1993. All communications that cross national boundaries must
follow ITU-T “recommendations,” which have the force of law. However, inside a nation, local
standards can apply (and usually do). A network architecture called asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM) is an example of an ITU-T standard.