Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 5. Working devices and working hydraulic system
5.1 Working devices
Illustration 5‐1 Working devices and hydraulic system
The working devices are composed of the boom, the rocker arm, the linkage, and the working device
(bucket, sling, fork clamp, etc.).
The boom is in a single plate type structure. Its rear end is located at the front frame, its front end connects
with the working device, and its middle part connects with the boom cylinder. When the boom cylinder
extends or retracts, the boom will rotate around the pin at the rear end to make the working device ascend,
descend and float.
As for the working device (for example the bucket), standard bucket series is popular on domestic market.
Its rotation (bucket loading and unloading operation) depends on the extension and retraction of the tilt
cylinder.
The supporting hinge pins of the working device are quick‐wear parts. Normally, the grease fittings are
supplied for all hinge pin shafts, and the grease will be applied to the shafts in every working shift. Check
the wear of the hinge pins and the shaft every 1,200 working hours (half a year). The wear clearance
between the pin shaft and the pin bushing should range between 0.15 and 0.35mm. Replace the pin shaft
(or the pin bushing) when the clearance exceeds 0.80mm.
5.2 Working hydraulic system
(1) Composition
As is shown in the Illustration 5‐1, the working hydraulic system is composed of the gear oil pump, the
work distribution valve, the boom cylinder, the pipelines, etc. This chapter mainly discusses the
adjustment of the gear pump, the working distribution valve, the tilt cylinder and the control flexible shaft.
(2) Working oil circuit
When the working device does not operate, the hydraulic oil from the oil pump will flow into the return oil
chamber of the work distribution valve and then back to the oil tank.
When digging unloadable materials with the bucket, operate the tilt lever (pulling back or pushing
forward). At this time, the working oil from the oil pump enters the rear chamber or front chamber of the
tilt cylinder through the chamber F or chamber H of the distribution valve, so that the bucket can rotate
upwards and downwards. When raising or lowering the boom, operate the boom lever (pulling back or
pushing forward). At this time, the working oil from the oil pump enters the upper chamber or lower
chamber of the boom cylinder through the chamber K or chamber N of the distribution valve, so that the
boom bucket can ascend or descend.
When the external load exceeds the lifting or upward rotating ability or the system pressure rises and
exceeds the setting pressure when the boom cylinder piston reaches the cylinder’s top end (the tilt cylinder
piston reaches the cylinder’s front end), the pressure oil will push the safety overflow valve open, and the
oil that exceeds the pressure will be unloaded to the distribution valve and flow back to the oil tank
through the valve.
When the oil pressure in the front chamber of the tilt cylinder exceeds the setting pressure of the
single‐way overflow valve of the front chamber, the pressure oil will push the single‐way overflow valve that
is located at the multichannel distribution valve open, and then the overflow oil will be unloaded into the
rear chamber of the tilt cylinder.
When the bucket needs to float upwards and downwards (for loading and unloading of bulk materials),
operate the boom lever by pushing forward for two gear positions, the working oil from the oil pump enters
the upper chamber and lower chamber of the boom cylinder through the chamber K and chamber N of the
distribution valve simultaneously and gets connected with the oil tank, and the working oil in the upper
chamber and lower chamber is in a low pressure state. At this time, the bucket is in a floating state with the
action of self‐weight, and it works closely to the ground.
5.3 Gear pump
(1) Composition
The gear pump is composed of parts shown in the Illustration 5‐2.
(2) Disassembly and assembly tips
The disassembly and assembly of the pump gear can be conducted by following the order of the parts
numbers shown in the Illustration 5‐2. Here are the assembly tips:
A. Difference between the high‐pressure chamber and low‐pressure chamber (working principles)
Illustration 5‐2 Working gear pump
21. Driven gear
In the Illustration 5‐3, if the drive gear rotate anticlockwise and the driven rotates clockwise, the left
chamber will be a high‐pressure chamber and the right chamber will be a low‐pressure chamber. Normally,
the outlet opening of the high‐pressure chamber is smaller than the inlet opening of the low‐pressure
chamber.
Illustration 5‐3 Working gear pump
1. Pump body 2. Front pump cover 3. Driven gear 4. Rear side plate 5. Front side plate 6. Copper
There are two skeleton oil seals 11, with their mouths pointing to different directions: the mouth of the left
oil seal points outwards, and it is for the dustproof purpose; the mouth of the right oil seal points inwards,
and it is for the purpose of oil leakage prevention.
The meshing gears 8 and 3 (Illustration 5‐2) are installed inside the pump body 9 and the two side plates 5
and 4. Two closed spaces are formed at the left side and right side of the mating line of the meshing gears
(Illustration 5‐3, left). When the meshing gear moves in the direction shown in the Illustration and
approaches the working oil enters one side of the engagement, the oil in the closed space will generate high
temperature (left chamber in the Illustration 5‐3) since the volume of the closed space decreases during the
short period of engagement; when the meshing gear leaves the side of the engagement, the volume of the
closed space increases during the this period, a partial vacuum is formed, and the oil enters the chamber
with the action of the air pressure and turns the chamber into an oil suction chamber.
B. Installation and position of gears in the gear pump
Perform the positioning operation when installing the drive gear and driven gear to the pump body: the
line connecting the center of the drive gear with that of the driven gear is supposed to be 0.12mm away
from the centerline of the pump body and leans to the side of high‐pressure chamber, because the
centerlines of the two gears will be compressed to the side of low‐pressure chamber by the high
temperature oil during working.
In the meantime, the balance radial pressure will compress the two engagement meshing gears to the two
sides of low‐pressure chamber and make the part of the pump body at the low‐pressure chamber
excessively abraded (burnt) by the addendum circles of the two gears. Therefore, it is necessary to perform
the positioning operation when installing the drive gear and driven gear to the pump body, and make sure
that the line connecting the center of the drive gear with that of the driven gear 0.12mm away from the
centerline of the pump body.
C. Install the secondary seal (copper bush) at the drive gear shaft with a fit clearance of 0.04mm.
The installation of the copper bush will decrease the impact pressure applied by the high‐pressure oil of
the gear pump to the oil seal and protect the oil seal from damages.
D. Tighten the two bolts at the rear pump cover during the installation, or the air will enter the pump from
the hole, making the gear pump emit the metallic sound and the hydraulic oil produce air bubble, and
preventing the oil pressure of the system from going up.
E. Sometime, there is oil leakage the junction surface of the rear pump gear and the pump body. With the
action of long period of high pressure in the pump body, the four connecting bolts 16 in the Illustration 5‐2
deform and extend, the connection clearance between the bolts increases, and the connection between the
front and rear pump covers with the pump body gets loose, leading to oil leakage. In the meantime, since
the bolt hole of the front pump cover is not a through‐hole, the bottom surface of the circular screw‐hex
sockets comes into contact with the bottom of the hole, so it cannot be tightened further. In this case,
machine the length of the circular screw‐hex sockets to a proper degree, so as to tighten the pump cover
and the pump body.
F. Internal leakage and efficiency of the pump gear
The internal leakage of the pump gear occurs due to:
① End surface clearance: it is the clearance between the gear end surface and the side plate. The oil seal
located at the clearance is short, so the clearance has a large oil leakage area and is prone to oil leakage. The
oil leaked from the clearance represents 75 to 80 percent of the pump’s total. If the clearance increased by
0.1mm, the volume efficiency of the pump will drop by 20 percent. Therefore, pay special attention to the
end surface clearance, and normally it ranges between 0.06 and 0.08mm.
② Radial clearance: it is the clearance between the pump top and the pump body. The oil leakage from the
clearance represents 15 to 20 percent of the pump’s total. If the clearance increased by 0.1mm, the volume
efficiency of the pump will drop by 0.25 percent. Therefore, the radial clearance can fluctuate within a large
range.
③ Gear teeth engagement clearance: the oil leakage from the gear teeth engagement is small and
represents 4 to 5 percent of the pump’s total because the pump gear features high processing precision and
large engagement force
5.4 Work distribution valve
(1) Structure
There are two types of distribution valves: the duplex valve for loaders, and the triple valve for multiple
devices of loaders.
These two types of valves have similar structure, but compared with the duplex valve, the triple valve has an
additional multiple‐device spool that is the same as the tilt cylinder spool assembly. This chapter only
introduces the duplex valve.
The structure of DF32D2 multichannel distribution valve is shown in the following illustration:
Illustration 5‐4 Distribution valve
The DF32D2 distribution valve is composed of three parts: pressure regulating valve, tilt spool and boom
spool. The three parts are assembled into the same pump body. The chamber P is the high‐pressure oil
inlet chamber, the chamber O is the return oil chamber, and the chamber H and the chamber F connect
with the upper chamber and the lower chamber of the tilt cylinder. When a spool is at the working position,
the pressure from the oil pump flows into an oil chamber through the corresponding oil passage in the
valve body, and the oil in the other chamber of the cylinder returns to the oil tank through the other
corresponding oil passage.
(1) Working principles of the tilt and boom spools
A. Boom spool
There are four positions (four‐position six‐way valve)
Single‐way valve
Float/Down/Close/Upward
Illustration 5‐5 Boom valve lever assembly
a. Central position (close position): as is shown in the Illustration 5‐5, the high‐pressure oil from the
chamber P connects with the low‐pressure oil passage in the chamber O. In this case, there is no
high‐pressure oil entering the upper chamber and lower chamber of the boom cylinder, so the boom does
not make any movement.
b. Boom lifts: as is shown in the Illustration 5‐5, when the slide rod moves rightward for 16mm, the
high‐pressure oil in the chamber P enters a (the left hollow hole of the slide hole) through the left channel
of the slide rod. When the pressure of the high‐pressure oil Pa exceeds the spring force of the sing‐way
valve, the valve immediately opens, the high‐pressure oil enters the chamber K (interlinks with the lower
chamber of the boom) through the channel at the leftmost side of the valve lever, and the boom lifts.
c. Boom lowers: when the slide rod moves leftward for 16mm, the high‐pressure oil in the chamber P enters
the chamber N (interlinks with the upper chamber of the boom) through the channel b at the right end of
the slide rod, the boom lowers.
d: Boom floats: when the slide rod keeps moving leftward for 16mm, as the higher‐pressure oil in the
chamber P interlinks with the channel b that also interlinks with the upper chamber and lower chamber of
through the left and right slide rod holes and with the chamber O, the high‐pressure oil from the oil pump
enters the upper chamber and lower chamber of the boom simultaneously through the channels of the
distribution valve boom slide rod and interlinks with the oil tanks. In this case, there is no pressure in the
upper chamber or the lower chamber of the boom cylinder, and the bucket and the boom slowly lower with
the action of self‐weight. Therefore, users cannot lower a heavy‐load bucket when the boom is at the
floating position.
Features of the boom spool: (Illustration 5‐5)
a. Kickout: the spring 32 pushes the steel ball 33 into the stop sleeve 31 groove. The stop sleeve 31 has four
grooves, and the boom slide rod can fall into either one of them to perform operations.
b. The boom slide rod does not have a device that enables automatic return to the central position, so it
must be manually operate to return to the central position.
c. The boom slide valve has a single‐way valve on its left end but no single‐way valve on its right end. This
is because the chamber K at the left end interlinks with the lower chamber of the boom cylinder to
prevent the pressure oil from flowing back to the oil tank during boom cylinder’s change of directions
and eliminate the “nodding head” phenomenon (when the boom control handle is raised to the boom
lifting position, the boom does not immediately lift but to lower first and then lift). The chamber N at
the right end interlinks with the upper chamber of the boom cylinder that will not “nod head” during
boom cylinder’s change of directions again, so it is unnecessary to locate a single‐way valve at the right
end.
d. It would be appropriate that the fit clearance between the boom slide rod and the valve body ranges
between 0.025 and 0.035mm. If the clearance exceeds 0.045mm, the internal leakage increases
obviously, affecting the lifting ability of the boom; if the clearance drops below 0.025mm, the control
force increases, making the flexible shaft easily damaged.
Downward/Close/Upward
Illustration 5‐6 Tilt valve lever assembly
B. Tilt slide valve (Illustration 5‐6)
The tilt slide valve (Illustration 5‐6) is composed of tilt slide lever 6, single‐way valve 24, spring 25,
compressing seat with spring 27, automatic return device (composed of return spring 28, spring seat 29
and end cover 30) and oil seal 2. The tilt slide valve shown in the Illustration 5‐6 is a three‐position six‐way
valve, and it works at three positions: upward rotation, close and downward rotation of the bucket and has
a device that enables automatic return to the central position.
When the tilt slide lever moves leftward or rightward (downward rotation or upward rotation), the return
spring 23 is compressed, so the tilt slide lever will immediately return to the central position (the close
position) with the action of the return spring 28 when the control handle is relieved.
There are two single‐way valves 24 in the tilt slide rod. The chamber F in the valve body interlinks with the
lower chamber of the tilt cylinder and the chamber H interlinks with the upper chamber. The single‐way
valve can reduce the impact applied on the high‐pressure oil that enters the upper chamber or the lower
chamber of the tilt cylinder, prevent the pressure oil flowing back to the oil tank when the slide valve
changes direction, and stabilize the system’s operation with the back pressure generated during the oil
returning.
It would be appropriate that the fit clearance between the tilt slide rod and the valve body ranges between
0.025 and 0.035mm. If the clearance exceeds 0.045mm, the internal leakage increases, making the tilt
rotate powerlessly; if the clearance drops below 0.025mm, the control force increases, making the flexible
shaft easily damaged.
Since the two ends of the tilt slide rod 6 are hollow and the rod arms are thin, do not tighten the plugs
(valve base 29 and plug head 1) at the two ends excessively, or the right end of the slide rod 6 will expand
and affect the leftward and rightward movement of the slide rod. This will also cause the frequent damage
of the control flexible shaft of the tilt slide rod and the greater control force.
(1) Pressure regulation of the distribution valve (Pressure regulating valve)
Close state
1. O‐ring seal 2. Seal locknut 3. O‐ring seal 4. O‐ring seal 5. Retainer 6. O‐ring
Opening state
The relief valve is a pilot overflow valve, and its main valve is in the form of slide valve. The working pressure of the relief valve is set
by adjusting the pre‐compression quantity of the spring 15 of the pilot valve. When the pressure is low, the pressure oil from the oil
inlet (chamber Q) transmits the pressure to chamber 10 through the holes on the main valve spool. Since the oil is static, the pressure
PQ of the chamber Q equals to the pressure P10 of the chamber 10. In this case, the left end of the main valve spool is with the action
of the spring force and the hydraulic force produced by P10, and the right end is only with the hydraulic force produced by P10.
Therefore, the stress applied on the left end is larger than that on the right end. The main valve spool in the close state: when the
pressure exceeds the setting pressure of the spring 15 of the pilot valve, the bevel valve spool 5 opens, and the oil begins to flow. The
pressure difference is generated by the holes on the main valve spool when the oil flows from the chamber Q to chamber 10. For the
main valve spool, the hydraulic force generated by PQ will be larger than the resultant force (the hydraulic force generated by P10 and
the spring force). The main valve spools moves leftward and forms an opening with the conferential holes on the valve body, the oil
begins to overflow, and the pressure is stabilized around the preset value.
Install the pressure gauge to the distribution valve (Illustration 5‐7), start the engine, gradually screw the
pressure regulating screw tightly, rotate the bucket upward until the bucket can rotate itself, and then stop
rotating the pressure regulating screw. When the bucket rotates to an extreme position, check the
difference between the reading of the pressure gauge and the rated pressure. If the pressure does not reach
the set value, place the control lever of the bucket at the upward rotation position, depress the acceleration
pedal of the engine, read the reading of the pressure gauge while rotating the pressure regulating screw
until the reading of the pressure gauge reaches the rated value, lock the locknut and the locking nut, and
then seal them with lead.
Normally, it is strictly prohibited to adjust the system pressure. If the pressure is excessively low or high,
install a pressure gauge and adjust the pressure by observing its reading.
Pressure gauge
Flexible shaft joint
Joint
Joint Flexible shaft
Distribution valve
Pressure regulation
Illustration 5‐7 Pressure regulation of the distribution valve
When replacing the pump, cylinder and valve of the working hydraulic system, readjust the pressure, so
that the rated pressure will not be changed due to the replacement of important hydraulic elements.
The pressure can also be adjusted in accordance with previous experiences:
Loose the pressure regulating spring completely, gradually rotate the pressure regulating screw 1 and
simultaneously raise the boom with a full bucket (rated loading capacity) until the boom is raised to an
extreme position, and then rotate the pressure regulating screw clockwise by 1/4 to 1/2 circles.
The pressure value after the experience‐based adjustment: when the spring is compressed by 1mm, the
system pressure increased by 7.MPa.
It is important to adopt proper pressure regulating methods, because most of the explosion or crack of oil
pumps or working valves related to improper methods.
5.5 Control flexible shaft and adjustment (Illustration 5‐8)
The control flexible shaft is a connecting element between the work distribution valve and the control lever
train, and its installation and adjustment directly relate to the normal operation of working devices. When
installing the control flexible shaft, as is shown in the Illustration 5‐8, rest the two control levers at a
vertical position (in the middle position), and then secure the two ends of the control flexible shaft sleeve
separately to the pivot seat and the mounting plate with nuts M18*1.5. When the screw rods of the flexible
shaft core connect and rotate with the fork joints at the two ends, the length of the flexible shaft core can
be adjusted. When the nut M18*1.5 at one end of the flexible shaft (connect with the distribution valve
lever) is locked with the fork joint, the fork joint is secured and the length of the flexible shaft can be
adjusted.
If the control force is still excessively large or the distribution lever cannot reach the desired position,
change the installation location of the flexible shaft sleeve. If the working lever cannot reach the desired
position after the control lever is pulled back, the two nuts of the flexible shaft sleeve at the end of the
valve lever should be rotated outwards (Illustration 5‐8) so as to enlarge the distance between the flexible
shaft sleeve and the fork joint. If the working lever cannot reach the desired position after the control lever
is pushed forward, adjust the other end of the flexible shaft (Illustration 5‐8), and rotate the two bolts
outward so as to enlarge the distance between the flexible shaft sleeve and the fork joint. After the valve
lever reaches the desired position, secure and re‐lock the nuts.
In general, through the adjustment of the flexible shaft, users can adjust the length of the connection
between the flexible shaft core 6 and the fork joint 4 and the location of the flexible shaft sleeve 1.
The control of the flexible shaft should render an easy and free hand feel. If it takes great force, add some
oil to the flexible shaft sleeve or loosen the nuts that compress the mounting plate, and then tighten the
nuts when the control of the flexible shaft renders an easy and free hand feel.
If the compressing nuts of the mounting plate 2 have been loosened for a couple of times, it still takes great
force to operate the flexible shaft. In this case, it is certain that the installation location of the mounting
plate 2 is incorrect, and the flexible and the distribution valve lever are not concentric, leading to the
friction between the flexible shaft core and the sleeve. In this case, adjust the horizontal location and
length of the mounting plate 2, or adjust the size of the connection holes of the mounting plate. Since the
control flexible shaft is a quick‐wear part, users should take extra attention when performing these
adjustments.
Control lever
Flexible shaft sleeve 1
Flexible shaft core 6
Nuts M18X1.5
Mounting plate 2
Illustration 5‐8 Adjustment of the control flexible shaft
5.6 Common faults and troubleshooting methods
(1) What is the reason for automatic lowering of the bucket or powerless bucket retraction (rated
loading capacity)? How to solve the problem?
If the boom lifts at a normal speed but the bucket automatically lowers, the problem is not caused by the
pump gear or the pressure regulating valve in the work distribution valve but by:
A. The fit clearance between the tilt slide rod and the distribution valve body exceeds 0.045mm, and the
excessively large clearance prevents the pressure from going up. To solve the problem, replace the
distribution valve assembly.
B. There are damages to the seal parts of the tilt cylinder or horizontal (axial) grooves in the cylinder
block, preventing the pressure from going up. To solve the problem, replace the cylinder assembly.
C. There is internal leakage or excessively low pressure in the steering overflow oil filling valve. To solve
the problem, adjust the pressure or replace the valve.
(2) What is the reason for powerless or slow lift of the boom if the bucket retracts powerlessly?
Normally the problem does not relate to the pump gear or the pressure regulating valve.
A. The fit clearance between the boom valve lever and the valve body exceeds 0.045mm, and the
excessively large clearance prevents the pressure from going up.
B. There are damages to the oil seal of the boom cylinder or vertical grooves in the cylinder block,
preventing the pressure from going up.
C. Improper position of the boom control lever and excessively small opening of the valve lead to the
excessively oil supply to the boom cylinder and slow lift of the boom. To solve the problem, adjust the
length or location of the flexible shaft.
D. If the bucket retracts powerlessly and the boom lifts also powerlessly, the problem is often caused by
serious burn of the pump gear, the excessive oil leakage, not tightly shut pressure regulating valve or
damage to the pressure adjusting spring but not by the cylinder.
Solution: check whether the temperature of the gear pump housing, disassemble and replace the oil
seal, or readjust the pressure adjusting spring of the distribution valve. Refer to the pressure valve
adjustment for pressure regulating method.
(3) What are reasons for a series of damages such as the bolts that connect the tilt cylinder head
and the cylinder block are prone to tensile failure, the piston locking nuts are prone to teeth
dropout and damage, the two linkages are prone to bending, and the spherical plain bearing is
prone to damage?
There are several reasons:
A. Improper operation: when the bucket carries the materials that have reached its rated loading capacity,
the loader continues moving forward to the stock heap and the bucket hits the stock heap (the
reaction force of the stock heap is transmitted to the tilt cylinder piston lever through the linkage
connecting the bucket and the rocker arm. The piston lever extends outward with the action of the
reaction force), leading to surge in the oil pressure in the upper chamber of the tilt cylinder. If the
single‐way valve of the overflow oil filling valve does not open immediately, the oil will get stuck in the
upper chamber. Therefore, the loader should immediately stop driving when the bucket has been fully
loaded.
B. If the bucket (fully loaded) rotates upward too fast, when the bottom surface of the bucket hits the
boom, it hits the lowest position of the boom (the bump stop is available). In this case, the tilt cylinder
piston lever cannot extend outward to an extreme position. However, when the boom lifts a little
higher, according to the four‐linkage movement principle, the stop between the boom and the bucket
will immediately disappear; as the boom continues to lift, the piston lever will extend outward further
and quickly to the extreme position (the piston and the cylinder head come into contact). Therefore,
when the bucket is fully loaded and the boom lifts to a certain height, if the operator performs a
reverse retraction of the bucket in a violent manner and makes the bucket hit the boom, the tilt
cylinder piston directly and rigidly hit the cylinder head during its outward extension and movement.
At this time, since the piston area of the lower chamber of the tilt cylinder is large, the acting force is
also large. If the piston and the cylinder head hit each other rigidly and frequently, the faults
mentioned above are inevitable.
(4) What is the reason for boom to lower first and then lift during its lifting process?
Since the boom slide valve is of vacuum sealing, it will be in the same floating state as the oil inlet, the oil
outlet and the working oil port during a short period of the direction reversal. In this case, if the
reversing valve is operated, the boom will lower during its lift process with the action of the bucket’s
self‐weight; after the vacuum sealing part passes, the floating state of the oil inlet, the oil outlet and the
working oil port is over, and the boom lifts. This is a normal phenomenon.
(5) What is the reason that the working gear pump is prone to explosion, and the junction surface
between the pump cover and the pump body is prone to oil leakage? How to solve the problem?
A. The pilot pressure regulating valve spool or overflow valve spool in the work distribution valve gets
stuck, the oil passage of the system is in the state of being closed, and the pressure goes up
indefinitely.
B. The operator does not observe the requirements contained in the User Manual and sets the pressure
without authorization, making the system pressure exceed the allowable level.
C. Based on the previous experience, if rotate the pressure regulating bolts of the pilot valve clockwise for
one circle, the system pressure may go up by 7.8MPa(78kgf/cm2); if it is rotated anticlockwise for one
circle, the system pressure may go down by 7.8MPa(78kgf/cm2).
D. There are mistakes in the installation of two side plates of the gear pump, for example: if the side with
the decompression groove faces the pump cover, there is no decompression in the pressure oil
chamber of the gear pump, so the problem that the pressure oil gets stuck cannot be solved.
If the junction surface between the pump cover and the pump body is prone to oil leakage, it is caused by:
due to the high pressure in the pump gear over a long period of time, theΦ190*5.7 O‐seal ring of the bolts
that connect the left and right pump covers with the pump body breaks, the connecting bolts of the pump
cover or the pump body extends with the action of tensile force, or there are radial grooves on the pump
cover or the pump body. Sometimes, the screw eye of the front cover is shallow, and the bolts cannot be
tightly locked. To solve the problem, machine the bolts and then lock them.
(6) What is the reason that the oil in the engine oil tank flows into the transmission? How to solve
the problem?
If there are damages to the skeleton oil seal outside of the output shaft of the working gear pump or the
steering gear pump, the engine oil will be sucked into the oil supply passage of the transmission by the
variable‐speed gear, making the oil in the engine oil tank flow into the transmission.
Solution: replace the skeleton oil seal. If the problem remains unsolved, check the copper bush (refer to the
tips for the assembly of the large pump)
(7) What is the wear limit for the hinge pins of the working devices? What is the drift limit for the
boom? What is the time limit for boom lowering and lifting operation? What is the time limit for
the bucket to move from forward to backward?
Wear limit: normally it ranges between 0.15 and 0.35mm.
Drift limit of the boom: make the bucket carry the materials that have reached its rated loading capacity,
raise the boom to the highest position at the normal operating temperatures of the diesel engine and the
hydraulic oil, shut off the engine, and place the distribution in the close state. At this moment, measure the
moving distance of the boom cylinder piston in an hour. The boom drift per hour should be 70mm/15
minutes. If not, check and repair the hydraulic system.
Time for boom to lift and lower: make the bucket carry the materials that have reached its rated loading
capacity and then lower to the lowest position, depress the accelerator pedal at the normal operating
temperatures of the diesel engine and the hydraulic oil to make the diesel engine run at a rated rotational
speed, operate the boom valve lever of the distribution valve, lift the boom with as much for as possible,
and make it reach the highest position in 6.5 seconds. When the diesel engine idles, push the boom valve
lever of the distribution valve to the lowering position, and the bucket should lower from the highest
position to the ground in 5 seconds.
Check and repair the hydraulic system when it takes more than 6.5 seconds for the boom to lift, and more
than 5 seconds for the boom to lower.
Under the condition equivalent to that for the bucket to lift, the time for the bucket to move from the
maximally backward position to the maximally upward position should be no more than 3 seconds.
(8) What is the reason for the excessively high oil temperature of the working oil tank? What is the
reason for there are air bubbles and noise in the oil tank?
The burnt working gear pump or improper position of the work distribution valve lever will lead to
excessively small opening in the valve, and the restriction caused by the small opening will lead to the
surge in the oil temperature of the working oil tank. The oil temperature also surges when the loader is
overloaded and overworks. When the joints of different lines of the working hydraulic system is not locked
tightly or the plug heads of two process holes at the rear cover of the gear pump are not locked tightly, the
air is sucked into the oil passage, leading to air bubbles and noise in the oil tank.
Hydraulic system faults and troubleshooting methods
No. Fault description Reason Troubleshooting method
1) There are damages to the O‐ring seal that is located at the
front and rear pump covers with the pump body or at the 1) Replace the O‐ring seal
bearing 2) Replace the skeleton oil seal
Working oil pump
2) The skeleton oil seal is damaged and leaks oil 3) Repair the gear, the side plate, the pump body
malfunctions
3) Excessively wear of the gear, the side plate, the pump body and the seal ring or replace with new parts
and the seal ring 4) Replace the bearings
4) Damage of bearings
1) Elastic plate is damaged or the elastic connecting bolt gets 1) Replace the elastic plate or install and tighten
Difficulty in the oil
loose the elastic connecting bolts
suction by the
2) Blockage in the oil suction filter screen is blocked 2) Clean or repair the oil suction filter screen
working oil pump
3) The oil suction tube ages, deteriorates and cannot suck oil 3) Replace the oil suction tube
1) Elastic plate is damaged or the elastic connecting bolt gets 1) Replace the elastic plate or install and tighten
The input power of loose the elastic connecting bolts
the working oil 2) Working oil pump drive shaft is damaged 2) Replace the drive oil pump shaft
pump is cut off 3) Working oil pump drive shaft bearing is damaged 3) Replace the bearing
4) Drive working oil pump gear pair is damaged 4) Replace the gear
1) Improper pressure regulation by the main relief valve of the
1) Reset the system pressure according to
distribution valve, excessively high pressure
requirement
2 Hose break 2) High‐pressure hose ages or in poor quality
2) Replace the high‐pressure hose
3) High‐pressure hose’s attaching performance does not
3) Replace the high‐pressure hose
conform to the quality requirement
Hydraulic system faults and troubleshooting methods
No. Fault description Reason Troubleshooting method
1) Boom cylinder piston seal ring is damaged 1) Replace the seal ring
Internal leakage in the
2) Boom cylinder scuffing 2) Repair or replace the cylinder
boom cylinder
3) Boom cylinder block bore is excessively worn 3) Repair or replace the cylinder
The boom 1) Excessively large fitting clearance between the 1) Repair or replace the boom slide valve, so
normally linkage of the distribution 3) The locating steel balls and the spring that 2) Remove, inspect and clean the boom slide
The control flexible shaft of the boom valve lever of the locating, and fix the problem
distribution valve is not in place Adjust the control flexible shaft to make it in place
1) Replace the seal rig
1) Tilt cylinder piston seal ring is damaged
2) Repair or replace the cylinder
Internal leakage in the tilt 2) Tilt cylinder scuffing
3) Repair or replace the cylinder
cylinder 3) Tilt cylinder block bore is excessively worn
4) Check, adjust and repair the
4) Double‐functional relief valve malfunctions
double‐functional relief valve
The tilt operates
1) Excessively large fitting clearance between the tilt 1) Repair or replace the boom slide valve, so
powerlessly, but
4 slide valve and the valve body bore that the fitting clearance between the boom
the boom works
2) The tilt slide valve of the distribution valve gets slide valve and the valve body bore meet the
normally The tilt slide valve linkage
stuck at the oil leakage position requirement
of the distribution valve
3) The tilt slide valve return spring of the 2) Remove, inspect and clean the tilt slide
malfunctions
distribution valve malfunctions or is damaged valve, and eliminate the getting stuck failure
The control flexible shaft of the tilt valve lever of the 3) Replace the tilt slide valve return spring
distribution valve is not in place Adjust the control flexible shaft to make it in place