Assignment of Evolution of States

Name of student: Basit Ali

Name of teacher: Sir Anwar Ali

Roll number: 3049

Dated: 25/05/2021

Topic: Brazil

Department of Political Science (IR)

Introduction:
Brazil shares borders with every other country in South America - not just
Chile and Ecuador - and half the continent. This includes Russia, Canada, China
and the USA. India is the fifth largest country in the world after an area of eight
and a half million square kilometers.

Despite its vast territory, Brazil's population is concentrated in the major

cities along its coast. The urban area of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo dominates
the southern coast. To the north, cities such as Salvador and Jono Pesova
retained the colonial atmosphere of the early Portuguese settlers. The vast
interior, most of which falls within the Amazon Rainforest Basin, is very sparsely
populated.
 Half of Brazil's area is covered by the Amazon River and its tributaries,
making it the largest rainforest ecology in the world. Unfortunately, much of the
region has experienced the effects of modernization in recent years. Manas in the
Pacific, from the Amazon Easturi, is the region's busiest major city, with much
river travel and scarcity of wildlife. Away from the cities and main roads of the
Amazon, small tributaries lead to untouched habitats and traditional villages.

South of the Amazon region, the interior of the country is dominated by the
Brazilian Shield, a huge Bedrock flat that slowly strengthens into elements. Mato
Grasso, an elegant, grassland in the center of Brazil, leads to Planalto, a low-lying
plateau that gradually extends into the central and western regions. Pantanal is
one of the most extensive wetlands in the world, west of Paraguay and Bolivia.

The Brazilian winter lasts from June to August, with temperatures between
13 and 18C, but it is only cold south of Rio. The summer season is from
December to February, which brings a lot of sparkling moisture to the south. In
view of the tropical climate of Brazil, brief showers are common, but the dry
interior receives only a few months of heavy rainfall per year. In fact, in the
humid region of the Amazon Basin, humidity and humidity temperatures average
27C.

Brazil is officially the largest country in both the Federal Republic of Brazil,
[both South America and Latin America. It covers an area of 8,515,767 square
kilometers (3,287,956 square miles) and has a population of over 211 million.
With 26 states and a federal district, Brazil is the fifth largest and sixth most
populous country in the world. It is the largest country with Portuguese as its
official language and the only country in the US. Brazil has become the most
multicultural and ethnic group in the world due to mass migration around the
world for over a century. One of the most diverse countries. It is the most
populous Roman Catholic-majority country, and its capital is Brasilia, the largest
city in Sao Paulo.

Brazil has vast technology and industrial capabilities. As President Fernando

Henrique Cardoso explained to the Wall Street Journal in May 1997, "Our people
are known worldwide for their creativity, ability to learn, adapt to new situations
and to incorporate technological innovations on a daily basis."

Brazil is the most industrialized country in Latin America. Its vast industrial
base includes steel, automobiles, military aircraft (including AMX jet fighters),
tanks, hydroelectric and nuclear power plants. As its industrial base develops, the
country exports high-tech aviation components such as aircraft engines and
helicopter landing-gear systems. Alberto Santos Dumont of Brazil is finally the
"father of aviation". Brazil will build a small section at the International Space
Station. Major manufacturing products include automotive, aircraft
(internationally acclaimed EMB-120 Brasilia commuter turboprop and EMB-145
regional jetliner), helicopters (Brazil's seventh largest helicopter aircraft in the
world), electrical and electronic equipment, textiles, clothing and footwear. Since
the lifting of the ban on computer imports in October 1992, Brazil has become
the world's fastest growing computer market and major producer of computer
software.

Major trading partners are the United States, Germany, Switzerland, Japan,
the United Kingdom, France, Argentina, Mexico and Canada. Exports account for
7.3 percent of Brazil's gross domestic product (GDP - see glossary), and
industries account for 41 percent, found in some developed countries. Once the
industrial superpower of the developing world, Brazil now relies on services for 48
percent of its GDP.
 Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and the eighth largest in the
world, larger than Russia and twice as large as Mexico. The Ministry of Finance
estimates that by 2015 its economy will become the sixth largest economy in the
world. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Brazil had an
estimated GDP of $ 775.5 billion in 1997.

Brazil has vast natural resources, including the largest rainforest in the
world. Two-thirds of the country is home to the endangered Amazon rainforest,
which represents 60 percent of the national area. Sixty-six percent of Brazil's area
is still forested. The Pontanal (Great Wetlands) of the Amazon Rainforest and
Mato Grasso are the largest wildlife reserves on Earth. The Amazon region is
home to half the species of earth and a third of the world's 250 primates.
Brazilian researchers have identified a new species of primate in Brazil six times
in six years, including 1996. The Pantanal, the world's largest freshwater swamp
(larger than the state of Florida), contains flora and fauna not found anywhere
else in the world. It contains eighty species of mammals, 230 species of fish, 650
species of birds and 1,100 species of butterflies.

Historical Background:
Pre-Cabraline era.

Some of the earliest human remains found in America have been found in the
region of Lucia Woman, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and have evidence of at
least 11,000 years of human habitation.
 The oldest pots found in the Western Hemisphere were excavated in the
Brazilian Amazon Basin and radiocarbon in 8,000 years (6000 BC). Clay pots have
been found near Santarem and provide evidence that the tropical forest area
supports a complex prehistoric culture. Marazzo culture flourished in Marazzo in
the Amazon Delta from 400 to 1400 AD, refining pottery, social stratification,
large populations, building mounds and developing major social structures such
as chiefs.

At the time of the Portuguese arrival, the current Brazilian region was
estimated to have a population of 7 million, largely dependent on semi-nomadic
species, hunting, fishing, collecting, and colonial agriculture. There are many
large indigenous species in the indigenous population of Brazil (such as the Tupis,
Guarani, Gus and Arawaks). The Tupi people are divided into Tupiniquins and
Tupinambas, and there are several subdivisions of other groups as well.

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups
and their subgroups were marked by wars arising from differences in culture,
language and moral beliefs. These wars also involved large-scale military action
on land and water, including cannibalism over POWs. Inheritance weight is
somewhat, however, compared to those assigned at heritage ceremonies and
conventions. The leadership position has been further suppressed over time.
Slavery among Indians has a different meaning than that of Europeans, as it
originates from a different socio-economic institution in which inequalities are
translated into kinship relations.

Brazil with Portugal:

In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of

continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent Jono, in the name of Queen Maria I,
to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In addition to ending the
Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil to other countries, he
established Brazil's first financial institutions there, such as the local stock
exchange, and its National Bank. In 1809, in retaliation for forced deportation,
the Prince Regent ordered the conquest of Portuguese French Guiana.

When the Peninsular War ended in 1814, the European courts ordered Queen
Maria I and Prince Regent Jono to return to Portugal, unfit to lead the ancient
European monarchy, to live in the colony. In 1815, to justify living in Brazil, the
royal court expanded for six years, establishing the Crown United Kingdom of
Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, thus creating a multi-continental Atlantic
monarchy. However, the leadership in Portugal, angered by the new status of its
large colony, continued to demand that the court return to Lisbon (v. Liberal
Revolution of 1820). In 1621, d. Jono VI set out for Lisbon accepting the
demands of the revolutionaries who had occupied the city of Porto. There he left
his son, Prince Pedro de Alcantara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil and swore
an oath of a new constitution.

Independent empire:

Tensions between the Portuguese and the Brazilians escalated, and the
Portuguese courts, guided by the new political regime imposed by the liberal
revolution of 1720, sought to re-establish Brazil as a colony. The Brazilians
refused to bow, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, declaring
independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822. A month later, Prince Pedro
was proclaimed the first emperor of Brazil, with the royal title Dom Pedro I,
leading to the founding of the Brazilian Empire.

The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun with this
process, spread to the north, northeast and the province of Cisplatina. The last
Portuguese troops surrendered on 6 March 1826; Portugal officially recognized
Brazil on 29 August 1825.

On April 6, 1831, administrative chaos and political discontent erupted on

the liberal and conservative sides of politics, including the attempt to isolate the
Republicans, and in contrast to the monarchy's rule in Portugal. Given in a row.
John VI, Pedro I went to Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown, relinquishing
the throne of Brazil in favor of his five - year - old son and heir (thus Dom Pedro
II became the second emperor of the empire with the royal title of Gaya.).

Since the new emperor could not exercise his constitutional powers until he
came of age, the National Assembly established a regency. Due to the lack of a
charismatic figure to represent the generous face of power, local uprisings took
place during this period in Cabanagem, Salvador da Bahia, Mali uprising
(Maranho), Sabinada (Bahia) and the Battle of Ragamufin in Balliada, Gro-para
province. It started in Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Combined with the old and latent social tensions unique to the vast, slave-holder
and newly independent nation-state, they emerged from the dissatisfaction of the
states over central power. This internal political and social uprising, including the
Priora uprising in Pernambuco, took place only in the late 1840s, a few years
after the end of the Regency, which coincided with the untimely coronation of
Pedro II in 1841.

In the final stages of the monarchy, the internal political debate centered on
the issue of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850 as a result
of British Aberdeen law, but only in May 1888 after a lengthy process of internal
mobilization and debate to abolish slavery morally and legally in the country.
Officially canceled.
 The foreign affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with the southern cone
countries bordering Brazil. Following the Cisplatin War, Uruguay gained
independence, and Brazil won three international wars during Pedro II's 58-year
rule. These were the Platonic War, the Uruguay War and the devastating
Paraguay War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history.

Although many Brazilians did not want to change the form of government, on
15 November 189, one of the monarchies was overthrown by a military coup in
disagreement with many army officers, as well as the rural and economic elites
(for various reasons). November 15 is now Republic Day, a national holiday.

Early republic:

The early Republican government was none other than a military

dictatorship, with military dominance in Rio de Janeiro and the states. Freedom of
the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power. Not until
1894, after the financial crisis and the military crisis, did the citizens take power
and remain there until October 1930.

In terms of its foreign policy, the country maintained a relative balance during
this first Republican period, which was successful in resolving border disputes
with neighboring countries, only during the Akkar War (1899-1902) and the First
World War. . 1914-1914), then a failed attempt to play a major role in the
League of Nations; Internally, a long cycle of economic, political, and social
instability began with the crisis of the Enzilhamento and Armada uprisings of the
1920s, which surrounded the country with civil and military uprisings.

Gradually, the cycle of general instability created by these crises weakened

the regime, in the wake of the assassination of his ally, defeating opposition
presidential candidate Getulio Vargas‌, who had the support of many and
successfully led the army. October 1930 Uprising. Vargas and the military should
have power temporarily, but instead shut down Congress, repeal the constitution,
rule with emergency powers and replace state governors with their own
supporters.

In the 1930s there were three failed attempts to oust Vargas and his
supporters from power. The first constitutional revolution took place in 1932
under the leadership of the Palestinian Empire. The second was the communist
uprising in November 1935, and the last in May 1938 was an attempt by local
fascists. The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred
power to the executive. The 1937 election annulled the 1938 election, formalizing
the dictatorship of Vargas, entering the Estado Novo era, which was notorious for
government brutality and press censorship.

Foreign policy during the Vargas years was marked by privatization [citation
needed] and World War II. Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the
country entered a strategic conflict over the South Atlantic, avenging Nazi
Germany and fascist Italy. In addition to participating in the Atlantic War, Brazil
also sent an expedition to fight in the Italian campaign.

With the victory of the Allies in 1945 and the end of Nazi-fascist rule in
Europe, Vargas' position became unstable and he was rapidly overthrown in
another military coup, the same army "restored" to democracy that the same
army had completed 15 years earlier. After returning to power through elections
in 1950, Vargas committed suicide in August 1958 amid a political crisis.

Contemporary era:

Several brief interim governments have followed Vargas' suicide. Giuseppe

Kubitschek became president in 1956 and adopted a conciliatory stance for the
political opposition, which allowed him to rule without major crisis. The economy
and industry grew significantly, but their greatest achievement was the creation
of the new capital of Brasilia, which opened in 1960.

Kubitschek's successor, Janio Quadros, resigned in 1961, less than a year

after taking office. His vice president, Jonah Goulart, took over the presidency,
but led to strong political opposition and the military coup was overthrown in
April 1964 as a result of the uprising.

The new regime was intended to be temporary, but gradually remained in

place, becoming a totalitarian dictatorship with the proclamation of the Fifth
Institutional Act in 1968. It has reached not only those who have resorted to
guerrilla tactics to fight the oppressive regime, but also the institutionalized.
Protesters, artists, journalists and other members of civil society] through the
infamous "Operation Condor" inside and outside the country. Despite its brutality,
the regime, like other regimes, reached its peak of popularity in the early 1970s
due to economic growth known as the "economic miracle".

Gradually, however, the repression did not slow down even after the defeat
of the left-wing guerrillas, as well as the inability to cope with the economic crises
and public pressure of the time, leading to the disintegration of the dictatorship.
Inevitably. , Led by General Ernesto Geisel and Golberi do Couto e Silva on behalf
of the regime. With the implementation of the Debt Forgiveness Act in 1979,
Brazil began a slow return to democracy, which was completed in the 1980s.

Citizens returned to power in 1985, when Jose Serney took over the
presidency. His tenure was unpopular due to his failure to control the financial
crisis and the high inflation inherited from military rule. Cherney's failed
government led to the election of Fernando Caller, almost unknown in 1989, and
was later impeached by the National Congress in 1992.
 Kolar was succeeded by his vice president, Itamar Franco, who appointed
Fernando Henrique Cardoso as finance minister. In 1994, Cardoso created the
highly successful Plano Real, which finally stabilized the Brazilian economy,
following previous governments' failed financial plans to curb high government
inflation. Cardoso won the 1994 election, again in 1998.

The peaceful transfer of power from Cardasso to his main opposition leader,
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (re-elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006), is seen as
proof that Brazil has achieved long-standing political stability. However, due to
decades of anger and frustration with corruption, police brutality, political
establishment and inefficiency of public service, many peaceful protests began in
the middle of Dilma Rousseff's first term in Brazil, which won the 2010 election.
Lula was in place. Again by a narrow margin in 2014.

Rousseff was impeached by the Brazilian Congress in 2016, halfway

through his second term, and his vice president, Michel Temer, assumed full
presidency on August 31 after accepting Rousseff's impeachment. During the
impeachment process, there were large-scale protests in his favor and in
opposition. Allegations against politicians (from all primary political parties) in
various bribery and tax evasion schemes, as well as allegations against them,
have fueled political and economic misery.

In 2017, the Supreme Court requested an investigation into the 71 Brazilian

parliamentarians accused of involvement in the Petrobras corruption scandal and
nine ministers of President Michel Temer's cabinet. President Temer also faces
corruption charges. According to a 2018 survey, 62% of the population say
corruption is Brazil’s biggest problem.

Through Operation Car Wash, the Brazilian federal police took action against
the diversion and corruption of PT and affiliates at the time. In the highly
controversial 2018 election, the Social Liberal Party (PSL)'s controversial
conservative candidate Zaire Bolsonaro was elected president, winning the
second round of the Workers Party (PT) with 55.13% support.

Government and politics:

In the public sector, Brazil is the third largest democracy (after India and the
United States). It has had a civilian democratic rule since the end of the military
dictatorship (1964-85). The period of military rule in the southern cone countries
of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay is very dangerous compared to the dictatorship.
Brazil has been relatively liberated from revolutionary violence and terrorism in
recent decades, with the exception of left-wing extremist propaganda in the late
1960s and early 1970s. True, as a result of the regime's repression, mainly from
1968 to 1972, Brazilians began to become a cheerful, manipulative and non -
violent people.

The Constitution of October 5, 1988, Brazil VIII, provides for a presidential

system with several remnants of a mixed parliamentary system. Although the
1988 constitution re-established many of the powers of Congress, the president
still wields significant "royal" powers. Political scientist David V. According to
Fleischer, Brazilian presidents may have more "imperial" powers than the United
States because they have less accountability to Congress and are able to make
more political appointments.

In a system of checks and balances similar to the United States system, the
three branches of government operate in sufficient harmony and mutual respect,
but in rare cases one branch may challenge or reject the intervention of others.
However, as Professor Fleischer points out, executive-legislative conflict is
inherent in the system because the president is directly elected by a national
constituency, while Congress is elected out of very narrow regional interests.
According to political scientist Ricardo Tavares, rural states in the north
(northeast) and northeast (nordest) elect members of Congress more than
industrial and more populous states in the south and southeast.

Municipal elections continue in the constitution even two years after the
presidential election. Thus, municipal elections were held in 1988, 1992 and 1996
and 2000 and 2004, while state and national elections were held in 1998 and
2002. The number of political parties increased from eleven in 1987 to eighteen
in 1996. Eight are important. Unlike the United States, where the two major
parties are national entities, the Brazilian parties are territorial.

A national referendum was held on April 21, 1993 to determine the form of
government (republic or, strangely, constitutional monarchy) and the system of
government (presidential or parliamentary), and the presidential republic of
Brazil. This has been verified again. However, a constitutional amendment
enacted in 1994 reduced the presidency from five to four years by January 1995
(approved by the Chamber of Deputies), without allowing immediate re-election
in January. Gave. Federal Senate 1997 and June 1997. By mid-2002, Brazil had
serious plans to form a parliamentary government by 2002.

Law or justice:

Brazilian law is based on the civil law system and the concept of civil law
dominates the practice of common law. Most Brazilian laws are codified, but non-
codified laws also play an important role. Court decisions prescribe detailed
guidelines; However, they rarely adhere to other specific things. The ideological
writings and writings of academic jurists have a strong influence on legislative
and legal matters.
 The judiciary is based on the federal constitution promulgated on 5 October
1988 and the basic law of Brazil. All other laws and court judgments must comply
with its rules. As of April 2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have
their own constitutions, which should not be contrary to the federal constitution.
Municipalities and the federal district have "biological laws" (lease organics) that
operate in a similar manner to the formation. Legislative bodies are the main
source of legislation, although in some cases the judiciary and executive bodies
make legal provisions. Jurisdiction is exercised by the judiciary, but in rare cases
the federal constitution gives legal decisions to the federal senate. Allows. There
are also special military, labor and electoral courts. The Supreme Federal Court
is the Supreme Court.

The system has been facing criticism over the past few decades for its slow
decision making. Claims on appeal can take years to resolve and in some cases
more than a decade before definitive judgments. However, the Supreme Federal
Tribunal was the first court in the world to broadcast its sessions on television
and on YouTube. In December 2009, the Supreme Court presented items on
Planner's Day, adopting Twitter to inform the court of their day - to - day duties
and the most important decisions they have made.

Foreign policy:

Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the federal

constitution, which establishes self - determination, international cooperation and
peaceful resolution of conflicts without interfering with Brazilian relations with
other countries and multilateral bodies. According to the Constitution, the
President has the ultimate power over foreign policy, with Congress reviewing
and reviewing all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as the
laws relating to Brazilian foreign policy.

Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a regional

power in Latin America, a leader in developing countries, and a developing world
power. Brazil's foreign policy is generally based on the principles of
multilateralism, peaceful settlement and non-interference in the affairs of other
countries. Brazil is a founding member of the Community of Portuguese
Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, the
political continent of the international continent and the four continents of Los
Angeles, where Portuguese is the official language.

Brazil's fastest growing tool of foreign policy is providing assistance as a

donor to other developing countries. Brazil not only uses its growing economic
strength to provide financial assistance, it also provides a high level of expertise
and, most importantly, a quiet but non-confrontational diplomacy to improve
governance levels. Total aid is estimated at $ 1 billion per year, of which Rs. In
addition, Brazil has already carried out a peace mission ($ 350 million) in Haiti
and contributed to the World Food Program ($ 300 million).] In addition to its
assistance to humanitarian assistance and multilateral development agencies. The
level of this assistance is similar to that of China and India. Brazil's south-south
aid has been described as a "waiting global model"