Ungria,John Carlo O.

BSCRIM 2ND YEAR

EXERCISE 1

1) Discuss the formula of Hans Gross in investigation.

The formula of Hans Gross helped to establish the science of

forensics, especially in terms of a cross-transfer of evidence, such as
dirt, fingerprints, carpet fibres, or hair, from the criminal to the victim.
Early in the 20th century, serological research led to the discovery of
the A, B, AB, and O blood groups, thus increasing the value of blood
as evidence at a crime scene. In the mid-20th century, advances in
biochemistry and technology resulted in the discovery of unique gene
markers in each person; these genetic differences allow for the DNA
fingerprinting of hair, blood, semen, and tissue. Thus, DNA testing was
a major contribution to modern forensic science, though forensic
anthropologists generally do not conduct such DNA analyses and often
only supply samples to be tested. The 20th and 21st centuries have
also seen substantial growth in public and private forensic laboratories,
enabling the collection and study of empirical evidence.
2) Define Criminal Investigation and Criminal Investigator. And, identify the
good qualities of the investigator.
Criminal investigation, ensemble of methods by which crimes are
studied and criminals apprehended. The criminal investigator seeks
to ascertain the methods, motives, and identities of criminals and
the identity of victims and may also search for and interrogate
witnesses.
Criminal investigator is a person who is professionally trained to
investigate various crimes and crime scenes. They often worked for
the state, although there are professionals who engage in private
 investigation. Criminal investigators may perform various tasks such
as ,Searching for evidence at the scene of a crime, Analyzing
evidence in a lab, Speaking to witnesses to gather statements for
trial, Reviewing documents, photos, audio files, or video that may
incriminate a person, Reviewing similar criminal cases, Analyzing
laws regarding particular criminal charges, Interviewing the
defendant to gather statements, Thus, criminal investigators use
various tools and evidence in order to piece together what may
have actually happened in connection with the crime. This can help
for the upcoming criminal trial.
Here are the good qualities of the investigator Good academic
background, Decent pleasing personality, Sociable person, Healthy
and energetic, Good retentive memory, Technical knowledge,
Communication skills, Job Integrity, Observational skills, Unbiased
accurate recording, Awareness of the business world, and Curious
mind to inquire.

3) Identify the importance of science and art in criminal investigation.

It is well known that Forensic team need to identify victims and

analyze evidences to prove the crimes. However, analyzing
evidence from crime scenes and identifying victims are goals of
Forensic Science teams.
 EXERCISE 2

1) Identify, define, explain and give concrete examples each I’s of

investigation.

Descriptive investigation
- Descriptive Investigations involve collecting qualitative and/or
quantitative data to draw conclusions about a natural or man-made
system (e.g., rock formation, animal behavior, cloud, electrical
circuit). A descriptive investigation includes a question but no
hypothesis.
Comparative investigation
- Involve collecting data on different populations/organisms, under
different conditions (ex. Times of year, locations), to make a
comparison. Example – Using a hand lens to examine the color and
texture of four different rocks.
Experimental investigation
- have a control group which does not receive any treatment. For
example, a student might conduct an investigation to answer the
question "What is the effect of light color on plant growth?" In this
experiment, the variable color of light is changed by the student.

2) What are the six cardinal questions in criminal investigation. Give sample
question for each.

The six cardinal questions in criminal investigation are include the

6’Ws the (what, who, where, when, why, and how ) so here are the
sample questions for each of the 6’Ws:
What specific offense has been committed?
How the offense was committed?
Who committed it?
Where the offense was committed?
When it was committed?
Why it was committed?

EXERCISE 3
1) Watch thru YouTube any crime incident. And, discuss the whole
process of the Crime Scene Treatment and Investigation.

- a scene that I watch in YouTube the process of a crime scene

investigation is the case investigator and crime scene personnel work
together to define and secure areas that may contain evidence, examine
and document the scene, collect physical evidence, and preserve,
package and submit the evidence to the laboratory for analysis to solve
the crime that investigate of a investigator.
 EXERCISE 4

1) Group yourself into 5 and execute the interview and interrogation process.

2) State your book based and personal techniques and strategies in the
conduct of interview and interrogation.

3. Enumerate difficulties and how you overcome those problem in the

process of investigation activity.
 EXERCISE 5

1) Define sketch. Enumerate the types of sketch.

A sketch is a drawing that is done quickly without a lot of details. Artists

often use sketches as a preparation for a more detailed painting or
drawing.
The main types of sketch are Interior sketching. For this kind of sketching,
it is highly important to understand the laws of perspective and train your
eye to judge scale and proportion, Fashion sketching, Industrial sketching,
Travel sketching.

2. Differentiate sketch from photograph.

The difference between sketch from photograph is a sketch is a rough or

unfinished drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more
finished picture while the photograph is a picture made using a camera, in
which an image is focused onto film or other light-sensitive material and
then made visible and permanent by chemical treatment, or stored
digitally.

3. Assumed that crime scene happened in your respective place. Sketch the
whole crime scene of RAPE.
 EXERCISE 6

1) Define and explain crime scene search.

A crime scene is any physical scene, anywhere that may provide potential
evidence to an investigator. “Crime scene examination” therefore refers to
an examination where forensic or scientific techniques are used to
preserve and gather physical evidence of a crime.

2) Identify the different methods of search of the crime scene.

-Zonal Method
-Strip Method
-Line Search
-Grid Method
-Spiral Method (Outward Spiral & Inward Spiral)
-Wheel Search Method
-Random Search

3) Group yourself into 10 and execute the different types of search. Share
your thoughts about your actual CSS.
Navigational search queries.
Informational search queries.
Transactional search queries
 My thought about the actual CSS is very difficult to get because we need
many people to do.

4) Which method you can recommend to conduct the RAPE crime scene
search and why?

Spiral methods because the investigator(s) examining the area for

evidence in an ever-widening circle, from the position of the core crime
scene or on the perimeter and then moves in an outward direction.
 EXERCISE 7

1) What is modus operandi.

Modus operandi, Latin “operating method” abbreviation Mo, in criminology,

distinct pattern or manner of working that comes to be associated with a
particular criminal. Some burglars become so attached to their modus
operandi that they burglarize the same places or people again and again.

A Latin phrase meaning “mode of operating.” In criminal law, modus operandi

refers to a method of operation or pattern of criminal behavior so distinctive
that separate crimes or wrongful conduct are recognized as the work of the
same person.

2) Give concrete scenario showing the commission of M.O.

Criminologists have observed that, whatever his specialty—burglary, auto

theft, or embezzling—the professional criminal is very likely to adhere to his
particular way of operating. If, for example, a burglar begins his career by
entering houses from the roof, he will, in all probability, continue this method
for as long as he is able to work. Some burglars become so attached to their
modus operandi that they burglarize the same places or people again and
again.
 EXERCISE 8

1) Discuss and enumerate the procedures in Collection, Marking, Tagging,

and Preservation of the evidence
All evidence packages must be labeled or tagged. The label or tag must
contain the following
Information:
1. Complaint number.
2. Date.
3. Recovering/packaging individuals name.
4. Description of exhibits including make, model, and serial number, if any.
 EXERCISE 9

1) Define, discuss and explain the roles of the witness of the crime. And, the
reasons why witnesses refuse to testify.

A witness is a person who saw or heard the crime take place or may have
important information about the crime or the defendant. Both the defense and
the prosecutor can call witnesses to testify or tell what they know about the
situation. In court, the witness is called to sit near the judge on the witness
stand.
Witnesses play a very important role in criminal cases. They help to clarify
what happened by telling the judge or jury everything they know about an
event.
The reason why witnesses refuse to testify because he / she need to protect
their self to the outcome of this case that can see their eyes.

2) Identify the types of witnesses according to their attitudes.

A lay witness — the most common type — is a person who watched certain
events and describes what they saw.
An expert witness is a specialist — someone who is educated in a certain
area. ...
A character witness is someone who knew the victim, the defendant, or other
people involved in the case.

3. What is informant? Discuss the best criteria and qualification of a good

informers / informants. How you will differentiate between witness and
informant.
Informants are used often in organized crime cases. Most informants are
criminals who cooperate with the police in exchange for a reduced charge,
sentence, or immunity from prosecution, depending on the judicial system.
The best criteria and qualification of a good informants must have first-hand
knowledge about your community, its residents, and issues or problems you
are trying to investigate. Key informants can be a wide range of people,
including agency representatives, community residents, community leaders,
or local business owners.
The difference between witness and informant is the witness is a person who
sees an event, typically a crime or accident take place, while the informant is
a person who gives information to another
 EXERCISE 10

1) What is surveillance and undercover? Enumerate and discuss the various

types of surveillance.
The surveillance is a close observation especially of a suspected spy or
criminal and undercover is a person or their activities involved in or involving
secret work within a community or organization, especially for the purposes
of police investigation or espionage. Or acting or executed in secret
specifically employed or engaged in spying or secret investigation an
undercover agent.
Electronic surveillance – Electronic surveillance equipment is often the most
used tool during an investigation. It could range from cameras and wiretaps
to GPS tracking and more. An employer may want to use GPS on company
vehicles, for instance, to ensure they’re being used professionally by
employees. Electronics can record an array of information for investigators to
document.
Interviews – Interviews are far less common, but they can serve a purpose in
certain investigations. In a missing persons case, for example, the more
information an investigator can get, the easier it will be to locate the missing
person. An investigator may want to interview family, friends and co-workers
to narrow down the search.
Observation – You can gather a lot of information just by observing someone.
This type of surveillance is common for a suspected cheating partner case.
Investigators spend time physically observing the person in question and will
report back with the information gathered. This may be over several days,
several weeks and in different areas.
 Technical surveillance – Technical surveillance involves the use of audio and
visual equipment to document behavior and conversations. This type of
surveillance can come in handy during proof of cohabitation cases or
employee sickness and absenteeism.

2) Qualities of the good surveillance officer and undercover.

The qualities of the good surveillance officer is including simplicity, data
quality, acceptability, sensitivity, positive predictive value,
representativeness, timeliness, stability, usefulness, flexibility, and cost. And
the undercover Some common undercover cop characteristics include being
amiable (a key part of the job is being able to make friends easily) and
trustworthy, as well as having the ability to entertain complex, contradicting
notions of morality. Officers must be able to listen to a citizen and respond
with empathy, not sympathy.

3. Enumerate the tools needed in the conduct of surveillance and

undercover activities.
Digital still and video cameras (CCTVs), GPSs for tracking, electronic toll
takers, computer surveillance, phone tapping, cellphone monitoring, voice,
facial features, walking gait and other biometric characteristics. And the
undercover is the introduction, the acceptance, the buy, the arrest, coving the
informant, the "after action".

4. Watch any surveillance and undercover activities thru Youtube. Discuss

your observation in details pertaining with the police activities.