Professional Documents
Culture Documents
.- - .
VOLUME XXXII.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
OBITUARY .
Atk~nson.Georgc ...
Baker. Louis Leroy ...
Bate. Osborn Hambrooli
Booth. William ...
Capel. George Wiliiam ...
Carter. iMuior Frank Bird
Cole. Charles William ..
Couch. James ...
Cuddon. Elias Martin
Dalg!eish. Henry J . ...
Dixon. hew . Edward Young
Fisher. William ...
Friend. Cupt . B. J . ...
Gedge. Alfred Sydney
George. Frederick Brand
Gissing. George John ...
Glass. J o h n
Hamm. Johaniles M . ...
Hibberdine. William ...
Houndle. Henry C . H . H .
Jennings. Thorp Buttolph
Kielland. U r. Kristian S.
Kiralfy. Imre ...
Lambton. J o h n William
Laurensen. Robert Sinclair
Lemon. Reav. Thomas Willism
Lines. Stanley L . Burnett
Loewg. Benno ...
Macbean. Edward ...
Marples. Robert I t o f f a t
Maye. William Bennett
[g. . ?able of C o n t e n t s .
OBITUARY.-C~TL~~IL~~~.
PAGE.
Millar, James ... 176
Nethersole, M a j o r Alfred Rnlph .75
Newton, L i e u t . Edwin B. B. 75
Pegge, William Thomas 144
Plumbe, Rowland , ... 76
P r a t t , Lieut.-Col. Sisson Cooper 77, 144
Rees, E . C. ... 144
Ridout, George ... 76
Sachse, Dr. Julius F. ... 176
Scott, George Lamb ... 76
Sebastian, Robert Lee 76
Simons, Henry ... 76
Smith, James R . ... 56
Speedy, James ... 76
Stockings, mTilliam F. 176
Tangye, Edgar ... 76
Vernon, Szr William ... 144
White, D r . Henry F. L a Touche li 6
Whitney, F r a n k Irving ... 76
' Additional ' Degrees; Their origin ; The Theories advanced not
wholly b u t partly new; They a r e experimental and invite critical
cxaminat~onand discussion, 5 ; Alleged Foreign ( t . e . , non-British)
Origin of t h e earliest Additional Degrees discredited ; Examina-
tion of t h e Foreign evidence t o 1750; The Paris Lodge 1725, and
t h e Walsh Regiment; Banier and Le Mascricr; Newspapers,
English, Bmericnn, Foreign, 6; Ramsay's O r a t i o n , new light '
upon t h e d a t e of i t s first publication, 7 ; Voltaire; Documents a t
Stockholm; 1'Avocclt Barbier; de la 'Fierce, 8 ; The HBrault-
Carton affair; R e l a t z o n Apologique, 1738, 9 ; Earliest Allusion
t o a n association between Freemasonry a n d t h e Order of Knights
Templar; L P S F t t - M a c o n s H y p e ~ t l r n m e , 1740, 10; Apologle pour
llOrtlre, 1742; L e fv&re Amel-tcazn; The Degree C h e v . tJe l ' d i g l e ;
The Abbe Perau, 1 1 ; French Regulations of 1743; the Simonnet
MS. of 1744; L a F r a n c - M a y o n n e , 1744; L e Scectu l t o m p u , 1745;
' Ecossois ' Masonry, 12 ; L'h'cole sles F r n ~ l c s - M a y o n s , 1748 ;
Masonic Symbolism and Legend before 1717; The Third Degree
Legend ; The Crusades; The Fraternity R.C. ; Adamson's M i c ~ c s
Tllrenodze, 1638 ; Swift ; Ramsay ; Dassigny ; Samber's 3 I n s o ~ l i c
E'ormulce, 1 4 ; L o n g Lzvers, 1722; Stukeley's 0rrlc.r of t h e B o o k ;
' Verus Commodus ' and Desaguliers ; The Stirling Brasses, 1 5 ;
Freemasonry and t h e House of S t u a r t ; The Church of Rome and
Freemasonry ; Papal Bulls and Police Crusade in France ; Failure
of t h e attack, 1 7 ; Scots Masonry; its claim t o superiority;
Chambers' Cycloptetllci, 1728; Letters i n the 1)trzly J o u r n a l , 1730;
Hesolutions of Grand Lodge, 1 8 ; Scots Lodges i n London,
Salisbury ancl B a t h ; The R o ~ a lOrder of Scotland; The Lodge
a t Swallwell, 1746, 1 9 ; Scots Masonry asserts itself i n France;
References t o additional degress i n France from 1742 onwards,
21; Scottish and Jacobite origin of Scots Masonry; Prince Charles
E d ~ v a r dS t u a r t claimed as i t s chief during his lifetime, 24; Con-
clusion : The ' Additional Degree.' movement commenced with
Britons, not Foreigners; Claim of such degrees to be a p a r t of
Freemasonry, 26. Comments bp Gordon Hills, 31; W. J.
Songhurst, 34; Edward Armitage, 40; Sydney T. Klein, 42; Cecil
Powell, 43; Henry Lovegrove; W. B. Hextall, 44; Count Goblet
d'Alviella, 46. Reply by J. E. S. Tuckett, 47.
PAPERS AND ESSAY S.-~bzctin~ied. , PAGE.
Vestiges of the Craft in Spain. By Sydney T. Klein ... ... 57
The Square &nd Colllpasses i n t h e Cathedral and t h e Church of
S a n Lesmes, Burgos, 57; History of t h e Church and of its Founder,
Adelelmo, 5 8 ; legend of t h e Saint and t h e Queen of England, 61 ;
IVla~ons' Marks on buildings i n Seville, 62; Valencia, 63;
Tarragona, 64; Barcelona, 6 5 ; and Gerona, 66. Comments by
Gordon Hills, 67; J. E. S. Tuckett, 69; H. G. McLachlan, 70.
Reply by Sydney T. Klein, 72.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE. PACE.
Armitage, E d n ~ a r d ... ... 40 JlcLachlan, H. G. ... 70 '
VOLUME XXXII.
-- -
The Conlnlittee met a t the Offices, No. 27, Great Queen Street, London, on
Jlonclay, 23x1 December, 1918.
1'rctcnt:-Rro. Gordon P. G. Hills. 111 the Chair, with Rros. Dr. TV. IT>-nn\Testrott.
J . P. Simpson, E. H. Dring. IT' J. Songhurst, Secretary, and A . S. Geclge, Auditor.
. '
The Secretary produced his Books and t h e Treasurer's Accounts ant1 Vonrhers,
ull;-h hacl been examined by the Anditor and certified a s being correct
The S t . d o h n ' ~ ('trrtl issued nnder d a t e of 27th December, 1917, shelved a total
membership in t h e Correspondence Circle of 2,932. Of these 170 h a r e been removed : -
54 by death, 47 by resignatioa, and 78 for non-payment of dues. On the other hand,
203 h a r e been added on elertion, and the total now stands a t 2,978, of 1lhon1, h o ~ r e r e r ,
abont 170 remain on t h e ' W a r List.'
IYe d e s ~ r et o expresy n a r n ~ c s tthanks to onr Local Secretaries [or nlnch good norlr
perfor~necl under trying, conclitions. ' l h e death of Bro. Joseph Binnep, who had acted
tor the Sheffield d i s t ~ i c tsince 1891, is n ~ n c hregretted. Bro. David Flather has very
kindly consented to take over the duties in this important section of Yorkshire.
The accounts for the > e a r encling 30th November last, which are herenith
presented, again shew a loss in ~ r o r k i n g ,a result not snrprising considering t h e nn-
settled condition of the norlcl. Tllo parts only of \701nnlc xxx. (1917) of the Trnnsnctions,
with S f . .Tohn's Carrl, \rere pnblishecl. ancl these absorbed the whole of the amount in
lcserre from the 1917 acconnts. learing a t h ~ r c lp a r t of t h e Volume still to be issued,
and paid for. Subscriptions for 1917 receivecl dnring the past pear amounted to
220.5 19s. 6d., and this sum has been added to the reserve i n order t o provide for the
cost of this third P a r t ; £1,014 11s. being similarly reserved for the 1918 Volume.
~ ~ at h e (dclcctlto~C'oronrtti L o d g e .
( I ' t ~ a , ~ s n c t i o of 3
Various important economies have been carried out in order.-to reduce the con-
suniption of paper \vitliout impairing the value of the publications, b u t the full effect
of these will only be felt i n connection n i t h Volume sxxi. corresponding t o the year
1918. The first P a r t of this Volunle is well i n hand, and 15-e may expect during 1919
t o catch up soiiie of the arrears in publication. This, ho~r-erer,will only be possible if
Brethren pay their subscriptioiis promptly. We inust again point to the large ainount
of arrears slle~vnin the Accounts-£373 11s. i d . being still due for 1918 alone.
Jve feel assured t h a t after Pence has been declared and business affairs generally
.
assunie a more nornial conditionj our expenditure will fall to a reasonable level.
F o r t h e Committee,
Gonuos P . G . HILLS,
i n the Chair.
Liabilities. Assets.
2 S. d . f S. d.
To Life Slembers' Fund (24.3 1ly Cash a t Bank . . . . . . 293 4
Members) . . . . . . l600 16 0 ., investment^, &1,300 Coiisols
.. Subscriptions, etc., recciretl a t 60 per cent. . . . . . . 780 O O
in advance . . . . . . 136 12 10
., Sundry Debtors for P i ~ b l i -
,, correspondence Circle, 1917 cations . . . . . . . . 1.3 7 0
Balance i n hand ... 190 15 2
.. Sundry Publications ... 41.3 3 6
., (10. l918 . . . . . . . . . 1014 11 0 .
. Furniture- 2 S. d.
.. Sundry Creditors . . . . . . 21 13 3 Balance 30th Nov.,
,. Sundry Creditors re Publi- 1917 ... 18 -1 7
cations . . . . . . . . . 17 9 9 Additions dur-
,. Profit and Loss Suspense ing the year 6 16 0
Account, being outstand-
ing Subscriptions as per 2.5 0 7
contra, subject to realiza- Less Deprecia-
tion . . . . . . . . . --
1.>2 1 s 2 tion for the - -
,, Lad e Account- ;t: s. cl. year ... I I I
-- 17 13 0
~ A n c e 30th .: Sundry 1)ebtors
Nov.. 1917 84 1 5 for Subscrip-
Receipts ... 3 3 3 2 tions in arrear--
1918 Corrrs1,on-
119 7 7 dence C i r c l ...
~ 373 11 i
Leas l'aymeiits 40 8 3 1917 ditto ... 203 P G
78 19 4 1016 ditto ... 109 9 11
1915 ditto ... 42 0 9
1914 ditto ... 16 11 10
Back r e a r s ... 10 1.3 10
752 18 2
,, Repairs-
Balance 30th Nov.,
1917 ... 80 0 0
hess Amount
r r i t t e n off ... 20 0 O
61 0 0
., Profit and Loss Account ... 1339 7 11
4 2'1~trirrtrctio11r
o j t h e Qtctct~tor C'oroi~trtiLoclye.
£ S . d.
..
To Balance fro111 last Accolu~t P75 0 P
13alanc.c brought forward ... 661 7 3
This 11:~lancc S l ~ c e tdoes not include the \-slut, of tlie Library, J I I I S ~ I ~ and
I I ~ . the
8tocli of Trcct1strc.tif~r1.9,
and is subjeet to the rc,alizatin~~ of ~isscts.
I l i a ~e examinecl the above Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account \\.it11 the
Uooki and T-onche~sof tile Lodge, and certify the sanle t o be correct and in a c c o ~ d a ~ ~ c e
theyen ith.
3, Great J a ~ l l e s S t r e ~ t ,
Bedford R o u . 1Y.C
--
Nevertheless Jouast was practically right. Mons. Simonnet, in his MS. of 1744
already referred to, makes very frequent use of the ' Dicco2tr.r d r J f r d r R a m c u y '
whicl~he says is to be found:-
dans le volume des Lettres Philosopha de Mr de Voltaire imprim6 L la
haye en 1739.
1-oltaire's L e t t r r s Philo.ropltiqztes followed his Tragedy Z a i r e , and the book gave
such offence by its profaneness t h a t warrants were actually issued for apprehending
its author, who was forced to go into hiding a t Cirey on t h e borders of Champagne
and Lorraine in company with Gabrielle Emilie de Breteuil Marquise de Chastelet.
Thus Simonnet proves that Jouast's description of tlie first printed version of the
speech is substantially correct (but t h a t t h e year was 1739 and not 1738) and at
the same time clears up a hitherto doubtful point in Voltairean Bibliography.
The final paragraph of Ramsay's Oration as i t appears in De la Tierce's
book of 1742 conlmences thus : -
Des Tsles Britanniques 1'Art-Ro'ial comnlence B repasser dans la Frantta
sous !9 regne du plus aimable des Rois, &c , &c
According to Ramsay, therefore, France was a t this time rrcfizling Masonic
siilightenment from England.
Original documents preserved in t h e archives of t h e Grand Lodge of
Sweden, which were first published as recently as 1892, state in the year 1737
the Baron (later Count) K. F . G. Scheffer received a t Paris in the ' Prince of
Clermont's ' Lodge the three St. John's Degrees and also two Ecossois Degrees.
Scheffer became a friend of Charles Radcliffe and flom him received a
' Deputation ' to constitute, Synlbolic Lodges in Sweden. (See Gould's Concise
Hi\tory, p. 379.) Bro. P. Uuchaine f L n F . M . Brlgr a11 ,YT'ZfZe ,Ciic.Ir, p. 136)
cites evidence of the existence of an Ecossois grade in 1733.
I n illiscrllnnrn Lntornorlrm for June, 1914, I first drew the attention of
Masonic students to a very early-one of the ~earliest-accounts of French
1 See .4.$).('. XXV., p. 3.53.
2 See Gotild, IIisfory, 111.. p. '83.
Freemasonry. It is from Lr J o l ~ r ~ ~cle r t l/'.-I i.occct Hnr7)it-r (v01 I1 , pp 148 aqzd
149) and bear? date March of 1737, t h a t is the same inoiitli of the same year in
which Ramsay was p ~ o p o , t ~ r to g deiiver his Oration, more tllaii a year before
(according to Jouast) i t I I Y I ~ delivered, and considerably more tllan a year before
i t was first printed with Voltaire's T , r t t r r s /'?117o\ol1?1ic/~trc. We can therefore
safely assert t h a t the author, a lion-Mason, never heard of or saw the Ramsay
Oration.
Nos seigneurs de la cour o n t inventk, tout nouvelleinent, LIII o r d r ~
appel6 des frirltrrccons B l'exemple de I'Angleterre, ou 11 y a aussi
diff6rents ordres d e particuliers, e t nous ne tardons pas k iniiter les
impertinences BtrangBres. Dans cet ordre-ci ktaient enrol6.: qnelques-uns
de nos seigneurs d'Rtat e t plusieurs ducs e t seigneurs On ne salt
quoi que ce soit des statuts, des regles e t de l'objet de cet ordre
nouveau. Ils s'assemblaient, recevaient les nouveaux cl~.evaliers, et la
premiere r&gle ktait uii secret inviolable pour tout ce qui se passait
Comnin dr: pareilles assemblkes, aussi secrl.tes, sont tr&s dangereuses
daiis 1111 Etat, & a n t composkes des seigneurs, surtout dans la circoil-
stance d u changelnent qui vient d'arriver dans le ministkre, M le
cardilia1 de Fleurv a cru devoir ktouffer cet ordre de clievalerie d a m
sa naissance, e t il a fait dkfense B tous les nl.ss<ieurs de s'assembler e t
d e tenir d e pareils chapitres.
This account is quoted in full in Dict. H i c t . (7r\ /tr.\f. L l f r ~ ~ ~r tr .('outt11t1v.q + c7r I((
F r n n c r , prrr d . C'?zirl~rl. I'nr~.s. 1873. Now this is capable of trro interpreta-
tions according to t b e exact meaning we assigr to the word ' inventk.' The first
is tliat French courtiers were a t this time making u p or ot-ntitz,/ a Freemasonry
of their own following tlle fashion set in England, b u t tlie new Masonry thus
created was something quite different fro111 t h e English, and this reading is to
some extent supported by t h e use of expressions such as ' chevaliers ' ' chevalerie '
' chapitres ' If this iilterpretatioii is correct then Barbier must be passed as
evidence t h a t the nianufacture of additional Masonic Degrees iu France was in
full swing early in t h e year 1737, but even so he affords no evidence t h a t ally of
the novelties were passing across t h e Channel t o England a t this time. B u t t h e
paragraph may equally well mean tliat French courtiers had qrrite vece/rtl!/
founded or set u p Masonic Lodges after t h e pattern (i , working the same
ceremonies) as t h e English Lodges worked a t home. I n point of fact, we k n ~ w
t h a t this did actually happen a t tliis very time. The use of expressions
' chevaliers ' ' chevalerie ' and ' chai~itres' inust the11 be excused as a blunder not
very serious in a non-Mason. A s a further support t o the second interpretation
we should note t h a t D r . Desaguliers and the Duke of Richnlond were present a t
some of h e meetings, and t h a t i t is generally believed t h a t i t was the Duke of
Richmond who initiated the Duc d'Antin, the future Grand Master crd 18itnnl of
French Freemasonry, a t Aubigny in this same year 1737. I need hardly point
out t h a t if t h e first i i i t e r ~ r e t a t i o nof Mons. Barbier's nleaiiine is tlie correct one.
then some political feature in t h e new Masonry accounts for the violent opposition
of t h e Cardinal-Minister Fleury, a secret enemy of the S t u a r t Cause, which is not
easy otherwise t o understand.
If those Brethren who possess a copy of U ? la Tierce's book will t u r n t o
the end they may possibly find there two pages of announcemeiits of books in
Erench on sale by t l ~ esame publisher and bookseller, Franqois Varrentrapp, of
I'rancfort. If these pages are p r e s e n t t h e y are generally missing-they mill find
amongst t h e books advertised two works by a Monsieur A d e la Barre de
Beaumarchais (who must not be mistaken for the celebrated Pierre Augustin Caron
do Beaumarchais, author of E'iqr/oro, &c ). The firet of these books is about
Holland, Ancient and Modern; the second is announced thus : -
c7r Rrccunrnrchcri.~,-4 111 t ~ s ~ t / l r t zLifrrnit,rs
.s 0 1 1 C'orrrslio~lrlrr~rr~
7'oli:irl/~r,
Historiqtte, I'i~ilosophiprte & p l n n t e . 8. 1738-39. 111. Tomes.
It coiisists of a series of Letters, written froin various places a t various dates and
containing racy note8 upon events of t h e day, which were thus collected and
T h r 0 r i g i 1 1 of .I t?rlifior/crl J)r!/rer.q. 9
published i n book forin after llaving appeared i11 various Parisian newspapers or
journals. Three of these letters contain references t o Freemasonry and (thanks
t o Mons. Simonnet's MS.) I an1 able t o draw the attention of &lasonic students t o
then], viz., I,rtter I . , dated Paris, 6th December, 1737; L e t t e r I T - . , dated Paris,
26th December, 1737; and L e t t e r 17Z., dated Francfort, 7th J a n u a r y , 1738. T h e
last announces the opening of a new Masonic Lodge a t Heilbron. The first two
contain a co~tterr/pornr!/account of the fanlous HCrault-Carton incident, which I
aow translate : -
Lettre l"' Paris. le 6 Decemb. 1737
. . . Tlle famous Carton of tlie Opera succeeded in overconling i t
(the secrecy of Freemasonry). About a year ago slle conceived the
fancy t o discover t h e secret-cost what i t might. Very opportunely for
her just a t this time a Free Mason began t o press his suit t o her favours.
S h e demanded from him in return t o know in what consisted t h e
Mysteries of his Order. F o r a long tiine h e declined t o satisfy her
upon tlie one point while slle declined t o satisfy him upon the other.
The unhappy lover thus found himself in the same fix as was Samson;
a t last h e surrendered in t h e same way. T l ~ evictorious Carton conl-
municated t h e Secret t o Mr. H e r a u t Lieutenant General of Police.
Now she boasts of having been able t o accomplish more t h a n Queen
Elizabeth (of England) wllo could never obtain a similar confidence
from the Earl of Essex . . .
Lettre 4me Paris. le 26 Decemb. 1737.
. . . It is t r u e t h a t t l ~ eFree Masons give out (according t o their
excsllent plan) t h a t this new Delilah has been fooled jurt like tlie
original one, and t h a t we have not discovered through 11-1- tlie answer
to the riddle. It may be t h a t they are telling t h e t r u t h : b u t their
niarked uneasiness and their secret conferences seem t o say t h a t they
flatter thenlselves too i n u c l ~in this respect, and t h a t tlie vicer amongst
them know it. Well Well ! W h y should n o t t h e Secret of this
Society get loose soine time, like t h a t of so inany others? . . . My
opinion is t h a t tlle F r e e Masons inay congratulate tllenlselves t h a t a
Fraternity as numerous as theirs llas been able t3 exercise and weary
for two centuries t h e vigilance of the Sovereigns of England. This
fact is a credit t o their Order. B u t a t t h e same tiine thev must
ccnsol? tllen~selvesa t being found out (now). W h a t vexes ine in this
affair is this, t h a t a secret so long kept in safety in t h e bands of tlie
English should have lasted such a very brief time when in ours.
For further inforination concerning this incident and its consequence!: Bretliren
are referred t o Bro Gould's I / l \ t o r y , v01 I I I . , p. 90, and t o his Paper in d . Q . ( ' . ,
vol. xvi., p 46 and 4 7 ; also t o Bro. Chetwode Crawley's Papers in .l.Q.C'., vol. ix.,
p. 84, and xiii , p 149. It appears t h a t HBrault having published a n ' exposure '
based on the docuineiit Ile received as above, this drew forth a reply of which tlie
title is generally given as:-Rr'lrrtio~z crpologiprir et ?tictorigrte d e 1(i ,YociCfi drv
1'..1f., 1 ~ 1 rd.G 71.-lf Z~'.:l/., 7)crhI/n, C'lzr-. Pntrier Ot?onoko, 1738, 8vo. ( I t was
really printed in Paris.) Mons. S i ~ n o n n e tfrequently nlentions this 71'Clntiou, tY.c ,
b u t he invariably gives the second word in t h e title as npolor/r'fip/re This is t h e
book which was burned a t Rome by the Public Executioner on 1st February, 1739,
by order of t h e Inquisition a11j was supposed t o have been written - b y tile
Chevalier Ramsay, and is ascribed t o him in t h e newspaper notices so often quoted.
Mons. Sinionnet, who makes extensive use of this work and gives very copious
extracts from it, certainly did n o t regard t h e Chevalier Ramsay as its author or
h e would not have failed t o mentioil so interesting a fact i n connection with i t ,
and Bro. Gould ( H i s t o r y , vol. I I I . , p . 91) considered t h a t t h e internal evidence
was sufficient t o disprove the Chevalier's responsibility for this tract. B u t wlio-
ever the author may have been h e was quite certain t h a t Freemasonry was Englijh
in origin and came t o France from England. I n none of the extracts given by
10 T r t r t / . v r r ~ t i o i ~o. <
f thr ( ' n r o t ~ ~ r tl i, o t l ! / r .
( ) I I I I ~ I I I I ~
L i 1 1 .I I ' ~ i . ~ / c 17r.v
! ~ r Ii'r.xIjrt t r r l t l e s /,o!/e.y (/c I.'t.crtlc,e,' is provided wit11 a Preface
I;?. ' le frkre R i c a u t . ' 31011s. Simolnlet d ~ a w svery largely up011 t l ~ i s ,b u t here,
too, IIO s11c11 reference as we a r e reeking is t o bm f o u i ~ d . This is one extract :--
, . , fro111 t h e Ellglisl~Nation v,llere i t took its b i r t h (Freenlasoi~ry)
l ~ a s passed t o illally otllers. . . . ( ~ E l ~ g l a n c lIler ) (;.v., Free-
nlasoilry's) owl1 chose11 Isle . . .
clle Freemasonry referred t o being C r a f t only.
A t A i x i n Provence i n 1704 was born J e a n Baptiste d e Beyet, afterx:ards
Marquis d'Argens.' While still very young lle adopted t h e Arniy as a p r o f e s s i o ~ ~
in defiance of his f a t h e r , u h o promptly c u t hiix off wit11 t h e proverbial sl~illingor
its local equivalent. H a r i n g served wit11 distinction a n d havilig received Iloilour-
able wounds a t Kell aiid Pitilipsburg, lle quitted t h e A r m y a n d renloved t:,
H o l l a a d , where h e set u p as a nian of letters. Frederick William of l'rusria was
his friend, a n d on 11is accessio~lt o t h e tllrone invited dlArgeils t o his Court a t
Berlin, a n d appciilted hiin one of his Court Chamberlaiils. d'Argeiis reinailled
i n Berlin for twenty-five years, a n d t h e n returned t o 11is ilative A i x , where lle
died ill 1771. H i s nuinerous ~vritillgsa r e cl~aracterisedby a spirit of alltago~iism
t c i t h e Cllurcll. a n d , ill fact, t o religion generally. They iilclude 7,r.trt.r.q . I / I ~ I ~ P . ~ ,
/,rffrrs ( ' / ~ i t l o i s r s , L r t t t . ~ . (~' ( e / ~ ( ~ l i . ~ f i q ~ rJ,II
r s , /'hilosoliltir tlrr ,Vrti.< a n d 11tj11
A l l r t ~ ~ o i t e,\'erret.<
s 1?r Irr R r l i r r l / l i q c e r (7rs L u t f / . e s . W h i l e i n Hollai~cl, d ' A r g e ~ i s
publislled Let t r e t 7 ' 1 r t 1 ,V~ccc~ ~ c c ! / r ~ r l r p / r ! / . \ i , 1 ) : ~ . M t . l e . I / t r t ~ q r r i s I)'. I t . ! / r / / . < .
4 t t . t ? t t ~ ( ' h r z F r c e t r ~ o i s .July r/!ctrs / P / ) i l ' , V f e r ! / . 7 I I . l738 ( n l o ~ ~ t l l
n o t stated). I t is a long a n d amnsing account of all t h a t t!le a u t h o r has been
tcld a b o u t Freemasonry a n d its objects a n d aiins. H e does not refer t o E n g l a n d ,
Lut Ile has a ~lnostreinarkable reference t o Freenlasoils a n d K n i g h t s T e ~ ~ r l ) l r r t ~ . ~ : - -
J e ile leur conseillerois pas d e s'aviser d e vouloir prendre la place des
Templiers, e t j e ne crois pas ilon 1;1us qu'ils y pensent.
T h e reference? t o t h e Kilts. of S t . J o h i l of Jerusalem i n 1)ean Swift's ( ; r : e t ~ t l
i i f i . < t r r s s , 1731, ailcl i n Rainsay's O t ~ r f i o t ~1738, , a r e well ~IIOMTII, but t h i s is t h e
earliest so f a r traced allusion t o ally associatiol~ between F r e e m a s o l ~ s a n d t h e
O r i g i n ~ lO r d e r of K . Tenlplars. I t sllows t h a t i n 1738 r u ~ l l o u r s of a ' Tenlplar
Succession ' were i n t h e xvilld just before tile dattt, 1741, of V011 H u n d ' s ' P a t e n t . '
Silllollnet t r a n ~ c r i b e stlle 7 , r t t r r , I ' I I I I , \ ' ( r ~ r ~ i r ! / r in full, giving notes about tile
autlior. H e says t h a t DIArgeiis was ' acln~ittodi n t o t h e Society of F r e e I\!acons
' a t Berlin i n 1742.' Tllere is a \7ery anlusillg account of t h e initiation of d'Arge11s
ill t h e l J t . e j ( r r r A\-rrCss~eit.rt o L ' 0 t . t l 1 . e t l r s F . J f . t r , i l ~ i , (Cc.., 1745.
A ( I ~ ~ . o . s s I ,T. v- t / i r e t . . ~ ~/ , Ie . r b c o t ~ , Halle a n d Leil.>zig, 1739, ccntaiiis all artirle
on Freemasonry i n wl~iclloccurs :-
A s therefore i t is certain t h a t t h i s Brotllerhocd tcok its criyin i n
Englaild a n d h a s tilere 1lluc11 i n c r e a ~ e d ,we must look upon t l ~ o ~ ve h i c l ~
h a v e spread i n other countries as descendeci tlierefroin, ancl this first
occurred i n Holland ;
but, t h a t is all t h a t collceriis o u r present e n q ~ l i r y .
111 1740 t h e r e appeared a piece i i ~prose wit11 t h e title L e . . I,'ti-.l/crt,o/t.q
11!/11(,t'tlr(rtltr. L I ? . : ' I f . . . 7' . . . I / ( I I I . Y l ? , S t t . ( r t ~ ( / .
J / 7)Ccf _YL., 211d edition, 1742; t h e a u t l ~ o r ' s]lame being give11 as V i ~ i c - n t . T h e
' Avertissenlertt. ' states t h a t :-
1 N o t to 1 ) ~ronfi~w(lnit11 ' ~ ' I I ~ I I I . Y ,~Jr oI It .c~; ~ ' .I s/ , * /,I t/,>.q V I ; I I I ; I ~ I I / , / (~ ' I , I I ~ I I ; I ~ IP/ , , . <
' . l l r r c . ( ; / ~ . Is, i l ~ l . c , . \ . . . Lc tolet 1 t ~ r . i t c i 1 l ic>f 1 1 i i . s ('11 r11.11lc' /,o1, / . ' I ; , I , I , Src~cil(,t. li:37.'
T11e1.o is also a ' l t ' r c ~ r c ~ irlr
l ( ' l r ~ ~ r i s o ~poicr
is, I(( J ~ ~ I ! ~ I I I I I I1 I1 0. sI ~1~
l oI 1, 1r1~ i c ~ cs f I / ( , . ; I . ' I , I I Ir l i v . :
' .4tc!jnrrtrlr. rlr .l
p / i c . s i ~ i c ~ T7trrct/cvi1l~~,s
~s Itr i.r ~ ~ r r i s z ~ r ~ r ~ ~ c
~ ~ o t t ~ ( , ( t i t . r . . , 4 ' o ~ i l 1 1 , 1 ~ r i l ,7
lc, '~. l. 1 1 rlc
' t l c s T T e r t i r s . .i.;;.;Iitit
.' i t is of mnch later date.
2 He was the. c,ltler brother of the 3loi1sit~nr d e Rtr>-cr Jlnrqttir t l ' E t . n i l l c s n.llrr n.:1\
leccirccl a i Fiolyt~oodh - Pi.incc Clial~lc~s Etlir-ard as accrc,riitr,tl A\ml~oss:lc!o~from Tloui\ ST.
Tllis piece was t o have been played by tlie ' C'omediel~sFranyois ' early
j11 1737 . . . ( h q t ) certain ' contreteitts ' prevented its receiving
tllis l i o u o ~ i r . . . F r e ? N ~ r o u r ywzs extrenlely fasllio~lablea t that.
ti111e.
Tllis piece j u 011 t h e wllole f l a t t e r i ~ ~t go Freemasons, t h e Secrecy, t h e Qualificatioils
required ill Candidates, t h e T e r r c r i17spirecl by tlie C e r e ~ l l o ~ iof y Reception, a n d
t h e E x c l u ~ i o nof Ladies, a r e all dx'clt upon, together ~ v i t l lseine more o r less good-
n a t u r e d r i d i c ~ ~ l e .I have not cenn t h e \vork, a n d an1 relgiug u p o n PBre Sirnonnet's
accouilt of i t , b u t apparently it is C r a f t 3lasonry o ~ l l ywhich is represented. Bro.
XVoodford tells us t h a t J a c o b To~isollwas t h e publisher a n d t h a t tlie a u t l ~ o r ' srectl
~ l a i l ~was e C'lellleilt d e Geni.re-but who o r w h a t h e was ' does not q u i t e clearly
appear.' B r o . Woodford implies t l ~ a ttlie Jesuits replied wit11 a Tragi-Comedy
entitled K h t r t ? t c ~ ~ t i . x trrf Z r l l o l ~ i r ,i n derision of F r e e m a s o i ~ r y ,wliicll was produced
it1 1741 a t t h e College I l i ~ b o i sa t C a e i ~ .
111 l742 t h e r e appeared a s~llall octavo book of 118 pages wit11 4 p p . of
S31ips a n d Music wit11 t h e title : -.i p r : l o ! j i r p o / 1 r l' 0 r t l i . c / f r . . l . ' ~ ~ t r i ~ c s - ~ l l r r ~I'rcr o/~.~.
. I l l , -1- * ~ r r l ' O t ~ t / t ~ r .. l 7-(,c c ? r / l . t . ( ' J I : ~ I I . Y I I ~C~O.I S
A i / r ~ t ~ l <?P I I ~ I I . V & ~ . S1)!11, I , ( , /.'I.&I.I>
increased to four, and for political purposes (as a system of classification) this
nuniber would be found t o be more useful thail a single " one could be. Tlin
icitolr.wl~,fabricat,ion of degrees came much later, when the hopes of the Jacobites
Ead faded away into mere memories, and t.he (suggested) original purpose t o b e
served no longer exercised t h e minds of their leaders.
Of ' Irish Masonry ' practically nothing is known as i t lasted b u t a short
time and never a t any time nlet with the success which fell t o t h e Scots Degrees.
Tlle final Scots Degree was known under a variety of names:-Knight of t h e
Eagle, of the Pelican, of the Pelican and Eagle, of Heredom, of Saint Andrew,
of Rose and Cross, Perfect Mason, t.he best known being K n i g h t of t h e Eagle
(Chevalier d e 1'Aigle) and Sov Prince Rose Croix (Souv Prince d e Rose Croix
S. . . P . . .D. . . R . . .C. . .). Wit11 considerable modifications we have, i t now as t h e
18' of the A . & A . R . There is undeniable evidence t h a t in their rcrrlirsf forms
the Ecossois or Scots Degrees were Roman Catholic: I have a MS. Ritual in French
of what I bslieve t o be the ori!/itlnl Chev. de 1'Aigle o r S . . . P . . .I).. .R.:. . C . . ., and
in it the New Law is declared t o be ' l a foy Catholique,' and the Baron Tschoudy
in 11;s L'h'toile k'l~ctt~?~o!lcrt~fr of 1766 de~cribesilie same Degree as ' le Catllolicisine
171.j~ en grade.' (Vol. I., . 114). I suggest t h a t Ecossois or Scots Masonry
was intended t o be a Ro:m.aq Catholic as \!-ell as S t u a r t forni of Freemasonry,
into which none but those devoted t o 00th Restorations were to be admitted.
When tlie failure of the Papal Bull of 1738 became obvious in 1742-3,
Ecossois Masonry began t o claim t o be superior t o and t o possess very marked
privileges as compared wit11 ' ordinary ' Craft Maeonry (to which Protestant and
Roman, Tianoverian and Jacobite, could and did equally belong), t h e obvious
intention being to destroy t h e latter's influence. If my theory is correct the
establishinent of Ecossois Masonrv was a very astute move, as it provided for t h e
Church a welcome chance of snatching victory out of defeat, while a t the same
t j i i ~ epromoting tlie two-fold object of tlle double Restoration. The tendency t o
social~exclusivenesswas s t r o n g l j marked in the early period of Ecossois ~ a s o n r y
in France.
W e nlusl now consider the evidence upon which tlle theory just stated is
based. The earliest notice in print of this particular niovement beyond the Craft
France,' thus proclaiming that it was ' Maqoilnerie Angltrise,' wllicll it recognized,
and t h a t with other ' Maqonneries, '-whether Ecossoise, Irlandoise, or what not-
it had neither part nor lot. To make the position clear and beyond cavil it re-
issued the English Constitutions of 1723 and 1738 as its own, but with this
r ignificant addition : -
A r t . 20. As it appears that lately some brothers annouiice tllernselves
as Scots Masters, claiiniilg prerogatives in private Lodges, and asserting
privileges of whicll 110 traces are to be found in the archives and usages
of the Lodges spread over the globe, the Grand Lodge . . . has
decreed t h a t these Scots Masters, unless they are Officers of Grand
Lodge or of a private Lodge, shall not be more highly considered by
the brothers than the other apprentices and fellows, and sllall wear no
sign of distinctioi~whatever.
To save space I will not repeat the claims in detail, they are admirably summed
up by Bro. Gould ( H r v t o r y III., p. 9 2 ) and will be found also in Bro. Lane's
Paper iu .I .($.C., vol. i., p . 173. [By A r t . 42 of its Col~stitutiorls of 1756 the
French G.L. practically submitted to the whole of them.] This ' forward move-
m e n t ' by the Stuart-Masonic-Party is referred t o in a footnote, lettered (a), in
the 1745 edition of L'Orclre cles P . X . t r c ~ h i : -
" I ain not ignorant t h a t a vague rumour is circulating amongst Free-
" masons, c o ~ ~ c e r n i nag certain Order whicli they call ' Les Ecosso~,,'
" superior as they make out to ordinary Freemasons and having their
" own peculiar Ceremonies and Secrets . . . i f they have any Secret
" peculiar t o theinselves they are extremely jealous concerning i t for they
I l r Das~igny,111 tlie passages quoted by Hro Hughan, inforills 11s tliat the minds
of t h e Dublin Bretlirell had soille short time prior to 1744 (" lately ") been
disturbed about Royal Arch I\lasoliry in consequeilce of the claims of an imp3stor
(a single one) and his exposure by a genuine men~ber of t h a t excellent part ci
Xasonry. I n the passage which I have just quoted Dr. Dassigny tells us P O ) I I C ~ / I I ~ I J I
q u i t e clzft'crrtzt, namely, t h a t " lately," and I suggest tliis nieans 1743, a t l o t ~ l h r r
of traders or hucksters in prefrnrlecl Masonry had appeared in Dublin artfully
fishing for recruits t o tliis new syste~n This is a statenieiit of the grealest
i ~ ~ p o r t a n cande its bearing upoil tlie question a t issue will presently beco~neclear
Dassigny published this in 1744, and it is well known tliat the Jacobites were very
active in Dublin in the Stuart interest during the period preceding the expedition
of Prince Charle* Edward and the Rebellion of l745 Ostensibly tlie paragrapl~s
have quoted are aimed a t ' rebels ' to Illa.so~ric' Goveriin~ent,'but 1 am of opinioil
t h a t a double meaning is intended and t h a t the Doctor is de~iouncirigtlie political
7ctivities of Jacobite einissaries disguised under the form of a ' vretended Masonrv.'
D
Compare also the paragraph (which Gccurs a little further on and which i c quoted
by Bro. I-Iughan and others followiilg him) concerning Ifnlirr11.s and the Itnllc
Order. I suggest t h a t by Italians and Italian Order he intends a reference to
the Court of King James I I I . , i . e . , the Old Pretender a t Rome, aiid to the
Ecossois' (Italic) Order of Masonry. If this interpretation of these passages in
nassigny be acepted as correct, then no support is t o be found here for t h e theory
of a Il're1rc.11 (or indeed of any F o r r i g / / ) origin for the Degree developmellts which
we are considering. for the Jacobites were Englishmen, Scots, and Irish, some of
U U
them, b u t by no means all, in temporary exile. There is, however, strong support
for the theory (certainly not a new one) t h a t the Stuart adherents were making
very determined efforts t o enlist Freemasonry in tlie service of him whom they
regarded as their rightful Sovereign. Tlie eniployinent of travelling Jacobite-
Masonic-Agents i n Great Britain is clearly established by t h e A.Z. Letter, the
G.L. Resolutions of 1730, the Jachiii Letter of 1737, the Dassigny paragraph just
referred to, and t h e sporadic working of Scots Masonry in Craft Lodges in the
West of England in 1746.
A t some time during the winter 1746-7 Ulere appeared the first edition of
James Ray's well known Conzplrctt ZIi,tor!/ of t l l f Kebe77io11 fronr it\. lq'irst Rise,
I I I 1 7 j 5 , lo i t s Totnl S r r l ~ p r e s s i o ~
r r~t ,the gIorior~sR ~ r t t l eo f Ctrllocle~rit1 &4pril,1746.
A t 3.t3.C. xxix., p . 386, I have reproduced a very curious reference t o Non-
jurors, Jacobites, aiid Freen~asonstaken from thi5 work Speaking of a Jacobite
Nonjurii~gChapttl the autbor say- -
I dent know of what Body the Coiigregation consists, they not allowing
any to come amongst them but such as are of their own Sort, who (like
the more worsl~ipfulSociety of Free Masons) are under an Oath not to
divulge what is transacted there, except it be to a just aiid lawful
.7crcobite, as he or she shall appear to be upon Exanlinatioii.
The wording suggests something more than mere badinage. I t is clearly tlie
author's inteiltion seriously t o suggest t h a t religious services in Nonjuring Chapels
were made a pretext t o cover up treasonable political practices and I am not sure
that i t is not also his intention t o imply that this was being done under the for111
of a pretended Jacobite Freemasonry, in his opinioil lrsq ' worsh~pful' than the
ordinary kiiid-in fact, Irish or Scots Masonry. Tlie passage may be compared
with the Dassigny testinloizy above. If s11cli be Ray's meaning it will be noticed
tliat he makes the Jacobite Masonry androgyne. I have found no actual evidence
that a t the outset Scots Masonry possessed Degrees for women, but i t undoubtedly
did so later Clavel, in Hi.\toirr p i t t o r r ~ q c t e cle In Frc117c-~lIa~o1111rrie, &C., Paris,
1843, p . 111, says t h a t Fenlale Freemasonry commenced ' about ' 1730 in France,
but no authority in support of that particular date is given. Tlie Society of the
Nopses ' ,was androgyne, as is slzown in the account of them given in Le ,Yeeret
( / c \ AIIl(olisrs r c u c l e . A Amsterdam, 1745
W e have seen t h a t ' L e Frkre Americain,' wllonl we may claim as a Briton,
nlentions the Rose Croix Degree as Chev. cle 1'Aigle in 1742 The events of 1743
are alluded t o in two publications of 1744 already noticed:-Lr T'crrfrrrt .Ucryotl,
' this variation (Scots Mazonry) . . bsgins t o find favour in France,' and
J,cc I ~ ' r n / l ~ - ~ I l n ~ o twhere
t t r r , t h e Craft is held u p t o ridicule for its ignorance of tlle
Srt>etr Degrees of Freenlasonry. T o 1743 Tllory, assigns tlle i n v e n t ~ o na t Lyons of
the Kadoscli. I t lnay fairly be claimed t h a t the year 1743 was one of supreme
inlportaiice in the Annals of tlle S t u a r t Cause and of S t u a r t Masonry, and i t is
impossible t o escape the co~lviction t h a t tllere was a very intinlate connection
bet%eeu t h e two. -
T h a t t h e authors of Scots Xasonry were Jacobites and Scots~nen seems
indisputable, but when and where the work was accomplislled are cluestions which
I cannot pretend t o answer with a n y confidence. T h a t i t must have been long
before 1740, the date ' f i ~ e d' by Bro. Gould, has been, I think, made clear. It
may have been bsfore and in preparation for the expedition of 1715, or a t any
time between 1715 and 1728. Seeing tliat i t is now admitted t h a t Freemasonry
was introduced into Paris in 1725'by Jacohites, the period 1725-1728 suggests itself
wit11 sowe degree of insistence. B u t mere conjecture is futile. Of course, the
n~ovelnentn.av have cominenc~dearlier and in Scotland-hence the name and wlace
traditions-but on the wllole i t appears nluch more likely t h a t i t did so i n France
a t t h e period last indicated. Prince Charles Edward's own personal connection,
if h e ever had any, nit11 Freelnasonry and the additional Degrees, is a subject all
by itself, and I cannot attempt t o deal with i t here. It has been said t h a t Bros.
Begenlann and Hughail have p r o z ~ ~ ct lh a t the Prince was ' never a Freemason a t
all,' b u t they have not clone so. D r . Begemann has tried to shake t h e credit of :I
pnrticlel/o. utory concerning tlle Prince, and Bro. H u g h a n , in his Jctcobitr L o ( J , / r
* i f Kojttr, has repeated t h e getleral line of t h e Doctor's argument and i t is recom-
~ilendedt h a t statements connecting tlle Prince with Frezrnasonry should he received
l with c a u t ~ o r ~ .This ' caution m a y very weil also be exercised ill receiving the rcswr-
t l o n in t h e A411</rttrrt/tr\ Hrrtlr/c',~rch( / P I . Frr ivtnrerrri tliat Von Waecliter ~ c s s r r t r d
t h a t Prince Charles Edward cr\irrtrc/ t o him (Von Waechter) in 1777 t h a t he (the
Prlnce) ' was not even a Freemason.' T h a t Prince Charles was a t the head of
Scots Masonry and t h e Royal Order of Scotland is vastly more likely tllan that he
was not. The Arras Charter is r ~ t h r r genuine . or. a forgery of not later t h a n l;:!),
when the Document was produced The two certificates owned by Bro. Thorp (see
A Q.C. xv., p 94) are admittedly genuine, and are dated 1758 and 1772. I n all
three of these documents Prince Charles is represented as in supreme command of
Scots Masonry, and all three are of a date earlier t h a n the Prince's death, which
took place in 1788. So tliat Scots Masons claimed him as their Chief on their
official doculnents clttt irty hr s I ~ t r2 1 tur.
The conclusion t o wllicll this review of t h e evidence points is t h a t t h e
institution of Masonic Degrees or Ceremonies outside, beyond, or additional t o
what we now call t h e ' Craft,' was not the work of Foreigners b u t of Britons.
Granted t h a t later (mucl; later) the ' High ' Degree Movenient abroad alnongst
foreign Brethren attained to dirnenvons far greater tllan i t ever did a t any time
with our own countrymen, whether a t home or in exile, still t h e he!/in?~itt!/\took
place here in England where such Degrees were in existence even before Free-
masonry (the Craft) had been carried by Britons into France. A n d these
h~.qinrlittgc I place as far back as 1717 and include tllerein the developnlent of tlle
Third Degree itself. The Temple Legend of H i r a n ~and tlle Loss (and Recovery 1 )
was b u t o t ~ r ,portion only of the available Legendary C r a f t Lore, but being the
portion selected and adopted by tlle Premier Grand Lodge the speedy result as
t h e definiti0.n of a Rite of Three well marked Degrees which henceforward was t o
enjoy a monopoly of the honourable titles ' Pure,' ' Ancient,' and ' Craft.' There
is nothing in t h e 111' Legend or in the Degree itself which illarks its claim t o
those titles as superior t o t h e claim of many another of t h e extra or additional
Degrees, and i t is the accident of its $election by the G.L., and t h a t alone, which
has caused the M.M. Degree t o be so regarded. While this hardy infant-the
111'-was being born and nursed into vigour and general recognition, many others
T h r Ot,i</i~rof .-l t l t l i f i o t ~ c ~l)P!!/t.rrs.
l 2c?
based upon other portions of the saine Legendary Store were being brought into
t h e world, some doubtless still-born, some dooined t o perish in infancy, while
others-and anlongst t l ~ e ~our
n Royal Arcll-were destined t o thrive and survive.
I n 1813, for the sake of peace and l ~ a ~ i i ~ oand
i i y (above all) T'ttir111,tlie R . A . , whicll
had hitherto been refused official recognitioll, was adinitted illto the G . L . Rite,
and t l / i r s became ' P u r e ' and ' Ancient ' and ' Craft.' And what our J a w b i t e
Bretllreil did was t o take still othrr portions of the sanie Store, adapting then1 in
;i manner which t o them seemed perfectly justifiable to the service of tliat Cause
a-l~icllfor them was Sacred, ill wl.ic11 t11.y were risking all and in wl~icllthey were
ready t o lose all.' The Cause, nitll its faithful followers, has passed away, but,
freed froin all political association, inany of the Degrees remain.
Tlle value of any particular Ilegree or of ally Rite built u p of sucll Degrees
depends upon its own intrinsic merit as a reasonable and legitinlate development
of Rlasonic Legend, Tradition, and Symbolism, and upon this will depend also its
survival as a part or branch of Freemasonry.
ADDENDUM.
(1) 1638. The Muses' Tllrenodie (Adamson).
' F o r we be Eretllreil of the Rozie Crosse.
' W e liave the Mas2n Word and second sight.'
;I . ( ( . C 1 .x i . , p. 196, and x x . , p. 357.
Gonld, ('o,rci.vr U i s t . , p . 77.
(2) 1663, etc. Early occurrence of enlblen~slater associated with R . A . or otllqr
additional Degrees, r . y . : -
1663. Tlle Old F l a t Rule a t P o r k . d .Q.('., vol. ii., p . 110.
1683. Tlre Pierpoynt Chair a t Lincolli. *-l . f , j . ( ' . , vol. v , ,
p . 68.
1711. The Molyileux Papers. .l rccit~r,4'c7tool.<, p . 406.
(3) 1688. The Dublin ' Tripos '
' Freemasonized t h e new may. '
Sadler, K r p r i t / t s ( ~ n dZtrz.rltrtiot~.~,
p . xxi.
(4) 1721, c i r c . Robert Sanlber's ' Masonic Formulze.'
. l .Q.('. xi., p, 108.
(5) 1721. Robert Saii~ber's Lolly L i r ~ t ~ s .
The Preface (written 1721) and the Work itself (published
in 1722).
Q . ' x i p 103. Gould, Hi.story I I . , p . 124.
(6) 1722. Diary of Rev. W . Stukeley, 2 t . D .
Nov. 7. Order of t h e Book instituted.
Dec. 28. I niade tllem both Members of the Order o f t h e
Book or R,oinan Kniglithood.
:l . (2 .Cf. vi., p. 130.
(7) 1723. Tlie First Edition of t h e Book of constitution^.
' Tlle well built A r c l ~ . '
A r t . 11. Tlie Master of a particular Lodge has tlie Right
and Autllority of congregating tlie Aleiilbers of his
Lodge illto a Chapter a t p l e a ~ u r e .
1 I t is clirions how History re!)rats itself. In 1816 some of the more zcalons
partizans of the Emperor Napoleon institnted the ' 3layonnerie Xa11olt:onienne ' with
General Beltrand as its first G.ltl. A Jlasol~icSystrm dedicated t o the Restoration of
-
the fallen dynasty, it had in all fire grades, the final one ht,i~lg 'C'heralier tlr la
k:ollronne d CliQne.'
Trc~tz~clctions
of the Qttntttor Coronnti Lodge.
R r o . GORDONHILLS,W . M . , said :-
B r o . T u c k e t t h a s b r o u g h t before u s a most interesting p a p e r , b r i m f u l of
information a n d dealing w i t h some of n o t t h e least difficult points i n Masonic
historv. W e a r e v e r v m u c h i n d e b t e d t o h i m f o r so freelv offerine 0
the f r u i t s of so
m u c h l a b o u r a n d research f o r o u r criticism. B r o . T u c k e t t expressly invites
criticism ciid so I h a v e devoted a eood deal of sins i n considerine
d 0
the views
expressed. I must confess t h a t I agree t h a t t h 5 p a p e r calls f o r criticism, b u t
owing t o t h e m a n y issues which arise, a n d a somewhat uneven d i s t r i b u t i o n of
material f o r criticism, I h a v e n o t f o u n d i t a n y easy i n a t t e r t o d o justice t o o u r
Brother's effort. I n f a c t , one c a n n o t attemwt t o deal exhaustivelv e i t h e r w i t h t h e
p a p e r o r w i t h one's owil views u p o p all t h e m a t t e r i t touches u p o n .
It seems t o rile t h a t whilst B r o . T u c k e t t r a t h e r over-burdens some of h i s
points with evidence, others a r e l e f t t o depend v e r y m u c h o n surmise, a n d o n some
questions his evidence seems r a t h e r contradictory in itself, a n d , a f t e r all, criticism,
within t h e bounds a t disposal t o - n i g h t , is a p t t o come t o n o t m u c h more t h a n
preferring one's own f o r m of surnlise t o B r o . Tuokett's s t a t e m e n t .
M y own feeling a b o u t t h e irlterpretation of A r t i c l e 11. of t h e U n i o n is t h a t
i t is a very good a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e t r u t h The' t a c i t a u t h o r i t y i t gives t o
Chivalric Degrees h a s been v e r y largely ignored, a n d hence generalisations t o t h e
effect which B r o . T u c k e t t quotes h a v e been coilceived t o be orthodox.
Certainly one reason which h a s led m a n y B r e t h r e n to inveigh most stroilgly
against Chivalric Degrees h a s been a very praiseworthy, b u t e n t i r e l y mistaken idea,
t h a t loyalty t o t h e C r a f t involved t h e renunciation of such bodies, whereas U n i t e d
Grand Lodge itself lias expressly recognised tlre legitilllacy of prabtising tlieir rites.
T h e position has been very like t h e story told by President Wilsoii of Charles
Lamb, who .aid, " I hate t h a t fellow," and when a friend e x p o s t ~ ~ l a t e d", I did
iiot know you knew lliln," replied, " I doii't; I can't Irate a inan I knol-v." I
have heard of stalwart supporters of the Craft, yet revilers of Higli Degrees, being
converted, when tliey knew what they were talking about I,!/ r.rl)ct.irrrcr, into
iiiost zealous 'supporters of these rites.
Bro. Tuckett iiowl~ei-e distinctly states ill his paper what lie includes as .
" Additional Degrees "; it is a n expression whicii lias the authority of Bro.
Gould behind it, aiid Ire included tlie Royal Arch under tliat denon~ination; whilst
Ero. Tuckett,, apparently, would also include the Third Degree, classifications
ireither of wliicl; c o m n ~ e i ~tlleinselves
d t o iny n ~ i n d .
Personally, I cannot help thinking tliat the question of Degrees has been
confused and ~iiinecessaril~ coillplicated by viorking backwards in investigation.
O u r Degrees originated froill actual nledirzval craft coi~ditioi~s, and i t does riot
matter wlietlier tliey were conferred on one, two, or three occasions; the nuniber of
grades and significai~ce depended on actual operative practices, and I believe we
can certainly recognise a t lr?.ast t ? l r r ~ conditions as a basis, not excluding the
possibility of further steps lraviiig been in use. T h a t ceremonies and working
were a t a low ebb a t tlie time of t h e 1717 Revival, does not necessarily imply tliat
such was tlie case in niediaval times, when the likelil~ocdleans t o the contrary.
I draw a distinction between Bro. Tuckett's viexirs as to tlre Ori!/itr o f
. I tlrlitionrrl U r g r e r s and his theory as t o t l ~ eagencies nlricll lie considers were
instrulnental in developing tllem. I am inuch in agreenlent witlr the former, but
the latter seems to me-to b e a theory of Jacobite illterventions, by no means new,
2nd wliicI1, altllough supported by some exceedingly interesting outlilies of con-
temporary S t u a r t activities, depends in tlris case rather on assertion t h a n evidence.
I had tlie subject of the origin of Chivalric Degrees in niy mind when I
u r o t e my recent Inaugural Address, entitled " Patron Saints and Masonry," as
lily hearers inav liave gathered. My own opinion is t h a t the essentials of these
nkgrees date back t o those mediaval days when i t was iiot so n ~ u c l it h a t " Free-
nlasoilry possessed a Store of Legend, Tradition and Syinbolism of wide extent "
peculiar t o itself, as tliat i t could draw upon such sources which were common
property, enriched by church, by chivalry and folklore, wllell such things took t h e
place tlle available literature of the day i ~ o wfills. T h a t Freen~asonryhad particnhr
legends and customs of its own, as had otlier trades-the
L.
Blacksmiths, for e x a m ~ l e
-cannot be doubted. Current legends made very different appeals to different
classes aiid trades, aiid in so important a Craft as Masonry, having intimate associa-
tions with all grades of society, t h e outlook arid possibilities would be far spread.
B u t my own feeling is tliat, looking a t tlie religious standpoint of tlie mediaval
Craftsman t o wlionl the Regius Poein and originals of t h e Old Charges applied,
2nd comparing i t with t h e Christian teaching of the Chivalric Degrees, tlie sum
total is only what was t h e inevitable ccrollary t o such a callsideration of the Craft
2nd its legendary aseociations ill those days, and no very deep inysticisni nor
anything more t h a n the sinlple fait11 of the devout Churcliinan was involved To
imagine t h a t t h e Craftsinen of those days were content to halt tlieir story a t the
building of t h e First or even of tlre Second Temple 1s contrary t o all reason, but
this is was the effect of tlle action of the Modern Grand Lodge in 1723.
Bro. Gould wrote' t h a t i t was " by the alteration of tlre Masons Creed in 1723,
tbere cannot b. a doubt " t h a t tlie seed v-as ~ o w i ifrom wliicl~ the first of the
" addjtional degrees " ultii~iatelygeriniiiated The result was t h a t tlle degrees
dealing with the Old Testament period were restricted to tlie implications and con-
ditions of t h a t Dispensation, and thus tlre Craft Degrees were thrown open for Jewisli
Brethren aiid for a very much larger circle, with the happy results we see to-day.
Here, to iny mind, we see tlie origin of t h e t l e ~ r l o p t t t r t ~off so-called Cliivalric
Orders. Some Brethren of those days Mere not coiiteiit for themselves with any-
thing l e s tllan what seemed to them, as i t does to inany of us to-day, t h e only
logical outcoine of our ritual, a i d so such cere~nonieshave been preserved -and
transmitted to our days. U p t o this point, I think I inay claim t h a t there is
considerable :tgreenlent b e t l ~ e e n Bro. Tuckett's and my own surmises, b u t when
he introduces the theory t h a t t l ~ eroot idea in such survivals ~ 7 a sa political one,
I feel we'must part c o i ~ ~ p a n ~ .
Bro. Tuckett brings forward a mass of evidence t o support the Brit,ish
origin of niodern Freemasonry, and I do not think t h a t t h a t question will be in
doubt by any E:iglish student of the Craft. P e t one must not forget t h a t there
was the Con2panuonage in Francs, allcl t h a t operatives there had custonls and
legends, b u t it was in England, tliough t h e Revival of 1717, t h a t t h e great impetus
alas given wl~ichbrought about Freenlasonry as we have i t on our nlodern basis.
I n this coonection expressions used by Bro. Tuckett seem t o me very
open t o objection. EIe writes a great deal about " Brit.ons " and " British " in
regard to our rites. There never has been a U ~ . i f i . s hRite of Freemasonry, t h e
G . L . Rite is an l:'~~!/li.sh and not a British one, and t h e uses of Freemasons i n
Scotland and Ireland, and probably in different parts of England and Wales,
hot11 before and after 1717, differed very considerably. So much so t h a t
eventually, for a considerable time prior t o the Union of 1813, t h e Scotch and
lrish governing bodies and their subordinate Lodges organised on t h e lines of
t1;e English G.L. of 1717, were in touch with t h e Grand Lodge of those
c-110 clainled t o work on the Antient lines 2nd not with tlle Grand Lodge of
England. Thus Bro. Tuckett's third definition is not satisfactory, because, as
regards English Freemasonry, usages in Scotland or Ireland, though akin, yet
really were as likely to be foreign t o our environment as if they had been imported
from the other side of the Channel. Becausl French, American. or Enplish U
Era. W J SOYGIIURSTsaid :-
The quotation froni the .l I ticlr! o f I 7 i l i o 1 ~with wliicll Bro .Tuckett opens
his paper ralFes a t once tlie very important question of the differences in practlce
between the Antients arid the Moderns, one of which was almost certaiilly the
recognitjoil or non-recognition of t h e Royal Arch. So late as November, 1792,
t h e Grand Lodge of the Moderns resolved, " T h a t this Lodge do agree \\ith its
Committee, t h a t the Grand Lodge af England 1185 nothing to do \x~i'chtile Proceed-
lngs of t h e Society of Royal Alch Masons," w1,ile letters from t h e Secretaries of
t h a t Grand Lodge dating back t o 1759 sliow distinctly t h a t whatever its nlembers
11:ight do in a l ~ r r ~ o t l ncapacity,
l ofirinllg they lrnew nothing of the degree
T h e Antients, on the contrary, considered t h e Royal Arch t o be t h e " Root,
H e a r t , and Marrot?? of Free-Masonry," %nd so i t is not to be wondered a t t h a t
21 the Union of the twa Grancl Lodges in 1813, which was in effect " all
~~iiequivocal surrender 011 tlie part of t h e Moderns," ' the Antient:: should have
succeeded in retaining thaz wllich they prized so highly.
With the Itnowledge t h a t ( < I ) the Royal Arch was known t o and worked by
t h e Antients in 1756, and inferentially from thei: establishment as a governlnp
ilody in 1751, and (7,) t h a t t h e Antients derived their work from the Graiid
l Spencer nrote In that year, '' Our Sorietg is neithcr Arch. I<o)-al Arch, or
A~~t~ent."
LI~anrenceDermott, i n S h 7 m n n R e z o n . 17.36, p. 47.
; .l.(,)('. SXI-111 , 14.5,
Lodge of Ireland, founded ill or before 1725; and witll the belief t h a t (c,) the
Grand Lodge of Ireland derived its work froin the premier Grand Lodge in
London; we seen1 t o have a cllaiu of evidence tending to sliow t h a t tliis premier
G-rand Lodge of 1715 had a t its inception seine kno~v\.ledgewhich was subsequently
lost, a t all events, ill its Lodges generally. Bro. Tuckett llas gone still farther
and has given references to what lie coilsiders may indicate a knowledge even ill
re-Grand Lodge days of something beyond what we 11ow tarin the Craft degrees,
and tllese rzferences are ~vortlly of very careful coasideration, even though the
relevance of ,111 inay not a t first sight be quite apparent..
I t is perhaps n-orth while speculating upon the probable practices of t h e
Operative Ma~ollsfro111 wllic11 i t is generally considered our present'-day work l ~ a s
been derived. A youth desirous of leariliilg tlie A r t or Mystery of building con-
struction would be appreilticed to a Naster Mason, and xvould enter into a n engage-
ment to behave during his a p p r e ~ l t i ~ e s l ~ini p a proper :nanner, and t o keep his
Master's trade secrets. T1li.l act of appre~lticzsllip\:.ould constitute what we sllould
IIOW tern1 a degree. A t the end of the seven years for wllicll lle was bound, or at,
tlie age of 21 years, tlie deed of apprentices1~ip.nould be returned t o llial, and
having then presumably learned all l ~ i sMaster had t o teach, Ile would be ctrljclble
of taking a contract; and of supervisi~lgworli liimse!f. Sollle forillality lliiglit have
tc be observed oil tlie return to llim of ilis Articles, constitutiag wliat we sllould
call a second degree, but i t seems lligllly i~nprobablet h a t any additional i ~ ~ s t t . c i c -
fcoti was needed-ill order t h a t the ex-appreiltice might practice his trade. It is,
however, quite possible t h a t though free from his Articles lle was not free of the
Guild, and t l l a t some furtlier step was necessary i ~ :t!:is direction before he could
i u y ~ l l yfollow his callii~gas a Master Mason. If this theory be accepted we should
'
thus have two fornlal degpees ' of admission to, and freed0111 frail, apprentice-
ship, and a third wllich ~llightpercllance be based up011 sollle traditional history,
as there were uo further trade secrets t o be com11iu11;csted. O r as a n a1ternati;e
n e m i g l ~ t perliaps assume t h a t a third degree wzis merely derived froill s o n ~ e
ceremony practised ailloilgst tlie 1s-orkmen tlre~nselres by whicll the new illeiilber
had to ' pay his footing.' 111 neither case, hoa,ever, does there appear t o be any
necessity for the traditional history to contain any reference to a loss or a recovery;
and i t is therefore necessary to e x a ~ l l i ~ lvery e carefully the evidence p u t before us
by Bro. Tuckett, which to him seeins to i~ldicatetliat in pre-Grand Lodge days
son?etlli~lgwas kilowl~ill c o ~ l ~ l e x i o~ ~v li t hAlasonry very suggestive of what we call
the Royal Arcll. I note, llowever, t h a t Bro. Tuckett is of opiilioil t h a t " Every-
thing points to a n extreme s i ~ l ~ p l i c l tof y cereilloiiial in t,he early days of Free-
ll?alrsoilry before the advent of Grand Lodge," and so lle Inay perhaps accept the
theory t h a t I have just propounded.
Perhaps one of the most i n t e r e s t i ~ ~ofg Bro. Tuckett's references is to t l ~ e
.l(lc.se'.~ Tl/rrli,,tlir, wlricll proves t h a t ~ v l ~ awast c ~ l l e d ' Tlle Mason Word ' was
kilow~lt o exist so early as 1638, but I do not think it sllows a~lytllillgillore, in
spite of the fact t h a t the term is used by t h e writer in sucli aseociatio~l as t o
suggest niystery and power. A l t l ~ o u g hthis is t h e earliest known ~nentioilof ' tlie
i\i2ason Word ' i t is not the only one, and I think i t sllould be coilsidered in coll-
junctio~lwit11 otliers, two of wlljcll are given in d .Q.('. vii., 55, 56. The first of
tllese appears in a letter presuilred to have beell writte11 in 1678 or possibly 1697.
The writer says:-
Tile Lairds of Roslin llzoe been great arcllitects and patrolls of build-
ing for these inally generations. They are obliged t o receive tlie
Mason's word wliicll is a secret signal1 lnasoas have thro' out the world
t o know one another by They alledge 'tis as old as since Babe1 when
they could not understand one another and they conversed by signs.
Others would have i t no older t h a n Soloalon. However it is, he t h a t
llatll i t will bring his brother ~liasollto him witllout calling to lli~llor
your perceivei~~g of the sigile.
Tlie other occurs ill a docuilleilt said to have been written in l791 tllougl~o ~ l l ya
p r i n t of 1815 is known. The writer says he lias " found fyve Curiosities in
Scotland " of which No. 2 is : -
Tlie Mason word, wliicli t.ho' sonle make a Misterie of i t , I will not
collceal a little of wliat I know. I t is lyke a Rabbinical Tradition, in
way of Comnient on Jacllin and Eoaz, the two Pillars erected in
Solomon's Temple (i Kings, 7, 21) uitli ane Addition delyvered froni
H a n d t o H a n d , by wllicll tliey know atid become fanliliar one nitli
another
W e find ariotller inention of the term in a docunlent drawn u p in l715 ill connexioli
wit.11 a dispute between the Masters and Journeyinell of Mary's Chapel, Edin-
burg11,l b u t in this instance no infornlatio~lis given to enable us even t o guess
what tlie ' Word ' was, the principal poilit between tlie disputants being apparently
t h e collection of fees wlie~it h e ' Word ' was comaiunicated.
W e may also note t h e reference in !/'Ice ,Scot.s JI(~!/aziti(,for 1755, whicli,
however, does not seem t o help Bro. Tuclrett's argument, and, in fact, there
appears t o be so much confusioil about t h e ' Word ' and its use, tllat it can hardly
b e p u t forward in support of any particular theory. It will have been noticed,
however, t h a t all these references come from Scotland.
T h e appearance of interlaced triangles even in co~ljuilctionW-it11the square
and compasses sesils t o me rather ren1ot.e from the subject, as we find this synlbol
as a aso on's Mark, as well es a religious emblem, in Illany parts of the world and
a t very different periods. I sliould-not expect to see i t definitely associated \$-it11
t h e Royal Arch until well into the second half of t h e eighteenth century.
The .MS. in t h e Molyneux papers does not appear to help in any way.
I t s date tllougli p u t down as 1711 is really very uncertain, and tlie inark wit11
which i t is headed is lliore likely t o be a Christian sylilbol tlian anytliing connected
with the R . A . The p r i n t in TIzr ;lrccole ,Vchools is a very poor attenipt at repro-
ductioii and does not represent its proper form.
The reference to " Freemasonized the newr way," i ~ the i I>ublin Tri11o.v of
1688, is, I think, too vague t o lielp us, tllougli i t seelils t o indicate tliat something
ullusual was t l ~ e i lbeing-brought &I. I t is, however, more t h a n likely t h a t " the
new way " merely refers t o the ridic~/locc.s" Society of Freelnaso~is" which the
writer declared had recently been introduced a t tlik University.
W i t h regard to tlie ternis Rosicruciaii, Rosy Cross, Red Cross, Rose Croix,
etc., I am sure t h a t even in t h e present day tliere are lnaiiy Masons w l ~ oare
tunable t o understand t h e distinctions \rllicll their use conveys to those who are
acquainted with particular bodies to wliicli they refer, aud I see nothing reniarlzable
in tlle fact t h a t Chambers, in his ('yc.lol)rrtlicc, ?llould say that " certain Free-
masons " possessed t h e ch(tr(tc.tv~~;.~tic..s
of Rosicrucia,ns. Bro. Tuckett points out
t h a t in all probability Chsmbers had friends who were Freealasons, and possibly
i t is there of whoin he wrote. H e was cautious in iiot giving a11 opi11ion about
t h e Order generally. H e could only describe those wit11 w,lrom l ~ ewas actually
acquainted as being in possessioil of some mysterious lr~io\vledge wl~icliseemed t o
liinl akin t o tliat of tlie earlier Rosicrucians.
I must confess t h a t 1 pay very little heed to the Ortrtiolr said t o have b._.::\
delivered by tlie Chevalier Ramsey, t l ~ o u g h Bro. Tuckett is to be congratulated
011 having traced i t in p r i n t in 1739. I sea in i t only ail attempt, in whic!~
Ramsey was preceded by Swift and Anderson, and followed by Illany writers as
ir~esponsibleas himself, t o slloxv a likeness if not a con~iexio~l betweell AIasonry
and t h e old Order!: of Chivalry; and in one particular refererice I regard hiin
more as a student of t h e Bible t h a n as one wllo sought to indicate ally special
phase of Masonic ritual or cerenloliial of liis dav.
So, too, I sl1ould hesitate to piace illucli reliance upon the statement!: of
Dassigny. Tlie inforn~ationfurnislled by Bro. C!ra.vvley5~iregard to liis character
io " ail Arch " ill Catechisiils of 1723: and 1724 are vapue " and coiltradictorv.
a , and
v.hile they may have been inserted nit11 the object of drawing attention L, a
articular portioil of work the11 knovrn and practised, they inay equally be o u l j
casual references t o a detail ill Architectural construction. Tlie Autieuts in 1752
expelled a nleinber wllo had declared t h a t " t h e Rainbow was tlle Royal Arcll."
St,ukeley's " Order of the Book " is in i13.y opiilioil entirely uilcoi~nected
with t h e question. D~lriilgt h e period of Bro. Tuckett's investigation hundreds
if not tllousands of Clubs, Orders and Societies were formed, soiile of a purely
social character, soine with a scientific basis, real or assumed, soine undoubtedly
political, and soine even distinctly revolutionary. Tlie " Order of the Book " is
oilly one of lnaily such organizations, and I do not see t h a t i t had any Masonic
coiiiicxioii nor tliat it can for111 tlie basis of any Maso~licargument. F o r such a
1)urpose it seenls to range with Byroin's Shortiland Society t o which n3embers were
adnlitted c~remoujally, and whose principal officer was known as tlle Grand
Master.
I have not attempted t o criticize all tlle pieces of evidence t h a t Bro.
Tuckett llas put. forward -in support of llis views, but in spite of the fact t h a t I
have exl~ressed disagreenlent with liinl in regard t o manv of tliein, I ail1 inost
thorougl~lyin accord \$it11 his opinion t h a t so;,i.tlling r s r y s ~ ~ g g e s t i vofe what A-+:
now call t h e Roval Arch was known t o I\lasons in t h e earl\.,. ,vears . of Grand Lodee.
0
the S t u a r t cause. Surely if they had been Jacobites they would have sought to
work i n secret and avoid all suspicion of disloyalty to the reigiiing House. It
seems t o rile t h a t t h e very fact tliat the Lodge Minutes record these inen as ' Scots
masons' effectually shows t h a t tliere was 116 Jacobite influelice a t work ill coil-
ilexion with tile degree.
On t h e question of t h e attitude of the Roinan Catllolic C h u r c l ~towards
Masonry, I do not feel able t o speak so confidei~tly,but it occurs t o rne as lligl~ly
iniprobable t h a t Roman Catholics would openly aiid deliberately p u t forward aud
exploit-even in support of the S t u a r t cause-degrees said to be connected with
a n order which the heads of their Churcll had so thoroughly condemned. That
tile Papal Bull of 1738 utterly fai1.d to operate in all places in wl~ichi t was not
officially promulgated is well known, but i ? Rome ~ it alniost certainly llad the effect
of suppressing the so-called Jacobite Lodge whicli llad been established there, aiid
yet p r o . Tuckett contends, perllaps not without reason, t h a t the Romisl~Church
looked t o t h e S t u a r t restoration as a nleans towards regaining its owl1 teinporal
power in Great Britain. I confess I ail1 quite ~ u l a b l et o ui~derstandthe inotives
whicll a t any time actuated the Roinisli Church either f o or ~ against Freemasonry,
and can only say that-openly, a t least-its opposition has been as consisteiit as i t
has been persistent, and in this country, a t all events, without any effect.
The question, however, still renlaius-how could Freeinasonry be expected
t o exercise any influence either for or against the S t u a r t cause? Bro. Tuckett
puts i t t h a t , " To the master n~iiidsof tile Jacobite nioven~entthe institution of
Freen~.asonrywould seen1 to possess points of very considerable interest and very
possible iinportance and utility." I ail1 more inclined to support the view of
Hro. Speth, who wrote ill 1894 of Freeillasoilry in England
t h a t in t h e early years froill and before l717 its aiin was sin11)ly iione
a t all, a t least not conscio~lsly so, tliat the Lodges were partly con-
vivial societies, the remnants aiid survivals of ancient trade societies,
of whicll ilothing more tllau tlle conviviality remailled, with a certain
anlount of ~ a v s t i cceremonies whicli l ~ a dbeell 11;illded rlouru. Men of
education joiiled t h e Lodges on account of the ceremouies and inystery
in tlle first insttinc-', and frequented tliein probably afterwards because
they found tl~emselvescoilifortable there, and i t was a new experience
t o nlix on such intimate terms with a class of inell to url~ose society
they were not accusto~ued. 1 7 1 order t o continue this coinfortably, i t
\\-as necessary t o proscribe religious and political coiiversation, as
precisely a t this time politics and religion were dangerous topic.; t c
moot, and thus a base was formed froiii wliicl~our present ideas eve!\-etl
quite naturally.
li this view be correct, and I believe it. is, I again ask-IIow could Freemasonry
be expected to exercise any influence either for or against tlle S t u a r t cause ? 111
my opinion, Bro. Tuckett has not p u t forward any evidence whatever wl~icllcan
be accepted as supporting t h e theory.
I keep a n open inind with regard to the place of origin of the ' Ecossois '
degrees, as I feel tliat the evidence a t present before us is scanty and contradictory.
As I have already indicated, I caniiot agree t h a t t h e " Scotch Mason's Lodge "
a t t h e Ilevil Tavern ' u a s in any way coni~ected with them. Barbier (1737)
seenis dead against a British origin, and I think llis mentioi~ of ' Chevaliers,'
' Chevalerie,' etc., sho\vs tliat, even if he had no personal k n o ~ l e d g eof the matter,
lie gave tlle inforniation as i t u7as given to hini by soiileolle who did know. And
if there is even a possibility t h a t these ' Ecossois ' degrees llad their origin on the1
rii., 173; quotetl in part in
'B.().('. ;L.O.C'. s s i r . . 237.
13ro. Tuckett srems t o inakt. n poiilt of -this 1,ndge ha~i11gbc.t.11 '.rr:~sctl, 1.r.
2
i l l i i r k , from the list.''
sf1.1lc.k olrt l do not think any arpnnlt~nt car1 bc basccl 11po11
this. 1 btlliere it n-ill be fo~lndthat Bro. Lane took his i ~ i f o r ~ ~ ~ a t i o n ,the
f r o nOfficial
~
Co1)i.e~of the Lists l)rc,srr\ rd a t Freemasons' Hall. These official co1):c~a were sl)cc.ially
lwcparecl. wit11 spaces for noting :tttendanccs of rrl)i~eszntatircs.c ~ t c .. . and I Y ~ P aI ~I~otlgc
\!as urmored for any reason i t 3\-o11ldbe natllral for the Sc.ci.eta~.yof Gi.aii(1 Loclge to
put his l)ell t h r o ~ ~ gt hl ~ rentry.
Colltinent, I see 110 reason for assunlilig t h a t tllose wllo forlned tlieill were ileces-
sarily British Masoils living t!lere. X o ~ tof tlle books froill which Bro. Tuckett
i,as quoted siirnplY exprps:: tlle view tllat T / . r r ~ t ~ / i . ~ o toriginated
~r.,// in Ellgland, aiid
illis view will be geiierally accepted. There are scarcely any references urhicli
call be taken defiliitely as having any beariug up011 tlie origin of ' Iiigll degrees,'
and one in particular I .l jioio!/ir ~ I O I O . I'Oi..lrr) n:ay per1:aps be noted as a n example
of the maiiaer' in whicll such references can be viewed fro111 different standpoints.
Uro. Tuckett illentioiis' t!lat " le frCre Aaiericain " was not a Frencliman, a ~ l dt h a t
the De!/rrr of f ' h r r ~ / r l i r rlr
r i!ll(, is nlelitiol~edin one of his songs. Now in t h e
first place. 50 far as I can see, a J)r!/i.~ris not iuentioned in the quotatioi~,but
only a title Cihrr./rlirr tlr l'./ i!/lu, and in tlie second place L ' A ~~iuricctitiappears t o
have bzen the name of a Freucli family, for I have a 3Iasonic Certificate of 1774
;rhi.cll is signed by, ainoiif!t others, a certain I,ccnico.y,tr /,'.l ttrrric'ctit, as Registrar
cf t h e C'kcot17,t~rtlr.. l't~ol~iircrsunder the Grand Orient. T do not for a nloineilt
:(is11 t o imply t h a t Rro. Tuckett is neces~arilywrong in his deduction, and perhaps
the point might be cleared u p by a closer exanlirlatioii of the other contents of tlie
book froin which the quotation is taken.
I do not attach m11c1i importaiice to the stateme~lt in 1813 t h a t " pure
;intielit Masonry " was to be considered as consisting of certain degrees " and no
i~iore," the idea being, as T take it, iilerely to p u t a liniit upon degrees wl~icliwere
t o receive tlie official sarictioii of t h e new United Grand Lodge. The inclusion of
the Royal Arch appears to me quite reasonable, as it was evidently admitted t o be
an essential portion of the Third Degree. T t was fully realized t h a t " degrees of
the Orders of Clxivalry " were in existence, and their working was not prohibited.
It is quite possible t h a t official recogilitioii was withheld because membership
required a Christiaii belief, u~llile " pure Antielit Masonry " ,was looked upon as
non-secta~ian, This particular point inay perhaps affect Bro. Tuckett'!: argun7ent
iii regard to degrees slicll as the Rose Croix &lid Royal Order of Scotland, as to
whose origin we have so little definite informatiou.
To sum up:-Bro. Tuckett has based his arguineiits upon the assumption,
" T h a t before 1717 Freen~asollrp possessed a Store of Legend, Tradition and
Syinbolisnl of wide extent." I see ilotlling t o support this view, a n d , on t,he
contrary, I ro1i:ider tllat tlie knowledge consisted merely in simple fornis of
recognition. That substantially what in t h e present day is known as the Royal
Arch was i~icludedin such means of recogilition is t o my mind extrelnely probable.
Z feel, however, very doubtful u,liether presumed knowledge in Scotland in 1638
can be taken as evidence of the same knowledge in London in 1717. Tlle position
of so-called Scotch degrees a t a later date (1756-7) is made clear by tlie official
correspondeiice between the Grand Lodge of H o l l a i ~ d atid D r . Manniiigham,
D.G.&I., in Lo11don.l
Bro. Tuckett will find the following in tlle E I ~ P P - J / (( IIC ~C I~I ~~ T~I ~ ~ Oold
) ~
(ivirvrr., I.oiidoa, 1726, p . 34 :-
As for your story of t h e Universality of A l / ( t \ o ~ ~ t !it's
/ , all a Juggle.
You have been deceived to the last degree. I have been in France,
Spain, and Italy, yet never heard a word of this stuff before You
would be laughed t o scorn in any of those Countries, t o nlention any
Tlling so compleatly ridiculous.
This, for u h a t it is worth, ii~dlcatesa n English, or British, origjii for Freemasonry,
a view whirli, I t l ~ i n k ,is generally accepted. That the same can be said for tlio
so-called high degrees is perhaps not so evident. A t all events, I am unable t o
accept the suggestion t h a t they were derived from a store of tradition in hand
before 1717. for I see no ev~derlcet h a t such a store existed,-a store, t h a t is to say,
which was exclusivelv in the hands of Freenlacoiis and not obtainable froill
Biblical and other well-known sources.
Bra. EDJVARD AXWITAGE said : -
Ero. Tuclrett has set l~iulself110 light task to establish his threefold theory,
b u t tottjorr,,s I1ntrtltcc.e has evidently bee^; his 11-otto, and we are the gaiuers in a
most interestil~gp a ~ eP ~ t . 111. would :eem t o be proved colicl~~sively, and i t is
most useful t o have the volullle of evidence so handy for reference. As to P t . I . ,
1 think, too, tllerz Illay Icl: general agreealent, t l ~ o u g hu p to the present 110 one
llas succeeded in identifying t h a t portion of the Store of Legend, Tradition, and
Synlbolisin n l ~ i c l lhas contributed so markedly to the M.M. llegree. P t . 11. is
t h e crux ! I tllink Bro. Tuckett has nlzde out a case which falls little short of
proof t h a t the Additional Degrees were fou~lde'dby Britons, but I ?,Ilould prefer
t o call then1 Englisll Nasolls.
Many of t l ~ e mwere Scotchn~en,sonle perhaps Irishmen, b u t we are dealing
here with Nasonry, and whetller Scotch~llenor Irishmen, i t was as English Masons
t h a t they founded the Additional Degrees. T h e system of tllree Craft Degrees of
E . A . , F . C . , alid M . N . wss first developed uilder tlle Grand Lodge of England,
and tlie Additional Degrees \%.ere additional to t11e.e tllree.
True, nu. 11ave t l ~ e l ncalled Irish Masonry or Scots Masonry, but what other
t6ame~ ~ o u coitllcl
ld .o attractive? Freemasonry had no history as such abroad, so
t h a t French, German, Dutch, etc., \vould have had no meaning, while English was
barred as dealjug only ~ ~ t the l i Craft Degrees. I n Ireland, Freelnasonry had a
history, and in Frotlaild the Craft was widely spread and a power in the land.
" Scots" was a mo-t appropriate word, for Scotland was the home of Operative
Masonry: our nalnes of E A , F.C , and 11&I.were derived fro111 Scotland, while
in thirteen years of t h e early days of t h e Grand Lodge of England no less than
bix of t h e Grand Masters bore Scottish titles. The Royal Order of Scotland first
found its h o n ~ ei n England Later, of course, we have the further development
of t h e B c o s s u i s degrees-in France No connection, however, so far as I know, has
been showra between Scots Masonry and Scotland, and the men wlio founded these
Additional Degrees were Masons holding under t h e Grand Lodge of England
I am nuite a t one will1 Bro. 'I'uckett in includinp m
the R A in Pt I of
his theory, for I cannot find any trace of a connection a t any time between t h e
R . A . and Iris11 or Scots Nasonry, while the passage quoted by Bro. Tuckett from
Dassigny's ,Yrt.iotts trtrrl I : ~ i p , / ~ t i ( I:'ttyuir!/,
tl 17'4, would point t o the same COII-
clusion. I have always thought tile the Introduction to " Long Livers " by Samber
smacked of tlle tenets of the Ro~icrucians,alid should be inclined to say the same
of t h e " Masonic Forrnulze," but in any case i t would tend to show t h a t the
question of Additional Degrees was in t h e air.
Scots Masonry was a good name to conjure with, and Bro. Tuckett writes
as a n enthusiast of its sapposed Jacobite connection So best could he bring
home t o us what i t ~ n e a n tif his theory were true. I do not for one moment believe
t h a t t h e Scots Masons were confined exclusively t o Jacobites, for this would make
them marked men; b u t I do hazard the opinioil t h a t any additional information
gained will serve to s t r e ~ i ~ t h e the i i connection between Scots Masonry and t h e
Jacobite cause.
Bro. Tuckett's earliest instance of Scots Masons being wade in a Lodge is
1'746, but, fortunately, the researches of Bro. Dr. Geo. Norman, P . A . G . D . C . , on
" Tlle Masonic Lodges of Bath " ( T r c o t s t r c f i o i ~ s of f h r Sot~crr.crt-1f~r.stc.rs L o t l ! / ~ ,
!917), carry this back eleven years t o 1735, i . r . , during the existence of t h e Scots
Masons Lodge held a t t h e Devil Tavern in London. B a t h was then a t the height
of its prosperity, and :et t h e fasllion even t o London. The Lodye meeting a t the
Bear I n n , NW. 113, was constituted 18th May, 1733, but tlie first Minute Eook com-
111.ences 28th December, 17,?2, and it has been suggested by Ilro. S o ~ ~ g l ~ uthat r s t it
wa: really one with the Lodge No. 28 wl~ichwas erased in 1736 f Q t t t t f . Cor. .-I i l t i y . ,
vol. X . ? p. 225, note). To quote from the Minute Book:-
On Oct. 28th l735 Tl!e Lodge met Extraordinary when our Worthy
Brother D r . Kjnneir was admitted and made a Mason.
Hcgh Bennedv I l a ~ t r .P. Tempr.
* Jacob Skinner Mastr. and S. W a r d . P . T .
St. J o h n Sli-tit11 J.W.P.Tei11pr.
Xast ers Pre~31it. Jo11usoil Rol;il~.<onSenr. ward^^. , .Janles Vaugha 11,
Ricbard Ford, J o l i ~ i Morris.
Fe!loll: Crafts. Luke Gervjs, Jolln W i l t ~ l i i r e ,J o l l ~ l Anstey, R;c11:i.
C a n , Jolin Doline.
\Tisita~lts Present.' 'rile R i g l ~ t Honble. Lord Visct. Vane, FI-rlrir
Balfonr Esc!, Tl'illja~n Njsbztt E:.q, 1)avid Tl~rejplandEsq. S l r ,
T ~ ~ v i d s o nIsaac
. T l ~ u r e t , James Lenlre, Iloctr. Toy, 1)oc'l..
TIiec$lld, F:dnartl Pe~lil;ridge.
Our Worthy I3rotiler:; F T P I I ~U~ a l t o ~ ~Esq. r Willianl ru'isbett Esq. and
1)octr. Tlieobald Pass'tl Mast-rs.
On t!>e ::anie clate Lodge of Masters nlet Extraordinary and our follo~v-
i i ~ gWorthy Brotlis -\$er? made and admitted Scots 3lastr. Xasons.
Jacob S l r i n ~ ~ e ?,!aster,
r J o h n r o ~ l Robinson S.\Vardn, Tlios.
Bragg J .W., J ~ ! ' I I LIol.riu, Richd. Ford, Janles Vaughan,
W m . Nisbett E P ~ 1Iei1ry , Ualfol~r Esq, iloctr. Toy, Ecl\\~ard
Pen] bridge.
Present. Hug11 Kenuecly S . A l . , 1)arid Tl~reiplancl S.S.\lT., David
I)appe S . J . W .
Of tliess tlirsa Ilugli Ken~ledyalone belo?iged to tlie Lodge of wliicll he -\\.as Naster
wlieli tlie Xinutes comnlence. I)ec-.ilib?r, 1732, and w l ~ e nthe Lodge was constituted
into a regular Lodge N a y 1Stl1, 173.3, going out of Office on 27th Decenlber, 1733.
I find David Threipland's nanie as a 3leinFer of the Lodge ~ i l e e t i ~ iagt tlie Bear
and IIarro\v in tl!e Butcher Row in 1730.
Of tl~o:;ewho took tile degree tlie last four were not 1nen7bers of t h e Lodge;
Doctr. Toy was D . N . of W a l ~ s while , Jvin. Nisbett Esq. and Henry Balfour Esq.
liad the degree of Master co~iferrncioil them t,liat day apparently to enable tlleln
t o proceed to the Degree of Scots Naster.
A t the n e s t n7ezting of the Lodge, Novenlber 17t11, 1735, H u g h ICennedy,
Joliii Morris, R . Ford and ])avid T l ~ r e i ~ ~ l a have i i d the letters S.31. after their
11aines.
I t iiiay be of interest to note that C'liarles de Labelye, first JIaster of tlio
Lodgl constituted jn illzdrid on 15tli February, 1728, by tlie Duke of Wliarton,
was a valued nlenjher of the Lodgr ill Thth ailcl warmly thanked for his services
to the Lodge on 18th May, 1733 (Iris private Occasioils requiring l ~ i spresence in
Lolldon for a considerable- time). H e was apparently in 1723 a nlenlber of t h e
Lodge n ~ e e t i ~at~ gS o l o r n o i ~ ''l'enlple, ~ FTe~n~nirig R O W ( a Fre~icliLodge). and i n
1750 of tlie Lodge meeting a t the White Bear in King St., Golden Square
/()//:it. ( ' 0 1 , . - l ~ z t i ! / . ,vol. X.).
selves against any extension of Masonry beyond tlle limits of tlle three " estab-
lished " degrees. I t wrould then be in~possiblefor any secret propagandist agency
to exist i11 some additional rites to which only selected persons would be admitted
The decision thus come t o in tlle early days of the Grand Lodge of 1717 inay easily
have afterwards been accepted as a cherished tradition. This inay then accou~lt
for the reluctance of tlle " Moderns " to r~cogilizethe Royal Arch, and for t h e
extraordinary arrangen~entsnlade when the Grand Chapter was fornled in 1767.
The spirit of tlle old idea was evidently intended to be kept, although the lnernbers
of the Modern Grand Lodge, in another capacity, were conlpelled by t h e force of
circu~nstancest o break i t in practice, and its principal officers took p a r t in t h e
affairs of the Grand Chapter.
It is extraordinary t h a t so little was done in this country in the Chivalric
Orders until some thirty or forty years after the references Bro. Tuckett ~nentions
were made. Probably this was due t o a feeling of obedience to tlle decrees of t h e
hlasonic authorities I cannot tl.ink t h a t ~ v h e nthose Additional Degrees were
practised, about 1780, and rather before t h a t time. they did not include very
Inally things inlported fro111 t l ~ eContinent, and sonie which arose f ~ o ~tlle
n lively
imagination of our F r e n c l ~Bretllrea.
I have perused this paper with a great deal of pleasure, and congratulate
Ero. Tucketi 011 the May he has collected atid iilarsllalled his facts.
My chief object has besn t o try. t o filid out tlie real facts as t o the origin
of the various Orders and Degrees outside Craft Nasorlry.
I think t h a t i t is pretty clear t h a t the Royal Arch was made u p of soille
legends and tradition not fully exeillplified in tlle ritual of t h e three degrees, and I
a m of opii~iont h a t the ritual of the Rcyal Order of Scotland is very luucll on the
lines of a very allciellt ritual and illay liave been extended and ililproved wlleli
the three degree rituals were fixed .up.
The colliiectioll between the Kiiiglits Tell~plarof old aiid the iiioderli seeills
vague and lacking proof, while the regalia is so cciilbsrsonle that it is surprisilig
t h a t so- 111aily takg it u p and contiilue to work it.
I t would, I think, be difficult to prove a n absolute coil~lectioilbetween the
Red Cross of Collst,ailtiile atid the Order founded in A . D . 313; the opinion of
many, forty years since, was t h a t the ritual was written and the Order puslled by
t h e late Bro. Weilt~vortliLittle.
Bro. Tuckett's careful notes as to the Rose Croix or Scottish Rite are lllucll
to t h e poiilt, b u t t h e origin is not frilly ezplaiiied and probably callliot be, aiid if
we study the ritual of the various degrees there seems no system, 110 co-ordi~iatioil.
I n t h e degrees from t h e tllirci to the eighteenth inany subjects are dealt with, and
in the latter we are treated to a bzautiful errangemeilt of word:: cittirely Christian.
W1ie11 t h e degrees tliirtietll and above are reached Christianity does not figure
largely, aiid I all1 hoping t h a t abler b r e t l ~ r e ntllaii li~yself will bs able to explain
\q.l~atis really the drift of the degraes of this Order taken as a wliole.
The pap" i. a aalual-le ;.:lditjoil to the Tt~cc~~.~ctc.fio~,.; of the Quatuor
(2cro113ti.
Ero. J . E. S. TUCKETT~ r i f ~i n. ?~ P P ? ? / : - -
Tlie reception accorded to lily Paper has been very gratifying, and I ail1
cieeply grateful for a vote of tllcnks, proposed and seconded in such kindly teriiis,
and passed by the Brethren with such evident signs of cordial approval. The whole
Paper was t o a very great extent tentative and highly co~ljectural-an invitation
to criticism and disc~~ssion-and I was very careful to disclain1 any idea t h a t the
l?ropo:itio~is contained in i t were to he col~sidered jiroi<ctl. The fact of the
e x l ~ t e n c sof these ' Additiol~al' l)egrees, tlie n~psteryof their origin, the darkness
of tlle allole subject, and its very considerable interest a ~ l di~rl?ortance,justified
the experiilieilt of a Ir!/potl~rsis,even if mature judgment follo~~:iiig011 discussion
required its rejection, and tliis fate 11as indeed, ill nly opitlioll. o ~ e r t a k e na part
(and a n i i l ~ p o r t a ~part)
~ t of the II!-l:otl~esis ~cti:ally proposed.
I n my Reply the gel~eral theory of ' development ' will be taken first,
leaving tlie S t u a r t or Jacobite p a r t t o be dealt \tit11 separately.
T h e theory proposed ~ 2 tllat s tlie r,rrlir.\t Additio~lal1)egrees were derived
from a ' Store ' of Masonic L e g s ~ l d ,Tradition arid Symbolisln already existing
v,liea the premier Grand Lodge was f o u ~ ~ d e c larid , t h a t the movement was due
to our own countrynlen. The Worsliipful Master and Bros. Edward Armitage,
Cecil Powell, S. T . Kleiii, Count Goblet d'Alviella, and Lovegrove are all ill agree-
l i ~ e n ta i t l i the Paper thus far. But Hro. Sougllnrrt-whose opi~lionsmust neces-
sarilv cowlrand everv attentioll and rewect-is
J
nuable to believe in the existence
of the alleged ' Store,' and lie is not favo~trablyi ~ ~ . p r e ~ sby e d the evidence contained
in tlle A c l d c n d u l ~ ~ .I t is verv iwnortant t h a t there be 110 lnistake as to tlie clai~n
L
rest assured of my loyalty to Rule I. (and every other Rule) in the Constitutions.
All that was contended for was t h a t some (not all) of the Additional Degrees are
entitled to recognition by students and historians (not officially by Gand Lodge)
as legitimate developments from the common stock of pure and ancient Masonry.
The reference to the real separate rival body called ' The Honorary Masons ' in
the G.L. Resolutions of l730 (Addendum 17) shows t h a t those Resolutions were
in part directed against separate organisations, and nct only against irregular or
clandestine makings. The extended quotation from Chambers given by Bro.
Hextail does not cause me to modify t h e opinion already expressed concerning t h e -
Rosicrucian reference, Although no English Masonic writers of contemporary
d.ate make definite statements parallel to the ' seven grade' claims in certain
French works of 1744 and 1747, still, Nos. 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 26, 29, 37, 38,
and 39, taken together, establish beyond doubt t h a t in Great Britain between
1725 and 1746, a t any rate, more t h a n three Degree ceremonies were in working.
The expression ' talked Masonry ' was intended to suggest t h a t our AncienC
Brethren long before 1717 probably recited or read and discussed in their Lodges
the Traditional History and Legends of tlie Craft contained in the Old MS.
Constitutions and added to t h e Stook from time t o time by Legends relating to
more modern times, such as, for example, the Crusades. No reference to t h e .
1725 Rule of the York G.L. was intended. Bro. Hextall says t h a t : " we-should
" assume that any selection of material (if such were made) i t the Revival would
" be deliberate and advised, as it may also have been exhaustive." That it may
have been exhaustive must, of course, be conceded, b u t t h a t i t was so is a n
assumption which does not convince me. No attempt is made in the Paper to
uphold the t r u t h of any ' Templar Succession Theory,' b u t the early appearance
of such a Theory is recorded as.it has an important bearing upon the question a t
issue. Bro. Songhurst drew attention, with marked success (as will be seen later),
t o the importance of t h e visit of Dr. Desaguliers to Edinburgh in 1721. T h a t the
Faper did to a certain extent err in t h e direction of post hoc and - propter
.
hoc
argument will presently be freely admitted.
To t u r n now to the Jacobite part of t h e Paper. The theory proposed-it
was a daring one-was t h a t tlie Stuart Party (hoping to make something out of
Freemasonry) and the Roman Church (having just signally failed to crush it out
of existence) joined forces, and t h e result was t h e creation of a new Freemasonry-
-apart, t o be made subservient t o the twofold object of t h e Double Restoration.
This theory is neither altogether old nor altogether new. Where it differs from the
Stuart-Masonic theories usually p u t forward, is t h a t it does not represent the
alleged new Degrees as containing anything in t h e Ritual, either openly or under
disguise, which could be interpreted as pro-Stuart or anti-Hanoverian propaganda.
The idea in my mind was t h a t of genuine and legitimate Masonic degrees founded
upon pre-existing portions of Masonic Legend and Symbolism, entirely free from
political bias or tendencies, but differing from the English G.L. Freemasonry by
being definitely Christian and apparently Roman Catholic, the intention being to
admit none b u t t h ~ s ewhose sympathies, political and religious, were known t o be
favourable to t h e twofold Cause. Such a Freemagonry-apart would afford to
Jacobites in England an excuse for, and an explanation of, association and inter-
course and assembly, which, if not so accounted for, would appear to the Govern-
ment Party highly suspicious. To these suspicions t h e answer would be:-
Jacobites plotting ! No such thing ! Masons ! Scots Masons with H i g h Degrees
coming from the time of Ascalon and Bannockburn and what not! If such com-
munities of Jacobites were dotted about in different parts of t h e country, a t home
and abroad, the usefulness of such an organisation to the Cause seems to be
sufficiently apparent t o need no further demonstration. Friend would be dis-
tinguished from Foe, t h e Secret Agent of the English Government recognized, the
Secret Agent of the Pretender helped upon his way, and so forth. This is t h e
answer to the objections raised by Bro. Songhurst, who says: " Surely if they had
" been Jacobites they would have sought t o work in secret and avoid all suspicion
" of disloyalty to the reigning House." The cloak of Freemasonry would have
enabled them to .~c.orX- ns J n c o b i t ~ sin secret, the cloak itself being politically harm-
Discussion. 51
less. To put i t in another way, the effect would be 12ot to ' brand its members as
such ' (i.e., as Jacobites), but to cover up t h a t character with the disguise of a
Masonry which in itself contained no political allusion. This part of Bro.
'
Songhurst's criticism did not weaken my faith in t h e theory proposed, and his
remarks upon the attitude of t h e Roman Church were equally unsuccessful. This
Church was a t this period itself a prey to internal discord and division, owing t o
the growing opposition within the Church to t h e Company of Jesus which was to
end in the sdppression of t h a t Order by tile Pope. Quite apart from t h e subject
of Freemasonry, if historians generally are t o be believed, it is in no way:
" highly improbable t h a t Roman Catholics would openly and deliberately p u t for-
" ward " institutions and practices " which t h e heads of their Church had so
" thoroughly condemned." Such action has even been represented as taken with
the knowledge and consent and express approval of those very heads of t h e Church
themselves. The opposition of t h e Roman Church to Freemasonry has been
persistent openly, but it most certainly has not been consistent in actual fact.
B u t Bros. Gordon Hills and Songhurst have attacked the proposed theory
in quite a different way and from quite a different point of view. That such a
Freemasonry-apart would have been a valuable asset to the Stuart Cause is no
proof that ~tever existed in fact, and t h e two Brothers named, by showing thait
much of the evidence upon which I relled is capable of another and indeed a con-
trary interpretation, have given good reason for rejecting the theory as stated.
And I very willingly and freely admit t h a t the theory of a Freemasonry-apart
founded with a deliberate political or political-religious i n t e n t has been tried, and
tried fairly, and found wanting, and t h a t such a superstructure of hypothesis is
not justified by a sufficiency of foundation ,in incontrovertible fact. That the
Jacobites did take a very warm interest in Masonry, and t h a t they predominated
in some Lodges and Degrees, and t h a t some of t h e Degrees which came into
existence during this period were the creations of our Jacobite' fellow countrymen,
either a t home or abroad, I still believe. But (with one possible exception, to be
mentioned later) I abandon t h e political-religious propagandist theory, and incline
to the very striking suggestion made by Bro. Edward Armitage, t h a t men of
similar interests and opinions naturally gravitated together then as now, and t h a t
so i t came about t h a t certain Lodges and Degrees came practically t~ be assemblies
of Jacqbites, while the Masonic Labours of those Lodges and Degrees continued
as they had commenced, legitimate developments of Masonic Legend, Tradition,
and Symbol, innocent of the influences of faction and party. This explains satis-
factorily all the phenomena, including the fact pointed out by Bro. Cecil Powell,
that practically no progress was made in England in the Chivalric Orders until
very much later.
That the activities of the Stuart partisans in connection with Masonry
excited suspicion, is shown by the following extract from t h e London Journal of
16th June, 1722, about a year after t h e Duke of Wharton's initiation :-
A few Days ago, a select Body of t h e Society of Free Masons waited
on the Right Honourable t h e Lord Viscount Townshend, one of His
Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, to Signify to his Lordship,
that being obliged by their Constitutions, t o hold a general meeting
now a t m;dsummer, according to annual Custom, they hoped t h e
Administration would take no Umbrage 5% t h a t Convocation, as they
were all zealously affected to his Majesty's Person and Government.
His Lordship received this Intimation in a very affable Manner; telling
them, he believed they need not be apprehensive of any Molestation
from the Government, so long as they went on doing nothing more
dangerous than t h e anciment Secrets of the Society. (-4 .Q.C. xxii.,
p. 70.)
(His Lordship apparently laid no emphasis upon t h e word ' Ancient ' in t h e last
sentence). The Duke of Wharton's raid on the Grand Mastership, his opposition
to Dr. Desaguliers, and his open Jacobite performances in connection with Bishop
Atterbury and a t the election of Sheriffs for t h e City of London, are well known.
AYld WllY did Robert Samber, in his description of t h e Feast on t h e occasiori of
tile I)uke of Wlltrtoll bsi11g cliosen G.M., make t h a t sly allusion ta Lc t t h e lidtt!]
~ l ~ lor t r y c , u , i ( I ~ L I Z I L (the Jacobite W a r Song), and why did the ' great 11lan '
(identity rl6t ~ t a t e d ) feel iinpelled t o propose:--'Prosperity to Old gland
' (,~t{l(r p t e , e t ~ t A l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ i '\ ?t r ~( E~bi ~i zoett t( l t z *I:ttcurt/ttirtt, 1723, chap; XV.).
Ill 1772, mhen the Bill for Iizcorporating the Society of F. and A.%!.wafi b-fore
Parljamellt, a n opporieiit of tlie Bill said i n tlie Houss of Con1mons:-
Granting the Free Masons a cllarler was in fact t o pass a general bill
of Naturalization for foreign Papists, and, i n all probability, 'giving
t h e Pretender l~ill~self the citizenship of a country where he was
scribed under the penalties of higlr treason. ( 4 .Q C . xxii., p. 7 9 y -
It is ollly tu-o years later t b a u tlie Whartorr' incidents just noted-that is in 1725-
t h a t tl1e first of thoze referencaJ t o ' Rosicrucians ' occurs, which suggest tlie
possibility t l ~ a ta new Masonic h g r e e is thereby intended :-' Whimsical kinsmell
' of tlie Hod and Trowel ' are said t o be in possession of ' new light received from
' sonle worthy Rosicrucians.' T h a t there were Masons calling then~selves ' R0s3
' Croix ' i n existence in 1728 is t h e nlost natural explanation of the remark in tlie
Cyclo1mrIi:c of Ephrainl Chambers. If there were NOT,and if t h e ~ i c t u r eof Free-
iliasonry painted by Bro. Speth, and quoted by Bro. Songhurst, were a true repre-
sentation of what i t really then was, i t is difficult t o conceive ally reason why
Chalnbers sliould say :-" There are csrtain Freemasons who have all the char-
acteristics of Ro~icruciai~s." The reserve show~lin the sentence indicates t h & t
i t was 5011 eihing separate from Orclitl~rryMasonry B u t I F there were ' certain '
Masons who v-ere then making use of t h e tltle ' Rose Croix,' and nllo were 50
niy~tzrious t h a t his informants-Masoi~s of the English G.L.-could tell hi111
nothing about them, the11 his sentence is natural enough as well as his confusion
nit11 tlie 11 ycterious Fratres R C., especially if these Brethren hailed fro111
' abroad,' as ~ o u l dappear from the A Z Letter in the U f r ~ / Jotoilctl y of 1730.
Tllroughout the Paper i t was assunled t h a t ' Scots AXasoa, ' Scots Master,'
' Scots l\/lasonrg,' are 1-ic ~ t z c , r l u i t h ' Mayon Ecossois,' ' Maitre Ecossois,'
' Mayonnerie Ecoc~oiss' I11 England we have the ' Scott's Masons Lodge ' a t
the l l e r i l ill 1733, ' Scots Master AIasoas ' a t Bath ill 1735, ' Scotch Master Masons '
a t the Lodge of Antiquity in 1740 On t h e Continent we have the ' Grade of
' Eco~sois' in Eelgiunl in 1733, two Ecossois Degrees ill Paris in 1737, a $cots
Lodge a t Eerlin 1741, and others; these being t l ~ eearliest ilotices which have been
traced. If they are not identical, then tile identity in names and dates is sinlply
astounding. Bro S o l i g h u r ~ ttrates t h e above developlllents t o t h e visit of D r .
Iiesagulies to the Lodge of Edinburgh in 1721, and conriders t h a t Ic.otll the
' Scots Masters Lodge ' and the ' i71asters Lodges ' s r e ill Foille may, which he does
not explain, exideilcs in cupport of the view t h a t ' :on~etliingvery ~uggestiveof
' what lie 1131~~ call tl7e Royal Arch was known t o Mazoas in tlle early years of
' Grand Lodge ' Bro Gorclon Hills does r o t ' think t h a t i t requires much
' resesrcll t o g-tllcr what was t h e induceinent to become a Scots Master, surely
' t h e k11onled:e t o b s gained in Royal ,4rch, Scots and Iijsll Masters Lodges 2nd
in t h e unexplained Eiigli?h Masters Lodges of early date, was very ~ i i l ~ l l aand r
' t h e pretellsions of Scots Masters were not n i t h o u t some fouriclatjon ' With
t h e ~ eviews I cannot agree, but I can, and do, admit t h a t they offer an alternati,e
solutio~ito the one proposed by myself, ar,d t h a t , with a reakonable alternative ill
the field, the Stuart-political-religious-theory must go, until time or circunlctal?ces
provide us with more defiilitg evidence with whjcll to support i t
The words 13riton and British, m-hich occur so often in the Paper, were u>ed
to de cribe t h e n a t i o n a l l t ~of men so as to include Scots, Irisll, and Welsh, as woll
as Ellglisli men. The expression ' British Rit. ' does not occur.
The Bro. L a ~ ~ l a r q al'Ani6ricaiil
e who ~ i g n e d Bro Songhurst's certificate
of l774 as Registrar of the Chanlbre des Provinc:s under the Grand Orient was
' DBput6 des loges de Saint-nomingue ' a t t h great
~ confereilce in Paris in 1773
% h e n th? Grande Loge Nationale becanie the Grand Orient de France On tlle
12th J u l y , 1773, this Brother was appoil~ted' nuitikme expert ' in the C h a ~ ~ ~ b r e
cies Provi1lc3a, and he is thus described (please notice tlie coillilla after L a Marque) :
Fraiicois L a Marque, l'Ani6ricai11, nggociant d e Saint-Domingue,
anci211 v6nirrable dz l a Loge des Fr'eres R6unis des Cayes, iilelnbre cles
Loges de la Parfaile Ur~ioli d u Port-au-Prince, de l a Concorde de
Saint-Marc, et de l'Amiti6 Indissoluble de LBogane, e t depute de ces
m
Loges
- au Grand-Orient de E ~ a n c e
l\Ionsieur Eer~jalliinFabre (in E ~ r c e s(1 ( ' c t i z t e G u l r u t o ) refers t o liim as L a Marque
(l'Ala6ricain). Probably he assumed ' 1'AinBriczin ' as a n addition t o his original
surname L a Marque. The person who appears in the d l ~ o l o y t rportr I'0rrlre cles
li'rotlc\ ~ U ( r ~ of
u ~ 1742
c ~ as le Frere Aineriqvain o r AMERICAIX o r Amgricain titay
be the same, or of the same family, as the Fransois L a Marque o r Lamarque who
(to all appearances) took to hiinself the augmentation ' I'Am6ricain,' b u t in t h a t
cace vould h e not be coriectly abbcevlated as ' le Frirre l'Americain,' and not
le FrBra Americaill ' ?
It is a illatter of very collciderable interest and inlportance whether t h e
lefarence ill tlie Song of 1742 to ' Cllevaller d e 1'Aigle ' is t o t h e Masonic U r y r e e
of t h a t na,lle or not If it 19 so, the11 this is earlier by many years t h a n any other
lzterence previously noliced. The MS. R i t u a l of t h e Rose Croix-the same which
says ' Cette izouv~lleloy, qui est ia foy Catholique '-commencas thus: -
L e clievali-r de l'algle est le quatriBn1e grade de 13 mayonnerie Ecossoise,
et le ~eptiirmoet dernier qua 1'011 conlloisse sous le non1 de parfait
nlagoil. . . le vray e t unique non1 de ce grade est le chevalier de
l'aigle, ?wt [ r l c ] alliiquit6 rend ce rlonl a u t a n t preferable que
respectable . Le fils de l'homiue e3t compcrrB simboliqueiiient
& la Si~prirmepuissanca du F 8 r e . l'aigle est l'image e t 1'8gide de cette
puissance suprbnle Les inagons l'adoptant conlme le titre primordial
qui a produit la nlztiitre de ce grade sublime.
F,>
,Ills' MS. \$-is written, no doubt, somewhat later t h a n the year 1742 with whicll
' d e are ilow dealing, but i t sllows the ilnportance of tile Degree of Chevalier d e
1'Aigle in Magonnepie Ecoseoise from the beginning. My opinion is t h a t t h e word
' RBgle ' in the Song means ' Iltegulafion (or Prescribed) Toast List,' and t h a t t h e
word ' Point ' illeaiis ' Item to be Observed.' [One of t219 Dictionary meanings of
' Point ' is ' Degree,' but not in our sense.] Tile meaning (not silnply translation)
of t h e wl~cleverse may, therefore. be taken t o be:-
And now we add to t h e Regulation (or Prescribed) Tosst List a t our
Banquets a new Itell] to be observed one which will be very pleasing
to all of you. It is this, that., whecever a Brother in possession of t h e
exalted llegrae of Chevalier de 1'Aigle is present, his health is to be
drunk with a Bumper filled to the brim.
T112 Regulation Toast List, according to L ' O r d r r ir.cihi, 1745, was as follows:-
L a prelllibra sailt6 que lion ci.!'ebre est celle d u Hoi. On boit ensuite
celle d u 2'r.i.s- 17L:i~(;rcrC7e.A celle-ci succkde celle d u T74irCrctble. On
Eoit aprbs au prtiitirr e t au Second h17treri/laitx; et enfin aux Frirres
d e la Loge. Lorsqu'il y a des nonveaux-reps, on boit & leur santB
imnlediatement nprBs qu'on a bu aux Surveillans. On fait aussi le
m6me lloillleur aux Frirres T ' i ~ i t e ~ r r s .
The MS. Ritual already quoted says:-
Les dits chevaliers (de 1'Aigle) ant le Droit de tenir le Maillet dans
toutes les Loges qu'ils viziteilt, quand il ne s'y trouve pas de frBre
revetu de ce agrade eminent.
Now, supposing t h a t a Degree, ~ o s s e s ~ i nthese g unusual privileges, had l a t e l y come
into existelice, such an addition t o the Regulation Toast List would naturally
follow. The book in wl~ich the Song occurs is, llowever, dedicated thus :-
A Trbs-Haut, Trirs-Illustre, e t
Trirs-VBnBrable Frirre
LE C H E V A L I E R DE L' * * * * *
G.M.
L).T.L.L.D.I).Y.L.H.S.
54 T r a ~ ~ s a c t i o nosj the Quut uor C'oronati Lodge.
The letters AIGLE rather forca theniselves forward as candidates for the places
marked by the five asterisks, and, assuming, as seems but natural, that the Dedica-
tion is to a real personage, then we are forced to admit tlie existence of an individiral
whose mrcrne a n d title were Le C'ile~yulirrcle LJALigle,and this certainly lends colour
to Bro. Songhurst's contention t h a t the referenoe in t h e Song is not to a Masonic
Degree but to a highly respected Brother. There is a town called Laigle in France,
and a t p. 62 of Madame Waddington's deeply interesting J f y W a r D i a r y , recently
published, she tells us t h a t : ' I n t h e eleventh century there was a fine ch8teau-fort
' built by the first Marquis de Laigle.' Our nian might have been of this family-
but of what was he G(rand) M(aitre) in l?&l Bro. Dring takes t h e view t h a t the
reference in t h e Song is. to the " Hot.el or I n n where the Brethren met," and that
the meaning of the last two lines is simply :-
A t the Knight of the Eagle Hotel i t is the custon~to drink in Bumpers
filled to t h e brim,
the Hotel being presumably named after tlie illustrious personage t o whom the
I#ook is dedicated. Bro. Songhurst's explanation seems preferable to Bro.
Dring's, but I consider my own to be the hest of the three, for there is no certainty
t h a t L' * * * * * is really L'AIGLE. The Book and its Author (Mr. N * * *), the a
Dedication, the Song and its Author (Le FrBre AmBricain), are all exceedingly
interesting, and the subject should repay further research. It may be pointed
out t h a t the titles ' TrBs-Haut ' and ' Trks-Illustre ' are additional indications that
Ecossois or other ' High ' Grades (possibly, as Bro. Songliurst has suggested,
those which developed into the Strict Observance) were already at work and
recognised in 1742.
The view that the reference in tlie Song by Le ETri.rr Arr~Pricain is to the
Masonic Degree of Chevalier de l'Aigle is, I think, confirmed by the version of
the same Song - in the scarce K e c l t r ~ l clr C'hatlsotts rlrr I.'raucs-~lfc~~ons.V e r s ,
Uiscorcrs, Keylett~(,tzts, e f c . ;l ~lgt~tetzf L dt. ~11cc~ieto.s pieces plri n'ont point ez/coi.i
yarii. L a ,Jftrsiyue r~tiaesctr lu Clrf Zt!~lietr,zetruec lu Uusse. Qu~ctriZttze,k?:'Jilion.
d dr~rsterdaiiz. Chiz lu 1-euce J e u n l J ~ o n ( . o iJs o l l y . MMDCCLXII ( s i c ) . ( 1 7 6 2 ) :-
Ajoutons & cette r&gle
Un point qui nous plaira fort
C'est qu-aux Chevaliers de 1'Aigle
Nous buvions un rouge bord
Maitre venerable etc.
The plural ' qu'aux Chevaliers de 1'Aigle ' does not fit either Bro. Songhurst's
tl~eoryor t h a t of Bro. Dring.
Bro. Edward Arniitage's valuable suggestion that the names of those who
conferred and those who received the Scots Degrees a t London, Bath, and Salisbury
should be carefully examined, with a. view to discovering if any of them were
known t o be Jacobites, shall receive immediate attention. The Brother who acted
as ' Scots Senior Warden ' a t Bath on the 28th October, 1735, David Threipland,
Esq., was not a rrlernber b u t n vi\itor a t the Lodge where t h e Degrees were con-
ferred. I n 1736 he was a inember of the Lodge at the Bear a d Harrow, Butchers
Row, and I believe ?hat I have identified him with the David Threipland who
joined Prince Charles Edward's Expedition of 1745, and whose rash but lieroi;
conduct after the Battle of Gladsmuir (Prestonpans) c3>t him his life, and makes
one of the most thrilling stories of tlie '45. The adventure is related in all t h e
l~istoriesof the rebellion, and suggested one of the inciilents in Sir Walter Scott's
Waverley. Threipland was the eldest son of Sir David Threipland, Bart., of
Flngask, in Perthshire, whose family was devoted to the Stuart Cause, for wh;ch
tliree successive Baroriets of Fingask fought David's younger brother, Stuart
(afterwards Sir Stuart), was an intinlate friend of Andrew Lumisden, Secretary to
both the Pretenders, whose loilg exil.: after Culloden he shared. That Stuart
adherents, travelling in the interests of tlie Cause they 11ad so much at heart, were
able to combine Jacobite wit11 Masonic business, is likely enough, but the explana-
tion is doubtless that wliicll lias been suggested by Bro. Arniitage
I n reply to the W.M., a footnote concerning tlle Templar Movement :that
which developed into the Strict Observance) has been added to the Addendum,
but this subject calls for further treattrent on some future occasion. There seems
reason to believe t h a t originn77?/ it t;.r1.~ Jncohitr but rrVosnot Masonic, while loter
it ceased to be Jacobite and becanle Masmic. This is the ' exception ' to which
reference was made above.
That the Discussion has greatly increased our knowledge of an interesting
subject, all will readily agree, and for myself the Paper has been tlle occasion of
a most charming experience.
FRIDAY, 7th MARCH, 1919.
Also the follolving visitors :-Bros. J a m e s Grunay, of t h e Eleanor Lodge No. 1707 ;
C: H. Perry, J.W., Sanctuary L 7 d g ~No. 3051; H . Rush, of t h c n o r o l ~ g hPolytechnic
Lodge No. 3340; P . C. J . Wood, >Taster of the Florenre Nightingale Lodgc No. 706;
G. F. Ely, of S t . Mary Abbott's Lcclge No. 1974; Thos. Chetnin, of t h e Temperance in
t h e E a s t Lodge No. 898; Clifford J. W. Hoster, of t h e Favage Club Lodgc No. 2190;
and S. A. Rosxelski, of the \lTaller Itodnell IT'right Lodge. No. 2i.S-T
Letters of apology for absence 1T-rr.r reported fro111 Bros. F . J . TV. Crowe,
P.A.G.D.C., P.31. ; J o h n T. Thorp. P.G.D., P.3[. ; Cwil Pon-ell. P.G.D., P . J f . ;
H. F. Twiss; E d n a r d Concler, P.M. ; \V. H . Rylands. P.A.G.I).('., P.?tl.; \Vm. F a t s o n ;
E d ~ v a r dMacbean, P . M . ; S . T. Tilein. P.31. ; F. H. Goldnry. P . G . l ) . .P.3f. ; G . G~.ciner,
P.A.G.D.C., P.31. ; J . E. S . T u r k e t t ; and R . H. B a s t : ~ ~ ~ .
of tlrc, Cor-
One Lodge ancl thirty-one Brethren n-n.e ar1mittt.d to 11icrn1)c~rslri~)
respondence Circle.
The SECRETARY
read t h e follo~vingpaper by Bro. 8 . T. T<T,EIN: -
VESTlGES OF THE CRAFT IN SPAIN.
BT 3x0. SJ-DrlTKP T. K L G Z S , P.111.
I have been unable to get information respecting these designs, but they
are interesting in connection with a pulpit in a neighbouring Church.
The following are tlie Masons' marks found on stones inside and outside of
the Cathedral.
7 7 7 , Outside :-
San Lesmes was a Frenchman, born early in the eleventh century of noble
parents a t Loudun in France, north of Poitiers. H e was first a soldier, but, having
come across an old AbbB, he was converted from a soldier into a penitent, made a
pilgrimage t o Rome, and finally joined the ranks of t h e Benedictines, and came to
Spain. H e was summoned to the Court a t Toledo by Dona Constancia de Borgona,
also a native of France and t h e wife of Alfonso V I . , King of Castile and Leon.
H e seems to have been in great favour a t Toledo, and from there h e came to
. Rurgos, and by influence of the Queen was not only p u t in charge of the Hermitage
Chapel, b u t also became Abbot of t h e Benedictines a t t h e Monastery which stood
in front of the chapel, and which is now called t h e hospital and prison of San Juan.
I
1 1 A.D. 1085 Alfonso V I . endowed t h e Monastery with a large income, b u t
in A.D. 1091, in recognition of the great benefits, both temporal and spiritual, which
San Lesmes had brought to the town, he made over tlle whole property to the
Hermitage Chapel, dedicated t o San J u a n Evangelista, whicll had been given in
charge to San Lesmes a t tlle instance of Dona Constancia some ten or fifteen years
before.
The renown of San Lesnles had spread throt~ghoutall t.he country round,
and it was a t this time that his ?lame of ~ d e l e l m owas changed into S a n ~ i s m e by
s
the pilgrims who flocked to his services i n vast numbers. San Lesmes died on
January 30th, 1097, and a t his'special request was buried in the centre of the nave
of his Church of San J u a n . His renown for sanctity and miracle working was so
great that his tomb became a centre for: pilgrimages for many centuries afterwards,
and in A.D. 1380, when Don J u a n I. was reigning over Castile, t h e old Church or
Hermitage Chapel of San J u a n was pulled down and'the present Church was built
up in honour of San Lesmes. The present Chcrch has three naves, and his tomb
was carefully preserved and placedin t h e centre nave on t h e spot where it had
stood in the Hermitage Chapel. The crowds visiting his tomb, especially on Feast
days, were so great t h a t 3, iarge doorway was opened in the side of t h e Church,
opposite the main entrance, so that tlle procession of pilgrims could enter a t one
cloor and depart by another after visiting the tomb. This door has since been
ual!ed up, but the outline of the doorway still bea'rs witness to the wonderful
glamour which for centuries continued t o be associated with San Lesmes.
I n the Church of San Lesmes stands a remarkable relic from the original
building in an old stone pulpit of which I am glad to say I succeeded in taking a
photograph, and whicll I give in Fig. 2.
On the centre shield will be seen a large Mason's square and pair of
compasses, and on either side is a Latin inscription:-
S u n Tlestnes :-
same area as the original Mosque. The Giralda Tower then received its present
upper structure.
The following are the Masons' marks :-
Seville Cathedral :-
Fig. 3.
On large stones of t h e unfinished Palace of Charles V. in the Alhambra I
found t h e following Masons' marks:-
Vestiges of the Craft in Spain. 63
VALENCIA
DEL CID, as i t is called, is on the River Turia.
The Cathedral was commenced in 1262 and t h e Gothic octagonal Tower called
E l Miguelete was built in 1381. The Masons' marks on stones of the Cathedral
?re deeply cut and from two to three inches high. On the Tower E l Miguelete t h e
Masons' marks were still larger, and very numerous, mostly of two forms, an
equilateral triangle and a rhombus :-
Most of the Stones had each a perfect equilateral triangle of three to four
inches high and deeply cut, and these could be seen fifty feet u p the Tower,
there were so many that they could not have been t h e work of one Mason, and it,
would appear that either a contractor employed a number of Masons to work for
him, or, what I think more probable, there was a Society of Masons, working under
some form of co-operation, who used as their mark the symbol of t h e Logos, the
" Maker of all things." Other Masons' marks on outside of Cathedral -
were t l ~ a
following :-
~
I'alencia Cathedral :-
I also collected the following marks from an interesting old Church built
A.D. 1400:-
S a n Martin:-
TARRAGONA. This is probably the most interesting City in Spain for Roman
remains and early Gothic architecture.
T h e C a t l ~ e d m lwas built A . D . 1089-1131.
Z n v i d ~on the main round pillars were the following nine Masons' marks,
six inches to nine inches high, very deeply cut, one visible on almost every stone,
right up to the capitals, quite disfiguring them:-
S
*
Many of the above marks were cut a quarter-of-an-inch deep and appeared
on stones with Roman inscriptions placed upside down.
I n Fig. 4 I give a photograph of a curious and mysterious little Churcl~
called S a n Pnblo, which has been preserved and is now enclosed in a court of the,
new Seminario; i t is built up all round by other buildings; only the front being
left free, with a pillar on either side. I t s dimensions inside are 26 feet by 13 feet
and 13 feet high, the ceiling is arched t o two centres dividing i t into a perfect
double cube, ahd, to complete the mystery, we see placed over the altar close to
nobody knows its age, b u t I have been able, I think, to determine the age of the
Fig. 2. Stone Pulpit in Church of
San Lesmes, Burgos.
Fig. 4. Tarragona. Doorway of Church of
San Pablo.
Fig. 5. Tarragona. Doorway in City Wall.
Fig. 6. Tarragona. The City Wall
T'rsfi9r.c o f tlrr C r o f t in , C l ~ i n . 65
doorway from the three Masons' marks found on the facade, though the pillars on
either side may be much older. They are the following :-
r-vl
There were a number of
U
U
The beautiful doorway Puerta Santa Eulalia was evidently only two men's
Insicle :-
Inside :-
W oB
The Bell Tower.-Inside the winding staircase on concave surfaces were:-
and on the large stone slabs on floor of upper storey of tower were also the numerals
in wlace of Masons' marks. but the stones were not
our wonder and admiration those marvellous architectural works which, as stated in
our oldest manuscripts, must ever place Masonry a t the head of all the Sciences.
HILLSsaid :-
Bro. GORDON
I have much pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to Bro. Klein for the
interesting paper we have just heard. We much regret that he could not be here
to read i t himself, b u t we may congratulate him and ourselves too t h a t it lost
nothing in the reading in the hands of our worthy Secretary, to whom our thanks
are also due for his usual kind offices in reading the paper in our Brother's absence.
The paper is not one t h a t easily lends itself to criticism; it introduces us
to a country with a history of many races and arts of the full significance of
which, as regards our special researches, we have yet very much to learn. In
this present contribution we have, above all, a valuable addition to the many
illustrations of Masons Marks and other kindred methods of identification con-
tained in our Transactions. From t h e cursory glance I have had a t the original
paper t h e marks appear to be of t h e character usual elsewhere, and some of them
have been published in Mr. Street's well-known Accotsnt of Gothic Architecture
in Spain, so long the standard book on t h a t subject. Many of these marks, dating
back to the earliest times, are t o be found persistently i n use down to the present
day, and of this I am able to give an interesting illustration in a series of modern
Masons' banker marks, which was given me by the late Bro. John Allan, Clerk of
Works a t Lincoln Cathedral, who had collected them from those in use on works
there and elsewhere which had come under his suverintendence. 1 take the
present opportunity to ask Bro. Songhurst to publish this collection in the d r s
Qetatuor C'oronatorum, so that they may be available for comparison with those in
this caper.
The use of marks resemblinc " Arabic numerals seems easilv explained in
d A
Spain, where t h a t system of notation might be well known through those who
would probably be its earliest practitioners in Europe. There would not necessarily
be any idea of numeration attached t o the numbers employed as Masons' marks;
they would be used simply as a welcome variation from other marks already in
use and which the user did not want his mark to be coiifused with.
Bro. Gould, in his.JZisiory, calls attention to t h e U mark mentioned by
Bro. Klein, and says t h a t it is of frequent occurrence in Spain. It resembles a
Hindu caste symboi, and appears as a-mark on stone a t 1spahan.
With regard to the dates which Bro. Klein assigns to various buildings, I
would venture a word of warning as to generalizations with regard to work which
has ~ a s s e dthrough so many changes and re-buildings. When one attempts to
attach definite dates to special portions of the buildings, and to draw inferences
from marks which are common t o so many periods, one can only safely do so
backed by a very intimate knowledge of the structure and its history.
I do not gather t h a t there is any very sure foundation for connecting the
pulpit which Bro. Klein mentions a t the Church of San Lesmes with the Saint of
that name, and I altogether doubt the special application of t h e text from the
Psalms to t h e Saint's own particular history-its application being so usual and
general to all as " strangers and pilgrims on t.he earth " desiring " a better
country, t h a t is, an heavenly," of which our Brother himself, a s we know from
his writings, has perhaps almost caught a glimpse from his Tt'crfch Tower of
Spiritwll Discernment. The emblems on the stairs and pulpit suggest t h a t these
works were the gift of some local guild of artificers. W e have ascribed to this
venerated Saint and local benefactor not only the patronage and promotion of many
important works of building, b u t also, as so often occurs in similar cases, he is
claimed as actually designing and carrying out the improvements; but i t is doubt-
ful whether his share was really so intimate as is suggested by Bro. Klein's
informants-whether Saint Adelelmo really did more than initiate the projects
which pass under his name. I n so niany similar cases mistaken ideas as to t h e
actual parts t h a t promoters of great works have played have credited then1 with
shares i n t h e design and execution for which there is no real foundation.
The identification of Adelelmo and S t . Lesmes with S t . Elmo, t h e well-
known patron Saint of Sailors launches us into a series of confused identities, and
notwithstanding what is probably t h e popular idea on the spot, I think i t is
exceedingly doubtful if they are the same individual. I do not find t h a t Adelelmo
i3 a Canonized Saint, which probably starts tlie confusioli with others who have
been generally commemorated in the calendar. One can see how t h e name
ildulrltt~omight easily be shortened to that of S t . h'ltno, yet t h e alternative L e a n ~ e s
seems very unlike tlie original and much more suggests t h e name of another S a i n t
S t . Erastnus-who is usually identified with S t Elnlo. This Saint was a bishop
martyred in Italy in t h e persecutions under Diocletian, and, as S t . Elmo, is
famous on t h e shores of t h e Mediterranean, in Calabria, Sicily, and Spain, as t h e
protector of mariners against storms and tempests; a taper in his hand or on liis
head distinguishes his representations and refers to tlie lights which play about the
rigging and t o which his name has been given. This Saint, commeniorated in the
calendar on J u n e 2nd, was done to death by a particularly cruel method of dis-
en?bowelment, which led to his being invoked in affections of particular parts of
the human frame, as a n old writer tersely puts i t : " Erasmus heales the collike
and t h e griping of t h e guttes." T h a t b u i forefathers in medireval times were
no more immune from such maladies t h a n their descendants we mav deduce froill
t h e fact t h a t St. Erasmus seems t o have been quite a popular s a i n t - i n those days,
and his effigy appeared in many of our parish churches The tradition a t Burgos,
i t would appear, has confused t h e well-known local benefactor and the more widely
renowned Sailors' Saint; but this does not exhaust t h e confusion about the latter.
Another Saint arose in Spain, who is also claimed as S t . Elmo, Patron of
Mariners,-St. Peter Gonzales, a Dominican,-wlio flourished froni 1190-1246.
This Saint acconlpanied Ferdinand 111. in his campaigns against the Moors, and
is invoked against storms, he having by his prayers averted a tempest with thunder
and lightning which threatened a con,aregation to which he was preaching in the
open. H e was also specially distinguished by his ministrations to sailors, not only
on shore, b u t seeking to benefit them by visiting then1 in their vessels. This
Spanish Saint, commemorated on April 15t11, like the earlier S t . Erasmus, might
a150 as S t . Elnlo be confused with the local Saint of Burgos.
This series of Masons' Marks was given to Bro Gordon Hills by the late
Bro. J o h n Allan, then Clerk of Works a t Lincoln Cathedral, in October, 1913.
T h e nlarks were examples only of many which had been recorded by Masons
eniployed on works in various parts of England under his superintendence. H e
wrote: " You will notice t h a t there are no curved lines, all straight, and every
line made by two strokes of the chisel and mallet, that is understood by the Work-
men." The numbers attached to t h e marks refer to the information Bro Allan
noted as to the names and peculiarities of some of the makers of the marks, as
follows : -
1. T. Thompson. Fred Robey.
2. Andrew Vail. Crosthwaite-a northern inan.
3. Andrew Cross. King-a 'left-handed mason.
4. Bolt. Block-a German.
5 . H a r r y Harrison. Fred Frost.
6. Nobel-a Swede. John Hand.
7. Farr-a left-handed mason. Jenaey-a Frenchman.
8. Quayle. Andrew Penney.
bro. J . E . S. TUCKETT~ r r i t e . s : -
Some years ago, when the subject of Masons' Marks first began t o attract
the attention of ~ t u d e i i t s ,great hopes were entertained t h a t very important results
would follow from a careful exan~iilation and comparison of the examples t o b e
found in such profusion in various parts of our own and other countries. A large
number of Marks have been collected and reproduced in the pages of o u r Trcolsac-
tions, and elsewhere, but practically nothing further has been done. I n his con-
cluding paragraph, Bro. Klein has indicated several ways in which these Marks
illay be found valuable as a source of information about t h e Craftsnien who left
them as records upon their handiwork, and i t does certainly seem due t o t h e
possible importance of the subject t h a t soine competeilt and painstaking student
with sufficient leisure time sliould devote himself to it. It would be very interesting
indeed if such an enquiry were t o lead t o t h e discovery t h a t some definite system
was followed in making the choice of a Mark. and t h a t the Marks themselves
possess a Symbolic nleaning, besides sinlply servinq as identification signs.
I n t h e Crcyillcc clel Cio,i(lruttrhlr j i l t h e Cathedral a t Burgos near by t h e
Tombs there is (or was) preserved a n imposing Column of Jasper of immense
mass. The guide books assert t h a t nothing is known about the origin or purpose
of this great nlonolith Does Bro. Klein attach any Masoilic importance t o this
relic ?
70 Trar~sactiot~s
of the uat ilor C o r o ~ ~ aLodge.
ti
The mention of tha Convent of La, Huelgao reminds one of the immense
importance formerly attac~lingto this institution, as is shown by the overwhelming
catalogue of titles and dignities enjoyed by the Lady Abbess and the immense
powers she possessed, including lordship over numerous separate religious houses,
thirteen towns, and upwards of fifty villages, con jurisdiction ontnimoda, privativa,
ciiaai Episcoyul, ntdZzus Ulocesis. The word Huelga means ' rest,' ' relaxation,'
' repose,' and the Convent is ewcted upon the site of a ChBteau-de-Plaisance where
the ancient Kings of Castile were wont to refresh themselves after the toils of war
and t h e tribulations of government. The Convent was founded by Alfonso V I I I .
in expiation of those particular sins which h e supposed had called down upon him
the Divine displeasure which showed itself in the defeat a t Alarcos, near Badajoz,
i 1195. His Queen Elednor joined him in tlie pious work which is supposed to
have averted God's wrath and secured t h e victory of Las Navas to the Christian
Arms in 1212.
The occurrence of Masons' Marks is perhaps not so very significant, for i t
must always be remembered that these may after all be no more than tallj-marks
or recognition signs. B u t to have found groups of Working Tools and Emblems,
such as Bro. Klein describes, is another matter, and I think t h a t our Brother
would have been fully justified had he used a stronger term than ' Vestiges ' when
selecting a title for his very interesting paper.
One of the most striking ' finds ' is t h a t remarkable building in the Moorish
quarter of t h e ancient town of Granada, which Bro. Klein tells us is known as
the Casa de: Los Tiros. The Spanish word Tiro has many meanings not all of
them very closely allied. One meaning is ' trickery ' or ' imposition ' : another is
' trial ' : and another is the one given by Bro. Klein ' mystery.' Now i t is, I
believe, a fact t h a t Orientals to this day are wont to describe a Masonio Lodge by
phrases which translated convey ona or other of these meanings, and they some-
times go a little further and speak of i t as the ' House of t h e Devil,' which may
ba taken to be a combination of the first and third. The Casa d e Los Tiros, now
the property of the Grimaldi family, formerly belonged to the Architect of the
Alhambra, and was presumably asrd by t h a t eminent personage, but not as a
d?uelli?~gplace-for, as Bro. Klein remarks, he lived in the ' Generalife ' hard by
the Palace. The Elilblems on t h e front of the building are very suggestive, and
CO also is its traditional name. I t seems quite probable that the Casa de Los Tiros
was originally the meeting-place of a Building Corporation or Society of Masons
like to t h a t one a t Valencia del Cid, which employed t h e Logos Emblem as its
corporate Mark. And does it not seem t h a t we have here very distinct vestiges
of a Speculative Symbolism accompanying the Operative A r t ? The curious and
mysterious little Church of San Pablo, a t Tarragona, may be another example,
but Bro. Klein apparently considers a Gnostic origin more likely.
W e are greatly indebted to Bro. Klein for a most valuable and instructive
and a t the same time deeply interesting account of his discoveries in a region
where few if any Masonic students ha,ve previously laboured.
San forms no part of the name; and t h e same may be said of Adel, which latter
means noble: i t is the same as t h e prefixes Athel and Ethel of our English Saxon
Kings. Adel is likewise used in German names of the earlier Christian period.
Thus you have the name Elmo, hence " S t . Elmo's lights." The name of L a m e s
is probably a local variant of the name; the term San was probably first used, as
suggested by Bro. Klein, and afterwards approved by t h e Romish Church.
Possibly Elmo discarded the prefix of Adel.
Can Bro. Klein give the date of the Golden Staircase a t Burgos Cathedral?
I t follows that i t is of a much earlier period than t h e ' Puerta de la Pellegeria.'
The West front of the Cathedral I find given as being between 1456-87, and t h e
Central tower as nearly 100 years later.
The lecturer says, " Seville Cathedral took over 100 years to build." Can
the time be fairly reckoned? It is often stated t h e mediaeval cathedrals took
100, 200, or even 300 years t o build; but t h e truth is that, in t h e first place, five
to ten years, in some cases even a gsser time, saw the whole work begun and
finished. Yet scarcelv was this done. when an extension was desired., a ~ o r t i o nof
A
the former building was pulled down, and something quite different built or com-
menced. This happened time after time; works also were stopped for various
causes, and the ~ e r i o dof stoppage and re-building was counted in as t h e period
of the actual building. The recent war has given us an instance of this in t h e
cases of the London County Hall and Southwark Bridge; two only of thousands
of cases. Cologne Cathedral was commenced 1248 A.D., and the choir dedicated
1322 A . D . ; i t so remained for over 500 years, even falling into decay, and has
only been completed in our time. B u t during the 74 years was steady progress
made? I doubt it. The t r u t h is, we rarely have sufficient data t o give facts.
Anyway, Seville Cathedral, owing to its immense size, must have taken a con-
siderable time for its erection, and I believe more rapid progress was made in the
thirteenth oentury than in t h e fifteenth.
It might be noted t h a t Valencia Cathedral has a splendid rose window,
the tracery of which within t h e circle is formed by two intersecting equilateral
triangles, the points of which touch the circle, thus forming a hexagon in t h e
centre, surrounded by six smaller equilateral triangles. The equilateral triangle
played an important part in middle Gothic work.
A n interesting point as t.o Gerona Cathedral is mentioned by M. Viollet le
Duc in his Dictionnuire misonne' de Z'architrct?rrr Frccn~ai.~e d~cI l e nqc 16' sieclr,
t. I., p. 112. It relates t o t h e employment of a French architect thereon, and
is extracted from a Latin register " ab anno 1320 ad 1322." I give t h e French
translation of the extract :-
Le chapitre de la cathedrale de GBrone se decide, en 1312, a remplacer
la vielle Bglise romane par une nouvelle, plus grande e t plus digne.
Les travaux ne commenoent pas immhdiatement, e t l'on nomme les
administrateurs d I'ceuvre (obreros), Raymond de Vilaric e t Arnauld
de Montredon. E n 1316, les travaux, sont en activith, e t l'on voit
apparaitre, en fevrier 1320, sur les registres capitulaires, un architecte
design6 sous le noin de maitre Henry de Narbonne. Maitre Henry
'meurt, e t sa place est occup6e par un autre architecte son compatriote,
nomm6 Jacques de Favariis; celui ci s'engage a venir de Narbonne
six fois l'an, et le chapitre lui assure un traitement de deux cent
' cinquante sous par trimestre.
It is mentioned t h a t a woman was then paid a day's wage of " a denier," or one
twelfth of a sou.
Bro. Klein refers to certain marks in the cloisters of Barcelona Cathedral
as " shoes." I t might be noted t h a t J . T. Perry, in his Chronology of Mrdiaval
and R~n~nissance Architectlrrr, published 1893, illustrates some Masons' Marks
from t h e N.W. Fortal of Rheims Cathedral, wlticll might also be considered as
" shoes " or " key-holes."
Major Alfred Ralph Nethersole, I.S.C., of Egmore, Madras, who was lost
in the S.S. " Persia " in 1916. Bro. Nethersole was a P.M. of the Lodge of
Perfect Unanimity No. 150, and a member of the School of Plato Chapter No. 150.
.
He joined our Correspondence Circle in March, 1897.
Jarnes Speedy, of London, who was killed in action in 1918. Rro. Speedy
was a lrenlber of the Strand Lodge No. 1987. He joined, our Correspondenc2
Circle in J u n e , 1912.
A resolution of sympathy with the family of the late Bro. Lieut.-Colonel Sisson
Cooper Pratt was unanimously passed. The W.M. said:-
It is with much regret t h a t I have to announce t h e death of a member of
t h e Lodge, o u r Bro. Lieut.-Col. Sisson Cooper P r a t t , which occurred on April
t h e l o t h ultimo.
Lately we had to mourn a distinguished Sailor; now a member of t h e
Sister Service has passed away, a n d it is a loss which n o t only makes a breach i n
our roll of members and P a s t Masters, b u t one which n o substitute can possibly
fill u p i n t h e fast diminishing list of t h e founders who still remain.
Sisson Cooper P r a t t was born i n 1844, a n d followed t h e traditions of his
family when h e chose t h e A r m y for his profession. H i s f a t h e r held a n honourable
record as a soldier, serving i n staff appointments, a s well as holding command on
active service, and set a further example, which t h e son also emulated, i n being
a member of the Craft.
It was i n J u n e , 1863, t h a t o u r Brother obtained his commission i n the Royal
Artillery. H e soon saw active service i n India, i n t h e Bhootan Campaign of
1864-65, a series of operations, carried o u t i n t h e Himalayas to the B a s t of
I
78 Tru/~suctionsof the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
Darjeeling, where the mountainous country, covered with dense forests, gave the
enemy many advantages and made.the movement of our own troops, and especi;l!ly
the artillery, proportionately difficult. T ~ young Q officer took part and distin-
guished himself in the storming of Fort Dalincote, actions a t Chumurchi and
Nagoo, and in t h e re-capture of the Bala Pass. Appointed assistant Field
Engineer to the L,eft Brigade Dooar Field Force, he was three times mentioned
in despatches, and received the Medal and clasp. During 1867-68 h e served as
Staff Officer t o the South-Western District, and in 1871 was awarded t h e Gold
Medal of the Royal Artillsry Institution. He passed through the Staff College
in 1873, and in after years held t h e appointment of Instructor in Tactics and
Professor of Military History a t the Royal Milit.ary College.
Col. P r a t t was t h e author of many works dealing with t h e history and a r t
of his profession, amongst which may be mentioned:-Field Artillery, its
organization & Tactics; Military Law, its procedure and practice; Pricis of the
Pranco-German War'; Notes on Field Artillery; The Strategic Defence ~f Egypt;
The Egyptian Campaign of 1801; and Notes on ~ViZitaryHistory. T h e bigh
estimation in which he was held as an authority in his own special branch of the
service may be judged from the fact t h a t his work on Field Artillery was selected
as the $ext book for instruction a t the U.S.A. Military Academy a t West Point.
Our Brother was initiated in London in t h e Bayard Lodge No. 1615 in 1876,
and became a joining member of t h e Kaiser-i-Hind Lodge No. 1724 and the
Moira Lodge No. 92, and in 1886 was one of the founders of the Quatuor Coronati
Lodge. It was in 1889-90 t h a t Bqo. P r a t t occupi'ed the Chair of this Lodge, and
his memory will be handed down in our Transactions by his inaugural address and
the notes of his career contributed by Bro. W . Simpson on that occasion, as well
as by the portrait which prefaces our third volume. His contributions to the
Ars Quatuor C o r o m t o r ~ ~appear
m t o be limited to some notes in preface to Mrs.
Murray-Aynsley's paper on the Svastika, in Volume IV., and t o a short paper on
the same subject which also appeared in t h a t volume.
A vote of cone;ratulation was passed to the following members of the C.C. who
received honours a t the recent Fe~~iva.1 of Grand Lodge:-Bros. Richard Gill, Senior
Grand Deacon; Major W. J. Freer, J. Margetson, and Harold Sington, Junior Grand
Dpacons; G. R. Saunders, T. Gill M'illiams, and Algernon Rose, A3s.G.D.C.; H. A.
Badman and J. C. Finlayson, Ass.G.St.B.; and H. W. Hunt, Grand Organist.
Bro. Sir Alfred Robbins was proposed as a joining member of the Lodge.
was very young when I first showed a great desire for mystery,
and I read with 'delight Quintin ;lIatsys the Blacksmith of
Antwerp, by Pierce Egan.
The many duels and adventures of t h e hero appealed to
all boys, but the appearances and disappearances of Frank
Merit, who always turned u p to befriend t h e injured and
oppressed in general, and t h e hero in particular, strongly
appealed to me, and i n due course t h e strange doings of the
Pehm-Gerichte were unfolded, and there was given a detailed description of the
mysterious council of thk dreaded society of ahich Frank Merit appeared to be
- chief of the active workers.
I read nearly all the works of Sir Walter Scott, and found in t h e pages of
Anne of Geierstein many references to the great secret society. Charlemagne,
according to the traditions of Westphalia, was the founder of the Vehmic Tribunals,
and it is acknowledged that, in a truly barbarous age and country, their prooeed-
ings were not without utility. There were singular and mystic forms of initiation,
the uss of signs shd s y m b ~ l sof recognition. The society probably had its uses,
but the whole system passed away into the ordinary machinery of the law.
The meetings were held i.1 t h e open air, b u t such precautions were taken
that none of t h e many thousands of members were found-to publish t h e secrets
and not meet with a sudden and dreadful punishment.
I n my early days 1 heard of ~ r e e m ~ s o n r and
y , great was my delight when
the publication was announoed of Amy Lawrence, the Freemason's Dnzcghter,
thro@h which I expected to obtaln much information of this secret society.
The author was F. J. Smith, whose novels Mimnkgrey and Il'oman and her
Master had largely increased the circulation of a popular weekly called t h e London
Journal, some of the illustrations being by t h e then unknown John Gilbert.
Smith afterwards assisted t h a t wonderful man1 John Cassell in starting
Cassell's Family Paper, in which he wrote French Hay, or Lost and Found; The
Soldier of Fortune, a Tale of the W a r (Russian), and Dick Tarleton or Lessons
o j Life.
The book opens with an introduction to t h e firm of Grindem and Small, a
Manchester firm, and their staff, aomprising Henry Beecham, t h e nephew and
heir of the senior partner, three sons of t h e junior partner named by their pious
parents Matthew, Mark, and James, a young man named Richard Lawrence, and
an old clerk, good aud faithful while a t work, b u t given to too d u c h drink in his
leisure hours, Gridley.
The latter, it soon appears, has some hold over t h e senior partner, who
pardons t h e drunkenness and erratic habits of t h e old clerk.
Richard Lawrence is dying of consumption; a disease very prevalent in t h e
early part of the nineteenth century, and we find Henry Beecham a frequent
visitor a t the house of Mrs. Lawrence, t h e widow of a Freemason; t h e ostensible
reason for these visits being the friendly feeling between t h e $bung men, b u t it is
evident t h a t the young and lovely sister of Richard is a great attraction.
One evening Beecham and Gridley meet a t the Lawrence's, and on going
home together discover t h a t both are Masons.
AS t h e plot develops, Gridley has a bad attack, t h e result. of drink, and his
rascally employer gets him into. a private asylum, from which he, Gridley, sends a
note written in a secret code to t h e Secretary of his Lodge.
Transactions of the Qu,atuor Coronati Lodge.
The note Gridley gave to a child of his landlady, who frequently came to
see him, and the child gave the note to her mother, who asked the local postman,
when lie called, if he could make o u t the address on t h e envelope.
Fortunately the postman was the Tyler of t h e local Lodge, and he a t once
undertook to see that the letter was safely delivered.
The Secretary communicated with some of t h e promient members of the
Lodge, and it was decided t o send a dseputation to the asylum to enquire into the
batter.
Two gentlemen well known in Manchester went, and were received by Mr.
Crabb, the proprietor of the asylum, and after some delay were conducted to
Gridley, whom they found in a state of frenzy brought about by a drug administered
by Dr. Chinnon, a French doctor, who assisted t h e scoundrel who ran the asylum
in all his dark deeds.
Mr. Mordaunt noticed on the mouth of Gridley t h e presence of some drug,
which he wiped off with his handkerchief with t h e intention of submitting it' to a
friend who was an analyst of great experience.
Grindem, to remove his nephew Beecham from the chance of marrying
Amy Lawrence, has sent him on a business errand to Russia.
On page 127, Mordaunt, hearing of t h e death of Gridley, uses his friend-
ship ~ i t ha Masonic friend in a high position in the county to obtain an enquiry
into the death of Gridley, who had been buried on a csrtificate given by tbe
asylum doctor, who, on receiving a substantial sum from Crab, had left the country.
Eefore the enquiry had been made, Crab committed suicide.
A false report came from Russia t h a t Beecham was married, and reliable
information t h a t owing to some informality in the transactions of the firm brought
about by t h e junior partner, Small, Beecham could not leave Russia.
His great Masonic friend, William Bowles, agrees to go to St. Petersburg
to find out t h e real facts, and obtain his release.
A t a great reception the friends meet a Mason known to them in Manchester,
and he introduces tliem eventually to the leaders a t Court, who were friends to the
Masons.
The Emperor, said to be a Mason, as was his father, took much interest
in the young Englishme~, and by his instructions t h e shady transactions of a
Russian firm were exposed, and Beechani was free to leave Russia. It is not
clear how much of the plot is concocted by the firm + in question or by the junior
partner of t h e firm of Grindem and Small in England.
There is a sensational story of a Lodge being raided by t h e police and an
escape of the members through a secrat passage to a chamber in which the Lodge
meeting is held.
The friends Mordaunt and Bowles, having been recognised by the police,
are in a very awkward position, and are eventually.saved by t h e Ambassador, who
is Pro-Grand Master af England, and lends his carriage to convey tliem to t h e
sea, where they are plsced on board an English ship, and, after a very exciting
chase by a Russian Police steamer, get safely home.
I n t h e mbantime, Amy Lawrence, poor and driven to live by fancy needle-
work, receives an offer of marriage from General Playwell, a rich man, and she,
believing that Hepry -Mordaunt is married in Russia, accepts him, and, spending
the honeymoon in Paris, they pass through some exciting adventures, resulting in
the death of t h e General.
Mordaunt's uncle, Grindem, having died, and Small getting burnt to death
in a fire which he had caused to hide his roguish conduct, Mordaunt comes in for
his uncle's wealth, 'and Amy receives a large sum from her late husband, besides a
large sum which had been kept from her by Grindem, so t h e lovers are a t length
united, and settle down with William Bowles and his wife *toa happy, peaceful
life i n t h e country.
I n the year 1905 Messrs. Chatto and Windus published The Frcemasom, a
novel by L . S. Gibson.
Three Masonic Novels. 81
The latest novel is Love and the Freemason, written by Guy Thorne,
autlloi of the celebrated book When i t was Dark, a work which excited much
discussion a t the time of its publication by those who take strong views of religious
matters.
Mr. Charles Severn, when the story opens, had just returned from a business
visit to Tunis which had occupied some five months, and was met by his faithful
clerk, Grafter, who quiakly informed him of all t h a t had happened during his
absence.
Charles had a brother Christopher, who ha,d married Mildred, t h e daughter
of a deceased officer who had long lived in t h e cathedral town. The father of
theae two young men was deeply interested i n Masonry, and when he died his last
words were " I go from Lybour to Refreshment; so mote it be."
It is soon e v i d e ~ t h a t Charles is madly in love with his brother's wife, and
is ever thinking what a shame it was t h a t such a sweet girl should be married to
his brbther, who was something of 'a dreamer znd a poet, and took too muoh to
drink.
The housekeeper of Charles a t t h e old house, the home of the Severns for
generations, was his late mother's sister, and she took so much interest in the Craft
82 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
t h a t she had read all t h e books on its history, and followed very closely the doings
of the local Lodge and t h e members thereof.
Poetry. mystery, t h e ideal were summed up for her in the word Freemasonry.
To celebrate Charles Severn's return, he gave a dinner party to his brother,
not yet a Mason, and his brother's wife; Dr. Tourtel, the leading doctor in the
place and a past Grand Officer, with his daughter Olga, who intended, if possible,
t~ be Mrs. Charles Severn; t h e Rev. Mr. Uther, and his not very pleasant wife.
The clergymen considered Freemasonry a farce, a body of men holding
responsible positions, who met t o play an elaborate game, surrounded by ridiculous
mystery, t h a t no Romanist can countenance such a movement, and on the Continent
its members did their best to undermine the power of the Papacy.
Dr. Tourtel in a few sentences utterly smashed the clergymen's arguments,
and the conversation drifted to other subjects.
Soon Christophor Severn was initiated, also a friend, Lieut. Menzies.
Some time elapsed; and Mr. Charles Severn received a visit from a seedy
individual who had been a t a University, and through drink had gone down in
the world. H i s visit was to inform Charles Severn that, as proof-readen to a
printing firm of bad repute, he had corrected the proof of a book which professed
to reveal t h e secrets of Freemasonry; and this- unworthy brother, thinking t h a t
C. Severn, t h e author, was Charles, tried to blackmail him. The interview ended
by Charlee purchasing t h e proof and obtaining the name and address of the printer.
Charles a t once travelled to London and tried to induce t h e printer to
deliver the manuscript and in his presence destroy t h e type. The printer refused,
having large advance bookings for t h e work.
Charles then proceeded to call on a Peer of the Realm, stated t p be
Pro-Grand Master, and got a satisfactory answer.
I n t h e description of this interview there is a serious slip, as the great man
is first described as Lord Weymouth and before t h e close of the interview as Lord .
Guernsey.
Some influence was brought t o bear, and t h e printer decided to act as
requested.
Before t h e scamp Omalius left t h e cathedral city he had obtained money
from one Pendricik, a member of the local Lodge. This shady individual insisted
on a meeting of t h e Lodge with a view t o t h e expulsion of Charles Severn.
Some time before these events the leading hotel of t h e place, " The Cups,"
had been bought by a retired officer with a view to benefiting mankind; and,
dying soon after his start, t h e work is continued by his daughter, Muriel, and
Charles, having cooled somewhat in his worship of his brother's wife, falls deeply
in love with Muriel.
J u s t before t h e ~ o d meeting
~ e ihs Masonic Hall was burnt down, a n d it
was decided to hold the meeting in t h e large room a t " T h e Cups" Hotel, and
Muriel determined to hear t h e charges against her lover; so, with the aid of a
curious old man in t h e hotel who would do anything for his mistress, some boards
were cut away behind the musicians' gallery.
Before t h e time fixed for t h e opening of t h e Lodge, Muriel and her factotum
Percy concealed themselves; b u t before the charge against Charles Severn had got
beyond a very exciting stage, Muriel pressed too heavily against t h e loose boards,
and t h e two were precipitated) into the gallery. They were soon seized by the
members, and, after due consideration, it was decided to initiate t h e pair. Muriel
was allowed to leave, b u t Percy, nothing loth, remained and partook of the banquet
a t which on ordinary occasions he would have assisted to serve.
Muriel, now in possession of t h e facts, proceeded to t h e house of Christopher
Severn, whom she found very drunk and furious, having just received a letter from
his much loved b u t neglected wife Mildred, stating t h a t she could stand life with
a drunken poet no longer, and had eloped with his friend Menzies, now Captain.
Muriel succeeded in obtaining t h e manuscript, t h e last proof against Charles,
and Christopher, having admitted t h a t h e was responsible for the whole thing, was
seized with what she believed to be delirium tremens, and just as Christopher
Three Masonic Novels.
-
thrust a pair of scissors into his throat, Charles Severn arrived on t h e scene to
find, Christopher dying and his beloved Muriel injured by t h e violence of his
brother.
Within a month of her husband's suicide Mildred married Menzies, and
the Severns heard very little more of them as the pair went to live in Ceylon.
Dr. Tourtel published a History of Freemasonry, and his charming daughter,
having now no hope of Charles ~ e v e r n ,married the Dean's son.
" The Cups " Hotel was sold to a company. Pendrick, t h e shady solicitor,
who had tried to ruin Charles Severn, went in for a speculation over which he
lost his own and some client's money.
S
We are then carried to Tunis, where Charles and Muriel are just com-
pleting their six months' honeymoon of perfect happiness.
S
It is impossible to believe t h a t so many people in a large town are always
thinking and talking of Freemasonry, and t h e author has made several brethren
to be anything b u t what they should be; so t h a t among all t h e characters only
Dr. Tourtel and Charles S e v e ~ nbehave as gentlemen, some four or five df the
others seem to be constantly taking too much to drink; and, although many details
oi Masonic doings are given, the ordinary reader would not on reading the book
have a very high opinion of t h e Craft or its members.
It is difficultto see with what object t h e book was written; while t h e brethren
would be of opinion that, without reason, injury had been done to their beloved
Scciety .
Bro. H. T. Cart de Lafontaine, M.A., P.G.D., has in his possession a work
published in 1826 entitled Sandoval, or the Fremason, a Spanish tale, by the
author of Don Esteban.
The first volume contains very few references to Freemasonry, but the
troubles which fall on the hero, and the persecution of t h e members of t h e Craft,
are well described by our worthy Brother on pages 24 and 25 of Number Three of
the Masonic Secretaries' J o ~ t r n l ,published in 1918.
I n the wel1,known old play, Tobin's comedy, The Honeymoon, t h e Duke
remarks " Oh t h a t I were in a Freemasons' Lodge, because they have no women
there ! "
It is possible that there may be descriptions of Masonic life i n other books.
I have frequently come across a referenoe to attending a Lodge, or to influence
obtained through knowing a Masbn in an e x a l t d position.
'Many d a y think t h a t I have not completed t h e task I have undertaken. .
I have done my best with somewhat limited leisure, and crave the indulgence of
my Brethren a t the end of forty-three years of active work in the Craft.
HILLSsaid :-
Bro. GORDON
Bro. Lovegrove commenced and ended his paper with a personal reference,
and i t would be strange i f , in welcoming here the voice of so old a friend in
Masonry, something of the same character should not come out in my remarks.
The Quatuor Coronati Lodge recognises in Bro. Lovegrove a representative
of those old and tried supporters of our Correspondence Circle t o whom we owe
so much for their constant and unfailing support, continued as it has been for so
many years-in this particular case since November, 1887; but what gives me
personally especial gratification in being the medium to convey our thanks to Bro.
Lovegrove, is the debt I owe, since nearly twenty-thrw years ago, as my seconder,
he took me by the hand and helped to lead me into the Craft.
As one, then, who is intimate with some of the work t h a t Bro. Lovegrove
has accomplished during his forty-three years of devotion to Masonry, so much of
P4 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
which has been occupied with the constant cares and duties which fall to the 1pt
of those who undertake the burdens which devolve upon Secretaries and
Treasurers in particular, I can fully appreciate t h a t when we add t o these the
responsibilities of a busy professional life and the many outside activities in
wlrich Bro. Lovegrove has engaged, he has not, as he has pointed out, found time
for serious Masonic research.
Ero. Lovegrove's reference t o his early tastea and aspirations must awaken
an echo in the memories of most of us; so many of the instincts which are natural
to children, such as curiosity, love of mystery, the dramatic tendency, are really
root causes amongst the influences which have built up the Craft in its present
t'c:m, and have brought us ourselves into it. Many of us, I daresay, even p l a y d
at teing Freemasons in our childish days.
Here Bro. Lovegrove touches upon a large subject, and in his review of the
three Novels under consideration he brings us t o the fringe of another of wide
rznge, t h e subject of " Freemasonry in Fiction."
The title of the paper disarms any criticism t h a t our Brother has dealt
irladequately with so extensive a topic as " Freemasonry in Fiction," and on this
point I may mention t h a t the question of a paper dealing with it has sometimos
been discussed, but p u t aside bec.ause to do so exhaustively would be so large a
task, and because, as the subject after. all is only fiction, and that of very various
qualities, i t is altogether doubtful if it merits either the labour or the space i t
would need for its accomplishment.
When a novelist sets to work to weave a plot in which Freemasonry plays
a part, the consideration is not t h e good of the Craft, b u t how to achieve a new
and startling situation. The references to Freemasonry vary very much in value
according to the knowledge of the writer; in fact, t h e more the novelist really
knows, the less likely is it that information will transpire, and if one attempts to
deal with matter from a Masonic point of view, 'one is quickly met by the
danger of touching on matters which must not be committed t o print as will be
the case with some of t h e remarks I am about to make. A hundred years hence W
an incident in a novel may be quoted about some forgotten usage of our Craft
with just about the same weight of authority t h a t the exposures and pretended
rituals of the eighteenth century a r e cited now-a-days. All require taking with a
grain of salt!
We shall be glad to have a reference t o " Freemasonry in Fiction " in our
Transactions, and so I hope t h a t the result of Bro. Lovegrove's paper will be that
onr discussion may bring together a fairly representative list of the many Novels
which do touch upon Freemasonry, and so afford in our pages a treatment which
will be quite adequate t o its importance. To go further and attempt to record
. the many lesser references, serious, humorous or otherwise, might be a hopeless
task.
The quotation from The Honeyrrtoon is a case inapoint, and such instances
might be cited almost ad infiniturn. Thackeray supplied another when he wrote
of the feminine weakness for likes and dislikes a t first sight, and spoke of " that
mysterious undefinable freerpasonic signal which pames between women by which
each knows t h a t the other hates her."
The long and rather involved plot of the first novel referred to, of which I
am not quite certain whether the hero is Beecham or Mordaunt, would certainly
convey a mistaken idea about Freemasonry in Russia, as it has been prohibited
in t h a t country sinoe 1822.
The second on the list, The Freemasons, does not do justice to the morality
or code of honour either of Freemasonry or t h e Medical Profession. The Craft
is introduoed simply to serve the purposea of the'novelist.
Personally, I much prefer Loue and the Freemason, and granting some of
Bro. Lovegrove's strictures t o be well-founded, yet virtue is triumphant, vice is
vanquished, and i t is really quite a good story and a fair specimen of its author's
handywork.
I will only add one more name to the list in Miss Evelyn Underhill's
The Lost Word. This contains one character who really seems drawn from life '
in the person of the verger of a Cathedral, and a good' Mason to boot. Otherwise
the book is a curious medley of the writer's ideas about architecture and Free-
masonry overlaid with and subordinated to a peculiar system of mysticism. I
ccnfess I find i t a very mawkish book from which i t is a relief to escape to the
open air of Brother Douglas Jerrold's humorous references in The Cauclle
Lectures, H . T. Craven's rollicking verses on The L M ? ~Freenrnson, or the breezy
robustness of Bro. Rudyard Kipling's experiences as enshrined in his characteristic
works.
, Bro. W. B. HEXTALL
said :-
We are indebted to Bro. Henry Lovegrove for summaries of three works
of fiction, each of which may be considered as curious rather than edifying. The
date of publication of Amy Lawrence, the Freemason's Daughter, is not stated;
but its author, F. J. Smith, was i n t h e eighteen-forties and early fifties a stook
writer for the London Journal, and his and kindred productions are thus appraised
in Charles Knight's Popular History of Englnnrl l : " The humble hacks, utterly
devoid of knowledge and abounding in bad taste, could reproduce all t h e forgotten
trash of the Minerva Press in what has been called the Kitchen literature.
Their labours were crowned with enormous popularity in periodicals which
f ~ u n d e dtheir large circulation in meretricious cheapness. Hence, for t h e most
pzrt, a deluge of stories that, to mention t h e least evil of them, abounded with
false representations of manners, drivelling sentimentalities, and impossible
incidents." How far t h e recent lucubrations of Messrs. L . S. Gibson and Guy
Thorne, epitomes of which are before us, merit such a description, I do not say;
but a sense of humour should have protected these writers from the absurdities
they put forth. A short notice of Mr. Thorne's book is in A . &.C. xxviii., 212.
Probably some of the earliest fiction cognate to our subject is to be found
io the Preface t o The Grand Mystery of Free-iliasons discover'(!, 1724; the
address " To the Reader " in The Free Jfnson JJ,~nnzin'd,1754; and the address
" To all Free-Masons " in Jnchin and Boaz, 1762; where the authors severally
did their best to push the sale of their wares by marvellous accounts of how the;
came by their pretended knowledge more or less successfully foisted upon a
credulous public. Probably other ' spurious rituals,' a t one time so much in
vogue, display similar efforts of t h e imagination; and there is a useful list of
these works in A . Q . C . xx., 97 (1907).
For obvious reasons we should not expect from worthy members of t h e
British Craft novels whose avowed object was Freemasonry; b u t profit and
pleasure would result from the collection of some of t h e many instances where
Freemasonry has been made bhe subject of passing, and more or less casual,
reference or allusion in works of general fiction. It will be in Bro. Songhurst's
recollection t h a t some years since a provincial member of our Corresponde~lc~
Circle took u p the quest, but he unfortunately died, and I understand the material
he had got together is not a t present available. As throwing light on regard in
which the Craft has been held by t h e world a t large, such a compilation should
hzve appreciable value, and one fairly early example occurs in-The Spiritual
@uixote, or the Summer Ramble of Mr. Geoffry Tt-ildgoose, first published in
1772, and written by the Rev. Richard Graves (1715-1804; Rector of Claverton,
near Bath; from 1750), where t h e hero being a t Cardiff, and desirous of making
acquaintance with one Howel Harris, a Methodist preacher, " went immediately
aod found him out. As soon as they met, like true free-masons, they discovered
each other's occupations, and in the apostolic phrase, Wildgoose gave Howel the
right hand of fellowship." More modern instances are in Wilkie Collins' The
Woman i n White, where Count Fosco describes himself as " Perpetual Arch-
Master of the Rosicrucian Masons of Mesopotamia " ; in Mrs. Lynn Linton's The
Cne too Many, " [The Doctor] was a young man not long come into t h e neighbour-
hood, vice the old practitioner lately deceased-the old practitioner who would
1 Vol. viii., 476 (1862),
b
have cried out against the presence of 4 lady in an operating room, as would ever
the members of a well-tiled Lodge had a woman been found concealed beneath
t h e table during the initiation of the neophytes "; and in Joseph Sheridan Le
Fanu's The House by the Chz~rci~yard," He's from Donegal; I know all about
him, the sourest dog I ever broke bread with,-and Mason, if you please, by J O V ~
a prince pelican! H e supped a t the Grand Lodge after labour, one night.
You're not a Mason, I see; tipt you the sign! "
It may not be strictly correct to refer t o The Broken Seal, or personal
reminiscences of the Morgnn Abductio~ln ~ u lMurder. By Samuel D. Greene.
Boston [U.S.A.], Published by t h e Author, 1870, as a novel; b u t though mainly
and ostensibly devoted t o the William Morgan excitement of 1826, the volume
contains this remarkable statement of an alleged happening in England which
seems new (except for its re-appearance in an English work of 1879), and one
would like to know if contemporary authority for it can be given :-
This [l8261 was not the first time t h a t the secrets of Masonry had been
' l
divulged, nor wa.a Morgan t h e only one t h a t has suffered death for
making the attempt. I n 1762 was published, in England, the book
called Jnchin a?zd Boaz. . . . Soon after t h e publication of Jachin
and Boaz, its author was found murdered in t h e streets of London,
his throat having been cut from ear to ear. It was this book which
Miller undertook to republish in Saratoga."
I have sadly strayed from the title of Bro. h e g r o v e ' s paper, and trust
he will appreciate t h a t no criticism is directed to the latter.
Mr. Etherington arise from under one of the benches, just as Mrs.
President was making a speech. Bursts of laughter ensued; and the
unlucky volume of ' Tales of the Female Freemasons ' . . . was
carried off by the gentlemen with loud shouts . . . Suffice it to
say, this event completely destroyed the meetings of the Female Free-
masons . . . and a few weeks after . . . they had the
pleasure of seeing a new work appear . . . under t h e title of
' The Female Freemasons.' "
Then come the ' Tales ' which may be described as mild and are not Masonic.
The name of the authoress (surely a lady) is not given.
Discussion. 89
Another anonymous production is O n the Sqnnre. A S o ~ l e l . " I wz1~
strive to live mith ease attd care, zcpon the Leccl by the Square." L)?tb/&n:
Zlodges, I'zggis alld Co., Crcrfton S t r e ~ t ; London: SimpXzoz, Marshall and Co.;
Edinburgh : d ?)drew Elliott. 16386.
Our own Lodge thinly disguised as ' The Lodge of the Four Kings ' figures
prominently in one of the stories by Mr. H . G. Wells. It is the one called The
Story of the Inexperienced Ghost and i t occurs in a volume bearing the title
Tzlelve Stories ancl a Dream. The idea is as follows: A certain Sanderson is:-
" a Freemason, a member of the Lodge of the Four Kings, which devotes
and the Church, and to Oxford he goes in due course. There he meets Hug11
Feltham, ' rich, slow-minded, and devout,' and Paul and Hugh become ' comrades
~f the indulgent master and trusty dog type.' B u t Paul takes to Natural Science
a s d passes through a phase of Agnosticism, during which his old interests and
enthusiasms seem to have deserted him, and t h e minds of the Dean and Hug11 are
troubled. Rogers, however, is confident t h a t the cathedral will ' have him back
by-and-by.'
' a power you'll never shake off. It was a Freemason's mark, sure
enough; the signature, so to speak, of a cathedral builder, that all
other masons could read and recognise, as you would very well know
if you were a member of the Craft. . . . being a mason, I feel
more a part of t h e cathedral than what others can possibly do--more
. . understanding of her moods, as you used t o call them-as is natural
enough in a member of the craft t h a t built her.'
Paul's interest is renewed, and :-
' He wanted his old love again . . . Rogers' vague, picturesque
language, his suggestion of a secret connection between craft
masonry and t h a t Gothic building which still owned half his heart,
came back again and again , . . .'
acd he decides t o become a Mason. Chapter iv: Tlle First Degree which
describes Paul's Initiation and t h e mental experience which accompariied it, is
worthy of t h e close attention of Masonic students. The following ' Author's
Nate ' :-
' Lest any be offended I think it well to state t h a t t h e account of a
Masonic ceremony oontained in Chapter I V . of this book- has been
obtained in no unlawful manner, but from published sources which
are easily accessible to any student of speculative masonry. E.U.'
was not necessary-none will be offended. Paul has found his vocation.
' The search for t h a t Word . . . He held t h e secret of the quest,
but the Word was yet to be found . . . H e vowed himself a t t h a t
hour to its discovery . . . i t was in building t h a t the Word must
be sought for. I n the discovery of t h e secret of right building-the
secret.of the old masters-the purpose of his existence would be ful-
S filled.'
Paul decides to become an Architect, Feltham decides to become his Grand
Patron, and together they will build the Church of Quatuor Coronati when the
years of training are done.
' It would be a life-work,' said Paul slowly. H e felt awed, almost
frightened; like a pilgrim who sees his bourne, scarcely hoped for,
start abruptly from the horizon.'
The Brethren must go t o the book itself t o discover how the Quest fared, and to
kcow the curious people who took part therein, and t o learn how Catherine
entered into Paul's life and how she affected t h e Quest. And finally how Paul
found not the Word b u t a Substituted Word and what t h a t Substituted Word
was.
Bro. C. GOUGEsaid :-
I n venturing a few observations on t h e interesting paper to which we
hzve had the pleasure of listening, I am confident I shall receive a full measure
of indulgence usually extended t o any maiden effort.
The subject of Masonic novels, or, speaking more generally, of allusions to
Freemasonry by Novelists, is one spread over such a vast area t h a t it would be
well nigh impossible to make a comprehensive survey of it. Throughout t h e range
of the old Freemasons Magazine and t h e longer series of Masonic periodicals
which followed in more modern times will be found an abundance of fiction and
light literaturn into which Freemasonry is introduced t o assist the particular
Discussion.
objects of the writers. And whilst, possibly, i t would not be classed as a Masonic
novel, to rank with those named by Bro. Lovegrove, there are a number of short
stories written by Bro. t h e Rev. Erskine Neale and published under t h e title of
Stray Leaves from a Preen~ason's vote UooE as an afterthought to and improve-
ment on t h a t of A Home for the Lonely or TTh' y falter in the erection of a
Nasonic Temple? which was originally proposed as its name. Although possessing
little literary merit, the stories enabled the author to propound his favourite
theories on class distinctions and social amenities.
There are two other books, scarcely t o ba designated Masonic Novels, to
which reference may be made. One is called Hill E-ise, written by W. B. Maxwell.
P n t very briefly, i t treats of the development of a building estate a t Medford
some twenty-five miles from London. It mentions t h a t the White H a r t was the
best, the only real Hotel in Medford, 2nd derived some of its profit from t h e large
room upstairs, which was always used by t h e Medford Ancient Lodge of Free-
masons No. 8215-the high number probably alluding to the rapid growth in the
cmation of Lodges. Prominent characters are Mr. Crunden, " t h e most prod
perous solidly respectable builder in &fedford," who was known as Hedgehog
Crunden; Jack Vincent, the son of Sir John Vincent, and Mr. Dowling, an
Architect. They were all Masons. Bro. Crunden is first introduced in t h a t
capacity, " as carrying u p some of the Masonic furniture t o t h e Lodge room-
it's Lodge night." Mrs. ice is the Cook-housekeeper t o Bro. Crunden. On
an occasion when she was about t o retire t o her kitchen she remembered she had
an important question to ask Crunden. " I e it the Freemasons' dinner to-morrow
or the day after, because I want t o air your dress clothes and you'll want them for
the hospital reception? " Crunden replies there is no question about t h e day
after to-morrow. " It's our initallation banquet. Always dress clothes for that.
We shall be busy in Lodge till six o'clock, putting t h e new Master in t h e Chair,
appointing his Officers, raising two fellow craft t o the third degree------" Mrs.
Price wagged her head in sly pleasantry. " You musn't," she said, " because
I haven't been in the clock case. I'm not the Lady Freemason." . Jack Vincent,
being urged by his mother t o take an interest in life, " Be something more in
the world than our son," replies, " I am. I am an ex-Militia Officer, Vice-
President of the Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Past Master of the Lodge 8215
of Freemasons. Also a Buffalo.'' Jack Vincent appears to have borrowed money
of Bro. Crunden, and tells his mother t h a t he is bound t o stick up for old Crunden.
We are Brothers-Masons, to begin with-and he lent me 250. He afterwards
appeals to Crunden. " I say, Crunden-Masonic-that money you lent me.
You won't get i t out of me, except one way. Take me on, give me work. Let
me work out my debt with just enough for my grub, Masonic." After well
thinking i t over and discussing i t with Bro. Dowling, Crunden says " Yes," and
gets from Vincent, " Thank you, Sir, you're a trump and a good Mason."
Vincent acts the part of a good Mason, too. H e repays the financial debt with
interest and evinces his gratitude by rendering services to Crunden when the
latter was in less prosperous circumstanoes, earning from him t h e satisfactory
renark " That's very handsome of you Bro. Vincent. I'll not forget it. No,
I'll never forget t h a t as long as I live'."
Another book to which I would like to draw attention bears t h e title
Dauid a& Bathsheba. A Royal Romance,-stated t o be based on Rabbinical
tradition with materials drawn from t h e Talmud and other Hebrew s o u r w . The
book was published by Geo. Routledge & Sons in 1887, the authors' names being
given as Conzae Dick and James Cresswell. Who they were, I have not been
able to learn, and I understand t h e publishers themselvm can give no informa-
tion. The book has long been out of ~ r i n t and,
, I fancy, is somewhat scarce.
The story opens with simultaneous dreams by the respective fathers of
David and Bathslieba. These are several times interpreted with t h e same result
that the one father should have a son who should be called David, and t h e other
a daughter who should be Bathsheba, and t h a t these two were predestined from
all eternity to be husband and wife and t o be King and Queen in Jerusalem.
The romance unfolds the realisation ,of these dreams, and, needless to say,
92 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
rnaterially differs from the Scriptural story. The Masonic interest in t h e book is
probably-confined to a few passages which in themselves are somewhat remark-
able. After the wedding ceremony which made David and Bathsheba man and
wi-fe, there followed a royal banquet. Jesse, conducting Eliam, t h e father of
Eathsheba, t o the banquetting hall, remarked to him " Thou hast never been in
this hall, my friend? Of course not! It is a glorious building, for my son,
David the King, is a Royal Arch." " What is t h a t ? " " Oh, thou a r t not one
of the initiated brethren. I may therefore not say more on t h a t part of the
subject. H e understands architecture." Eliam admiring the glorious pillars, and
Jesse, still acting as the Guide, says: " First notice t h a t the floor is divided into
three different sections; the second section one step higher than t h e third, and the
first, where we stand, one higher than the second." Then Eliam observing three
thrones, Jesse explains: " hose three thrones are not alike; t h e centreone of
gold is emblematical of supreme Authority, and is for t h e King; the right hand onc
is of ivory emblematical of absolution from sin and is for the High Priest, while
the third is of ebony betokening the dark mysteries of the wise, and is for t h e
Chief Rabbi. Now notice behind the throne in the Eastern wall t h a t immense
circular window-and in the centre there is the double triangle of t h e Alagen
Dcvid-the Shield of David in blue with t h e name of Jehoval~therein in flaming
red." Did we fail to realiae t h a t we were reading a work in which fiction plafed
a n important part, t h e statement t h a t King David was a Royal Arch would be
most startling and would greatly disturb the various theories which learned
brethren have formed as to the date when that degree originated.
Bro. W. J. SONGHURST
said:-
It is only fair to Bro. Lovegrove to mention t h a t the title of his paper as
printed is not the one originally chosen by him. A n alteration was made a t the
suggestion of members of the Lodge Committee, to whom Freemasonry i n Fiction
seemed t o cover a wider field than t h a t with which Bro. Lovegrove had dealt.
Four alternative titles were therefore submitted to him, and from these he selected
Three Masonic Novels as forming a better description of t h e paper.
Bro. Baxter has mentioned the collection made by the late Bro. S. R .
Easkett of references to Freemasonry in non-Masonic books, and from my own
knowledge of this collection I should be inclined to say that i t included hundreds,
if not thousands, of such references. Frren~asonyi n Ficfion is certainly a very
big subject, perhaps only slightly less than Fiction in Freorna.~onry,which might
be considered as including the great rrajority of books which have ever been
written in connexion with the Craft.
A Masonic Novel may be described as a tale of domestic life, based whollr
or in part upon what the Author considers to be Masonic teaching or practice.
x e should t h e r e f ~ r e ,I think, have t o include Joseph Btrlsamo, or t h e Memoirs
94 Trntisactions of the Q ~ ~ a t u oCoronati
r Lodge.
Letters of apology for absence were reported from Bros. Edward Conder, P M . ;
Edward Macbean, P.M. ; Sydney T. Klein, P.M. ; F. J. W. Crowe, P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ;
G. Greiner, P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ; Cecil Powell, P.G.D., P.M. ; n o s . J. Westropp ; H. F.
Twiss, I.S.0.; Sir Alfred Robbins, Pres.B.G.P.; William Watson; W. Wonnacott,
P.A.G.Sup.W., P.M. ; and J. E. Shum Tuckett.
On Ballot taken :
V.W.Bro. Sir ALFREDROBBINS,residing a t 32, FitzGeorge Avenue, Baron's
Court, London, W.14. Knight Bachelor; Journalist. P.M. Gallery
Lodge No. 1928, and Jubilee Masters' Lodge No. 2712; Past Grand
Deacon; President of the Board of General Purposes. Has contributed
t o A . Q . C . : T h e earllest years of Englzsh Organized Freemnsonry (xxii.,
1 6 ) ; -4 neii.ly tllscovc7~ecl11r1nf of t h p ' R o b ~ r f MS.'
s (xxii., 186); Dr.
A?tdcrson of the ' Constztutzons ' (xxiii., 6) ; Frederick, Prince of T.Vales,
as n E'reemason (xxix., 326) ; and other shorter articles and notes;
was regularly elected a joining member of t h e Lodge.
One Lodge and thirty-one Brethren were elected to membership of the Correspon-
dence Circle.
By request of the Grand Lodge of Scotlnnd a M.M. Certificate was presented to
Bro. Dugald IfcLachlan, as a member of R.A. Lodge of St. J o h n No. 320, Saltcoats and
Ardrossan.
This august body manages the public interests of the Fraternity, and is
composed of a general representation of all private Lodges on record, together
with the Grand Stewards of the year, and the present and past Grand Officers,
with the Grgnd Master a t their head.
98 r'ransactions of t h e Quatzcor C!ovonati Lodge.
" All private Lodges on record " does not necessarily mean only private
Lodges under the Constitution of t h e United Grand Lodge of Free and Acceptru
Masons of England, but as there are many private Lodges whose constitution is
not recognised, ambiguity might have been avoided by phrasing the clause
differently.
So far as the Grand Officers, present and past (which latter term may be
assumed to include brethren upon whom past Grand Rank has been conferred),
are concerned there are very few restrictions to limit their appointment, or perhaps
i l would be better to say only very slight services from a strictly Masonic stand-
point are required to render them eligible for appointment. True, the Grand
Registrar must be an Installed Master [l81 and the Grand Tyler [22] and the
Grand Stewards C401 must be Master Masons, b u t no other Grand Officers need
have attained these distinctions. They do not seem to be required to be sub-
scribing members of any Lodge, and there does not even seem to be any rule that
they must be Freemasons a t all; although it is hardly likely that anyone could
possibly be appointed who had not previously gone through t h s ceremony of
initiation. The Grand Secretary himself need not be a Master Mason, although
the clerks in his office must have attained t h a t rank [34]. (This requirement was
waived duringlthe continuance of the great war, notwithstanding that there must
have been many brethren, not only well qualified, b u t anxious to earn a livelihood
in such a capacity.)
Scrutineers-who, like the clerk% (as such) in the Grand Secretary's office,
are not Grand Officers-appointed to assist t h e Grand Pursuivant must be Installed
Masters [59] and yet t h a t officer himself need have no special qualification so far
a- degiees are concerned.
The Grand Master is elected by the members of Grand. Lodge who are
absolutely unfettered in their choice, no rule being provided that the candidates
must be selected even from amongst the ranks of the Entered Apprentices. And
although, after election, he has t o be installed in t h e chair of Grand Lodge, this
is a very different thing from being in possession of the secrets of an Installed
Master. The P r o and Deputy Grand Masters are on t h e same footing.
To digress for a minute, we often hear it argued t h a t there is no such thing
as a chair degree, and are told t h a t Installation is only a ceremony. But surely
Initiation, Passing and Raising are also ceremonies, and i t would be quite useless
to suggest they are not degrees. My own point of view is t h a t whenever esoteric
secrets are conferred a degree is established, and I can see no reason why a short
form of, opening a Board of Installed Masters to prove t h e qualification of all
p r e s e n t a s in all other degrees-should have met with opposition from some of
our officials. This raises the far more important question of how far any official,
no matter h o d highly placed, has a right to interfere with t h e ceremonial working
of a Lodge. I f we only knew what actually met with approbation in Grand Lodge
in 1816, when the ceremonies of the first three degrees were rehearsed, and after-
wards in 1827, when the Lodge or Board of Installed Masters defined the ceremony
of Installation, we would be on safe ground. Unfortunately, the knowledge has
not been handed down to us.
Upon the annual installation of the Grand Master he shall appoint the
Grand Officers (except t h e one afterwards mentioned and t h e Grand Treasurer,
.who is elected in March) who are thereupon to be installed or invested in antient
form [18]. Installed and invested are, I presume, not intended for synonymous .
terms, b u t imply probably t h a t t h e Pro and Deputy Grand Masters are to be
installed and the other officers invested. No provision is made for investing officers
who may be unable to attend on the regular day, so t h a t i t would seem appoint-
ment alone entitles a brother to his rank and afterwards t o be regarded as a past
Grand Officer.
The exception amongst the Grand Officers to appointment and investiture
a t the Grand Festival is the President of t h e Board of Benevolence, who has these
honours reserved for him a t the Grand Lodge in December [ 2 1 ~ ] . It is strange
that this appointment has not long since been brought into line with the ot1,ers.
Peczcliarities of the Book of Constitutions. ~99
I n the event of the death or resignation of the Grand Master the Pro
Grand Master, or in his absence the ~ e ~ Grand u i Master,
~ or i n his absence the
Grand Wardens shall summon the Grand Lodge immediately to record t h e event
and to take certain steps for temporarily filling the vacancy, but if there be no
Pro Grand Master or Past Grand Master willing to step into the breach, then the
Grand Wardens shall fix a day for Grand Lodge being summoned to elect a Grand
Master for the remainder of the year [16]. Why should this duty devolve on the
Grand Wardens instead of the Deputy Grand Master ?
Grand Wardens and Deacons are never mentioned as Senior and Junior,
and except for t h e description of t h e distinguishing jewels and emblems of the
Wardens there would not be anything in t h e rules to indicate tliat it was allowable
to differentiate between t h e two. They are, however, named separately in the
" Ceremony of Laying a Foundation Stone." I have noticed lately t h a t t h e
reports of the Quarterly Communications only refer to Grand Wardens but
enumerate Senior and Junior Grand Deacons, which is precisely t h e reverse of
what we would expect. Indeed, I do not know t h a t there is anything i n our laws
to authorise such descriptions. W
Are Provincial and District Grand Masters Grand Officers? 'Rule 56 would
suggest t h a t the reply is in the affirmative. I remember a t one of t h e Festivais
pf the Royal Masonic Benevolent ,Institution a Provincial Grand Master, when
proposing the toast of the Grand Officers, said he had asked the Grand Secretary
whether he was not a Grand W c e r himself, and t h a t Sir Edward Letchworth,
with his usual courtesy and tact, had replied t h a t h e was not sure whether he
was a Grand Officer or not, but he was quite sure lie was something very much
better. 'As business papers are to be sent to all present and past Grand Officers
as well as t o Deputy Provincial Grand Masters, Provincial Grand Secrefaries,
Masters of Lodges, and members of the Board of General Purposes, it may fairly
bo assumed t h a t Provincial Grand Masters are included in the first category,
unless, indeed, the papers sent to Provincial Grand Secretaries are intended for
their chiefs.
Voting is to be conducted by holding up one hand [75]. There is no
mention of i t b9ing the right hand, and i t is difficult to ascertain how the present
method of voting in what is called " t h e customary manner among Masons " has
crept in.
The Grand Stewards are to be nominated from nineteen different Lodges
[40], which would seem t o indicate t h a t any nineteen Lodges might make recom-
mendations. Clause 46, however, makes i t clear that only certain Lodges are
FO privileged, but which they are, or why they have been singled out, are points
left in complete darkness.
The position of t h e Grand Stewards is peculiar, in so f a r t h a t after their
year of office they cease to be members of Grand Lodge, unless otherwise qualified.
hi? surely disposes of their claim t o rank as past Grand Officers, as all past
Grand Officers are members of Grand Lodge.
It is frequently assumed t h a t no brother is entitled t o the appelIi.tir.,i of
Worshipful until he has attained the chair of a Lodge. The foot-note t o Rule 6
makes i t quite clear t h a t this is not the case.
The most recently instituted of our Masonic distinctions, known as
enables the Grand Master to copfer this honour on Past Masters of London Lodges
during his pleasure, b u t t h e holders are not Graud Officers and are never invested,
so that their position is indeed peculiar. Once appointed they hold their rank
indefinitely, as there is no rule to insist on continuance of membership of either
a London or any other Lodge.
When we come t o the laws governing
PROVINCIAL AND DISTRICTGRAND LODGES
we are on surer ground.
100 Transactions of the Qttatuor Coronafi Lodge.
notice of Grand Lodge. It may possibly reach the Grand Secretary's office, which
is quite another thing. only, however, too often confused in the minds of many
brethren.
Provincial and District Grand Officers take no rank out of their own
Province or District [96], b u t as they are allowed t o wear the clothing of their
rank in all Masonic meetings t h e rule is difficult to understand. W h a t privilege
does Provincial or District Rank confer inside their own regions beyond the right
to wear a distinguishing regalia? The P r ~ v i n c i a land District Grand Masters do
not come within the purview of this rule, which is another argument in favour
of their being regarded as Grand Lodge Officers.
There seems no special reason why t h e word " in " preceding " form " in
the last line of Rule 100'should be printed in italics, so far as I can see.
" Great advantage having been experienoed from t h e establishment of a
local fund for charitable and other Masonic p u r p o m , each Provincial Grand Lodge
may direct payments to be made by t h e Provincial Grand Officers and t h e Lodges
in the Province for this desirable purpose " [104]. My object is not so much to
criticise the doubtful grammatical construction of this paragraph as to say t h a t in
many large and influential Provinces the fund is almost entirely devoted to the
payment of a salary to the Provincial Grand Secretary and t h e liquidation of other
necessary administrative expenses. Many local benevolent institutions, however,
exist for which voluntary subscriptions are readily forthcoming.
Provincial and District Grand Treasurers are to be elected, as in t h e case
of the same officer in Grand Lodge, but a more healthy rivalry exists for this, the
only elective office, than in Grand Lodge itself, where of late years a t all events,
a caucus has undertaken t h e nomination of a London and a Provincial Brother
alternately without any challenge from t h e general body. Advantageous as this
arrangement may be in time of war, I cannot help thinking t h a t in ordinary timee
a more full opportunity might be taken of t h e privilege of electing t h e Treasurer.
Many Brethren are eligible, and election would be a greater honour from a number
of nominations.
District Grand Lodges, by delegation from Grand Lodge, have t h e power
of investigating, regulating, and deciding on all mattars relating to Lodges and
individual Masons within their respedive districts [106], and here again have an
advantage over Provincial Grand Lodges. Doubtless, distance from headquarters,
and difficulties of communication, have been taken into consideration in framing
this rule. And although Districts may levy higher fees than Provinces [110],
they are, on the other hand, free from certain payments to t h e supreme governing
power.
I n the matter of issuing certificztes under Rules 111 and 112, Districts are
privileged, the reasons and t h e procedure being fully explained, so that, although
a peculiarity in one sense, there is really nothing extraordinary in this indulgence.
To turn now to the chapter on
PRIVATE
LODGES,
we find that the first rule [l161 makes provision for applying for warrants of
new Lodges. Petitioners must be registered Masons under t h e English Constitu-
tion, even in Districts, which must, to some extent, hamper the progress or exten-
sion of our own special jurisdiction, although, it is obvious, there would be
difficulties in the way- of removing this restriction. One advantage which brethren
abroad do enjoy is t h a t the Grand Master may authorise District Grand Masters
to issue provisional warrants, so t h a t delays may be avoided [117].
According to the marginal note of Rule 118, provisional warrants are to
be exchanged for regular warrants, although there is no mention in the rule itself
of an aotual exchange, but only of an application for the extra warrant being
necessary.
The Master-designate of a new Lodge in England must previously have
served the office of Warden, but in the case of Lodges abroad no such qualification
i3 insisted on. Bro. E. Lord, in his " Freemasonry in Pontefract," records t h a t
102 Trnnsrcction.9 o f t l r c (+),cctinor Coronati Lodge.
tion be of any use? Most money grants are voted only after notice of .motion.
IP confirmation necessary to legalise payment? The whole subject is a big one,
and bristles with difficulties. Some dearly defined ruling is essential.
Before leaving this question of the election of Master requiring confirmation
we find t h a t there are other two rules wllich may confus? the issue [ l 3 1 and 1341.
A Prince of the Blood Royal, on accepting the Chair of a Lodge, may appoint a
Deputy Master. That is to say, t1:e brother who actually rules the Lodge doas
not need to be elected to the Chair, and yet 2 t the end of-a year he is entitled to
all the privileges of a Past Master !
The Master-elect, bafore installation, shall solemnly pledge himself to pre-
serve the landmarks [l321 This is undertaking a duty, the nature of which he
surely does not fully appreciate, for, so far as I am aware, they have never been
pointed out. W e do know that Installation itself is one of the Landmarks, but
what of the other or others?
Peculiarities of the 7j00k of Constitutions. 103
Should the regular day of meeting fall on Christmas Day, Good Friday,
or a publio holiday the Lodge may be held t h e day before or the day after a t the
discretion of the Master [165]. This rule has been re-cast more than once within
my own recollection, and the addition made to it, in quite reoent times, t h a t its
provisions shall not over-ride Rule 195, simply cancels, for some purposes, the
value of the altered date being deemed t h e regular day of meeting for all purposes.
Why should it be necessary to have a special meeting to consider t h e ques-
tion of the removal of a Lodge? [167]. Could the matter not be discussed and
settled a t a regular or emergency meeting when other itsms of business could b3
undertaken ? f
Rule 183 is certainly one which requires some revision or explanation. The
question of character is always likely to be one of difficulty unless a definite standard
i j laid down, whilst as regards due instruction, I am afraid, in most cases, it is
simply non-existent.
The names of proposers and seconders must appear on the summons [184],
so t h a t it is not sufficient to Fay proposed by t h e Senior Warden and seconded by
the Junior Deacon, for example, as is so frequently done.
It is surely in accordance with common sense that a candidate, who has
been proposed and seconded a t a regular meeting, could be elected and initiated
a t an emergency meeting, and yet Rule 185 leaves us in doubt on the subject.
Candidates who have bedn proposed by letter can certainly be so elected and
initiated, and i t would be giving them an unfair advantage to enable them to take
precedence, over those who had prior claims. This, is really what would happen,
however, by a strict interpretation of Rule 184. -
The procedure to be adopted for the admission of candidates under the age
of twenty-one years as described in Rule 186 is decidedly vague. Has t h e dis-
pensation to be secured before an actual election takes place, or is i t only the
ceremony of initiation t h a t has t o be deferred until the requisite authority has
been procured ?
The declaration which every candidate is required to sign [l871 would need
to be modified in t h e case of a minor, and yet nq provision is made for this
ccntingency .
Clearance certificates can only be granted to members who have resigned
or been excluded according to Rule 213, so t h a t no brother can demand such a
document a t any other time, and yet Rules 189 and 203 insist on such a testimonial
being produced before a brother can join another Lodge even whilst he still con-
tinues to subscribe t o his present Lodge.
The interval of four weekg which must elapse before a higher degree can
be conferred C1951 (except in the case of Lodges in Districts and Colonies where
there is no District Grand Lodge) does away with t h e special benefit granted under
Rule 165, as already mentioned. The examination under this rule [195], which
exTerycandidate must pass, is of a very perfunctory nature, and in practice often
resolves itself into a mere prompting of the correct answers by the Deacons.
Duplicate certificates can only be granted on proof of the originals haviaq
been lost or destroyed [197]. What particular proof of loss is required? A
thing may fairly be said to be losB if its whereabouts are unknown, and yet i t may
afterwards t u r n up. Some provision ought to be insisted on for the return of
the duplicate under such circumstances. The certificate here referred to is the
one which every brother is entitled to on his name being registered in t h e books
of Grand Lodge, which is usually only granted after he has been raised to the
degree of a Master Mason; although Rule 200 indicates t h a t on initiation and
as sing certificates may be issued, which, howerer, have to be surrendered before
a certificate of having obtained t h e Third Degree can be gAnted.
The printing and publishing of proceedings of Lodges is prohibited, unless
by the consent of the Grand Master or t h e Provincial or District Grand Master
[205], but, in spite of this, there is never any lack of news of t h e doings of all
kinds of work in t h e Masonic press, nor of the issue of Lodge Histories recmnting
Peculiarities o f the Book of Constitutiov~s. 105
the progress of old Lodges in all parts of the country, without which indeed we
in the Quatuor Coronati Lodge would be deprived of the best fruits of our
endeavours, and our labours would be considerably hampered.
Rules 2 1 8 ~and 2 1 9 ~deal with the procedure t o be observed by Lodges
abroad wishing to form Sovereign Grand Lodges, b u t as t h e consent of the District
Grand Master is necessary before any preliminary meetings for discussion can be
held, certain Lodges in the Colonies would be awkwardly fixed where there is no
such official. Not only so, but there is no method for establishing District Grand
Lodges, though, doubt,less, a memorial to the Grand Master would always receive
sympathetic consideration.
What may fairly be regarded as another peculiarity of the book is t h a t the
numbers of the rules, which have been expunged, still remain, and that fresh rules
instead of being re-numbered have alphabetical indices added to old liumbers.
There are, of course, good reasons for these proceedings so long as the stock of
, t h e current volume holds out, b u t new editions are so frequent t h a t a general
closing up of numbers would be a simple matter.
It would hardly be thought t h a t in the section dealing with
REGALIA
there could be rruch room for comment, b u t actually peculiarities are even ,here
existent.
For instance, there is iio regulation in t h e case of Grand Lodge officers tor
the words " deputy " or " assistant" to appear on t h e jeuels or gauntlets of
deputy and assistant officers, b u t only above t h e emblems on t h e aprons; and in
the case of Provincial and District. deputy and assistant officers t,he same rul2
holds good, except thaL in framing it it has evidently been forgotten t h a t the
Deputy Provincial and District Grand Masters have a distinctive emblem and
regalia entirely different from t h a t of their chiefs, and yet the regulations require
that they sho~lldhave the word " deputy " embroidered on their aprons.
I am afraid t h a t I have dealt more with inconsistencies and defects tl1ti.7
with peculiarities of the Book of Constitutions, b u t however t h a t may be, I hope
you will agree that there is a growing necessity for a thorough revision of the
whole work. Now t h a t we have a reformed Board of General Purposes, it may
not be long before such a task is undertaken. Should such a thing come about,
my own plea would be for a simplificatior, of t h e rules and a relaxation of many
of the restrictions now hampering us, which sometimes lead us ,to wonder if we
are really " free " Masons; for it must be remembered that to most of us Masonry
is, after all, only a relaxation, and there is no reason why it should be made
tedious or irksome.
touched on. Other subjects for discussion which are mentioned, such as tho
Grand Steward, question of Degrees, Landmarks, " mode of Working," raise
the consideration of points on which much has been written and still much remains
to be done to arrive a t clear decisions.
With regard to the tji.le " Book of Constitutions " I certaillly support tllo
established usage, not only because i t is a case in which
Antiquity's Pride
W e have on our side,
but because I venture to think that tlle plural is an entirely correct use in this
connection.
The word Cfon\titzctron has a good many different significations, and in
those two cases with which we are chiefly concerned we speak either of Con-stitution
in the singular or Cfonatitutions in the plural. I n the former case t h e word is
used in a rather abstract sense when we speak of the Co~lstitcctionor theon/ o f
government of a country or jurisdiction, i n the latter sense we refer cltfi?zitefy tb
the several laws and regulations of such a Constitution, as each of them being
constitutions, t h a t is rules con~t~ituted by authority to realize the theoretical
constitution. The Book of Constitutions does not claim to be the Constitution of
our Order, i t contains the " General Charges " with which this paper does not
deal, and the " Laws and Regulations "-only part of our Constitution-which
like the British Constitution largely remains unwritten, and includes Landmarks,
Ceremonies, and established Customs of the Craft.
The use of the word Constittrtiou may be noted in the index to the present
regulations referring t o Rules 2, 49, 81, 223 and 254, and also in the marginal
notea t o Rules 223 and 254. Bro. Baxter refers t o the expression of a Lodge
being " constituted " (Rule 120), and gives another example of t h e word as
applied to foreign Coi~stittrtionn,visitors from which have to producs their certifi-
cates. His enquirim in Miscpllnneu Lntonlorum elicited tlle information that old
copies of the books in the eighteenth century were cominoilly called Constitutdo?~
Books, but, as was then pointed out, that phrase has no more significance than
t h a t i t is a convenient description, like Prayer Book or I f y r n n Book.
S0m.e of the anomalies to which attention is directed certainly point to a
need for re-draughting some of the rules to bring them into accord with established'
custom, but i t can hardly be supposed that i t is really open to one outside the
Craft to be elected G.M. a t the present day; there are very obvious difficultiesl
in a Lodge being administered by mere Entered Apprentices sufficient to prevent
such an occurrence; and, coming to a more modern requirement, I cannot see
that there is any just objection to be taken t o proposers and seconders being
described by their offices as S. and J . Wardens end not by their names-the
point would be purely s quibble.
The position about the confirmation of minutes is excellently stated by
Bro. Hawkins in his Concise L f y c l o ~ m d i n ,where he explains the double purpose
t h a t confirmation carries in our Masonic procedure, in Grand Lodge, and in
private Lodges, not only as a confirmation of correctness, but as a re-endorse-
n e n t of action agreed upon as to a money grant, alteration of By-laws, or election
of Master. H e points out t h a t the Scotch Constitutions expressly provide that
confirmation applies to the record alone, and questions agreed to a t one meeting
cannot be opened up and discussed afresh on the mbsequent reading of the
Minutes, exactly the opposite case to the usage of our jurisdiction.
I should like to support Bro. Baxter's plea for a revision of t h e Laws and
Regulations in t h e Book of Constitutions; doubtful points and anachronisms
might well be cleared away and the regulations sinlplified without yielding any
of the ~ r i n c i ~ l einvolved,
s but i t would be a bigger task than appears a t first
glance, so intimate is the connection of the whole system and the dependency of
its many rules.
We do not want to be hampered by unnecessary restrictions, we do not
want the Craft to fall into t h e lines of organisation in the nurseries of the last
century, when the idea was whatever children did, to tell them not to; b u t there
must be rules and regulations to be intelligent.1~obeyed. I quite agree that we
do not want to make our relaxation tedious or irksome by red tapeism or following
of precedents in a blind adherence to the letter; t h e spirit of fraternity is the
main-spring of our Craft, and so long as our aspirations and actions re-act t o t h a t
touch-stone, we want our laws to forward and not to fetter our action within the
wise limits that our Landmarks prescribe and long custom has established.
Bro. W . B. HEXTALL,
seconding t h e vote of tlianlrs, said :-
Bro. Baxter's paper on the Book of Constitutions as we have i t a t tho
prehent day is an acceptable sequel to what proved t.o be, unhappily, the last
contribution of our late Bro. F. W. Levander, his Zna~~.qlrrcdAddrens, printed
in A.Q.C. xxix., 376, and his Concparison o f the Regltlntiotls, 1723 to 1819, xxx.,
56. A continuation of the latter from 1819, showing successive alterations to
date, would now be welcomed.
One or two of Bro. Baxter's criticisms strike me (if he will forgive my
,saying so) as a little microscopic; application of a useful principle, t h a t " t h e
greater contains the less," affording sufficient answer. True, there is no specific
requirement t h a t every officer of t h e Craft shall b3 a member of the Craft, but
the title, headings, and purview of t h e Constitutions surely suffice for this, re-
mem.bering that our Regulations were framed by Masons for Masons, and not for
the information of the world a t large.
Quite apart from anything relating to a Board of Installed Masters (as
to which reference may be made to A.Q.C. xxiii., 44, 65, 66, 70, and to 3 f i . s ~ .
Lot. I I . , 123-126), and on t h e general question only, nothing o u ~ h to
t be more
widely known than that no individual-be he who he may-has right or power to
" interfere with the ceremonial working of a Lodge " of which he is not himself
a member. All complaints are to be made t o the Board of General Pumo-0s
under Rules 214 and 272, or to a Provincial or District Grand Mastor und3r
Rules 92 and 214; and i t would sometimes have been better if this had bzen
more clearly understood. Any attempted officiousness of the kind referred t o is
but an impertinence, and as such to be ignored.
The answer to " What privilege does Provincial or District R.ank confer
inside their own regions beyond t h e right to wear a distinguishing regalia? "
may be found in what in Rules 87 and 88 furnish a Provincial table of precedence.
Again, can i t be correct to imply t h e possibility of " an Entered Apprentice being
elected to the Chair of an old [i.e., an already existing] Lodge," when Rul4 130
expressly requires the Master t o be elected from members who " shall have served
for one year . . . the office of Master, or Senior or Junior Warden " ? Such
an implication supposes appointment by the Master of an E . A . as one of his
Wardens-a contingency I am frankly unable to imagine, even though there be
no prohibition in terms.
Bro. Baxter's reference to the Consecration of a, Lodge is a reminder that
until in 1884 the Constitutions ordered (Rule 120) t h a t certain consequences and
disabilities should follow on default, there was a good deal of laxity in obeying
the injunction which before then read, " Every new Lodge should be solemnly
constituted "; t h e word " should " being in 1884 altered t o " shall." For
instanoe, a certain Lodge, warranted in Deoember, 1865, was only consecrated
and dedicated in November. 1873, twenty-eight initiatw liavinq been admitted
in the intervening years. The ante-1884 Corz.stit~tfionsgave, " The manner of
constituting a new Lodge, according to the ancient usage of Masons," d w r i b i n g
part of i t by the words, " The lodge is then consecrated according to ceremonies
proper and usual on those occasions, but not proper to be written." Dr. George
Oliver in his Jfnsonic Jzcrisprlcdenct, 1859, 12-13 ; 1874, ibid. applies " con-
stituting " and " consecration " t o the Lodge, and " dedication " to the building
in which meetings of a Lodge are held : and in The Book of the Lodge, 3rd edit.,
1864, 96-110, gives, " The ceremony of dedication and consecration " a t length,
but only as applying to a new Masonic Hall. It would be interesting if we could
learn why " T h e manner of constituting a new Lodge," and all mention of " con-
108 Transactions of the Qqtatuor Coronati Lodge.
secration " have been deieted from the Constitutions since 1884, whilst the
" Ceremony of laying a Foundation-Stone, &C.," is still retained.
Confirmation of Minutes, so far as ordinary businas is conmmed, was dealt
with in A.Q.C. xxv., 336-7; but I know opinions on the subject differ. For
myself, I think there is authority showing that a Lodge has full power to retrace
its steps in matters of substance as well as of form, even though an awkward
position might result. This last would have t o be considered when the occasion
arose.
I n these days, the ruling of a Lodge by a Warden is so infrequent as to
r a k e its etiquette almost academical. Tne view of a past generation is given in
T h e Freemaso~s' Magazine of May 26th, 1858, page 1,008, where the Editor
wrote: " When a Warden, from the absence of the W.M. is called upon to rule
the Lodge, he should take his seat either on one side or in front of the Chair, as
may be most convenient." The 1884 Constitutions added words to Rule 141
which preclude a Warden from occupying the Master's Chair when ruling the
Lodge, and also forbid the conferring of degrees by any but actual Masters or
Past Masters.
I do not follow Bro. Baxter in his reading that Rule 150 does not (as an '
alternative) nequire production of his G.L. oartificate by an English :visiting
brother. The words are, " the certificate of the Grand Lodge under which he
claims " [to enter and be present, on the axiom that ' A Mason's Lodge is a
Mason's Church 'l, and the Rule makes no distinction between any of the
recognised Constitutions.
Confirming the view a t which Bro. Baxter hints in his reference to the
requirement that a Lodge x~hichsanctions a Lodge of Instruction " shall be . . .
responsible that the mode of working adopted has received the sanction of the
Grand Lodge," i t may be mentioned that the late Bro. William James Hughan
wrots in November,' 1902, " Rule 158 contains an impossible condition." For
some reason, the words " every deviation from the established mode of working is
highly improper, and cannot be justified or countenanced," which were in the
editions down to 1873, ceased t o appear after the revision of 1884, and this is the
more noticeable as Rule 158 (above) was retained without alterations. I s it
possible this last was per incul-iam?
Should not " qualification " in the last sentence of Rule 180 read " dis-
qualification " ?
Has not Bro. Baxter overlooked the words, " or whenever a t a subsequent
time, he may require it," in his criticism of Rule 213, as to Clearance Certificates?
There is perhaps unintentional difference in the inscriptions on two jewels
fiXurid in the Constitutions. That on the jewel of the Grand Stewards, also
given in Rule 284, being ," United ,Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted
Masons of England "; whilst that on the Grand Tyler's jewel is " Grand Lodge
of England," only. There are in existence jewels of Past Grand (Hficers after the,
Union of 1813, inscribed " Grand Lodge of England," which seem t o have been
worn earlier than the first appearance of illustrations in the Constitutions of 1841.
We must all feel much indebted to Bro. Baxter for his useful and suggestive
paper.
VIBERTsaid :-
Bro. LIONEL
Almost the last person to whom I said good-bye i n Madras was the Deputy
District Grand Master, W.Bro. Scl~midt,and in the course of conversat.ion he
observed that one of the great needs of the Craft to-day was a handbook t o the
Constitutions, a simple text-book for the plain man who has no legal training, but
who wants to know a t a glance whether, e.g., a particular resolution of one
meeting negds confirmation a t the next; and who wants t o be able to give a ruling
then and there in Lodge without, as usually happens, first holding a lengthy
conference with brethren on the dais; the index t o the Constitutions having
previously been drawn blank.
I t is a remarkable coincidence that two days after landing, the proof of
to-night's paper was put in my hands.
I cordially agree with Bro. Baxter's final pargraph, and in the paper itself
he has brought together a remarkable list of peculiarities, some due to the history
of the book itself, but some really seem due to nothing else than bad drafting, or,
(rather, bad emendation.
I feel sure t h a t the Q ~ I S ~ I I O TCoronnfi Loclgc would gladly co-operate in
any attempt towards a revision or simplification of the Rules and Regulations,
as was recently suggested a t one of our meetings by the President of the Board
of General Purposes.
R . W . Bro. J . H. STIRLING
(Prov.Dep.G.M., Antrim) u7ritr.s:-
Th-re are some notable points of difference between the constitution and
government of English Masonry and of Irish, to which attention may fittingly
be drawn as a complement to Bro. Baxter's paper.
A t the outset the author deals with the composition of the governing bodies
of the Craft in England and the qualifications-or absence of them-for office
therein. Every officer in the G.L. of Ireland must be a subscribinq Past Master
of a subordinate Lodge, and of a t least five years' standing as a Master Mason.
The largest Pr0v.G.L. in It-eland (Antrim, 147 Lodges) carries this further, and
requiree five years' standing as a Past Master before being eligible for office in
that Pr0v.G.L.
I n referring to the status of a Past Master, Bro. Baxter raises the question
of whether there is or is not a " Chair degree." I shall only say t h a t in our
Irish Ritual the Installation is expressly referred to a t one point as " this, the
Chair degree."
Perhaps the most noteworthy differencs between English and Irish Masonry
is that under the E.C. practically all offices are nominative, while under the I.C.
they are elective. Beginning with the subordinate Lodge, under the E.C. the
1V.M. is elected and lie then appoints his officers. Under the I.C. all officers are
elected by the Lodge a t t h e same time as the WIM. himself. When we'reach
' Grand ' rank, the Grand Master appoints the Frov. Grand Master, and he in
his turn appoints his Deputy. So far both Constitutions agree. But then under
the I.C. all officers in Prov.G.Lodge are elected by vote of the memb2rs of t h a t
Prov.G.L., and neither the Pr0v.G.M. nor his Deput-y has anything to say in
the matter. S i m i l i a r l ~in Grand Lodge, the Grand Master is appointed by open
vote, and he appoints his Deputy, %ut there his power of selection stops. All other
offices are filled by open electi~n. I content, myself with stating the difference
between the English system and the Irish. There is no doubt a good deal to be
said for both.
Under the I.C., both Wardens and Deacons are in all ranks always
distinguished as " Senior " and " Junior." The I.C. provide definite rank and
preoedence for all present and past Prov. Grand offic-rs, both in Grand Lodge and
in Prov. Grand Lodges other than their own.
Under the I.C. all subordinate Lodges situated in Ireland must elect their
officxs prior to 30th November in each year, which means, in practical working,
t h a t they are elected a t the Stated Communication of the Lodge in November.
They must then be submitted t o Grand Lodge for confirmation and must n s t be
installed until so confirmed, nor prior t o St. John's Day, 27th December.
I n the absence of the Master, a Warden cannot take the Chair in an Irish
Lodge. For a temporary absence the Master has t h e right to nominato, a sub-
stitute from among the Past Masters of the Lodge. If he fails to do so, or in the
case of the death of the Master, the Immediate Past Master x\ould rule the Lodge,
and in his absence the Senior P.M., and so on down in order of Seniority. If no
P.M. of the Lodge present felt equal to the duties of the Chzir, zn actual or Past
Master of anothsr Lodge right be invited to take the Chair.
Ero. Baxter deprecates the practice of recording t h a t brethren were present
" as per Attendance Book." I have been in a Lodge where over two hundred
110 Tra~zsgctionsof t h e Qzcatzior Corona! i Lodge.
Bro. W. J. SQNGHURST
said :-
I am entirely in svmpathy with Bro. Baxter when he pleads for a simplified
Book of Constitutions. There seems t o be a tendency in these days towards over-
legislation, and a desire rather to ' uphold t h e Majesty of the Law ' than t o con-
sider what is really the best in t h e interest of the Craft and its members.
The average Master is a man of business, and quite capable of ruling his
Lodge in accordance with ordinary business procedure. It is, however, doubtful
if he has the time or opportunity t o make such a careful study of the complicated
rules laid down in our present Book of Constitutions as to enable him t o escape
t h e many traps and pitfalls therein contained. That the rules are not fully
understood even by those who have had a direct share in their compilation and
anendment, was brought honle to me only a few days ago by a member of the
' reformed ' Board of General Purposes, who seriously assured me that t h e Mastpr
of a Lodge could not legally call an Emergency Meeting without first obtainin?
a dispensation for the purpose ! And .although the free gift, recently sanctioned
by Grand Lodge, of a copy of the Rook Constitzctions t o every Lodge on the
English Register, may technically prevent a plea of ignorance being sustainrl ir
the evenf of a complaint of breach of the rules, it must be admitted t h a t in these
days any Edition of the Book is practically obsolete even before it leaves the
printer's hands.
Many of the ' peculiarities ' mentioned by Bro. Baxter derive their greatest
interest from a consideration of the history of the Book of Constitutions durin:
the past couple of hundred years; and that they are ' peculiarities ' a t all is
mainly due to the fact that in many cases where alterations have been made in
one rule, no thought has been given to their effect elsewhere.
It seems quite clear t h a t in the present day a Provincial (or District)
Grand Master is not a Grand Officer. If he were so he wotlld be unable (under
Rule 23) to hold another office i n Grand Lodge a t one and t h e same time, and a
reference to the lists will shew that some Provincial Grand Masters do hold other
such offices. This, however, was not the case formerly, as the records of Grand
Lodge shew that on one occasion a Provincial Grand Master who had been ,
appointed to the office of Grand Warden, was declared ineligible, and he re-
nounced the Wardenship.
I n my opinion i t would bs a very good thing if Mastership of a private
Lodge were made a qualification for office in all Provincial and District Grand
Lodges as well as in Grand Lodge, more especially now t h a t Provincial Grand
Officers (if otherwise qualified) are permitted t o attend Grand Lodge without
wearing the light blue collar. I well remember a Grand Chaplain who was not
installed as Master of a Lodge for many years after his appointment in Grand
Lodge.
Bro. Baxter refers t o the case of Bro. T. W. Tew (afterwards Provi-ncial
Grand Master of West Yorkshire), who was i.nstalled Master of a Lodge without
having served as Wtarden. I have in my mind a brother in London who used to
boast that the only office he ever held i n a Craft Lodge was t h a t of Master.
There must be manv other similar cases.
One or two points in some of the rules recently amended seem worthy of
note. No. 185, which deals with initiations on emergency, directs t h a t t h e Master
shall state in open Lodge the cause of the emergency, before the ballot is taken.
I n the case of emergency arising after the election of a Candidate i t would thus
be neoessary to ballot for him a second time. No. 189 enacts t h a t if a Brother
who has been elected a joining member does not present himself for membership
within one year after his election the election shall be void. The reason for such
a condition-is not apparent, and its effect may cause complications. The voiding
of the election *would necassarilv entail the return to tlte Brother of subscri~tion
I
and joining fees paid, and t h e return by Grand Lodge of registration fees and
quarterages, while the Brother himself might under certain circumstances lose
his membership of Grand Lodge, and be compelled t o qualify again by service
as Master of a Lodge.
The requirement t h a t a candidate for joining (and we may presume, for
re-joining as well as for founding a new Lodge) shall produce a clearance
Certificate from every Lodge of which he is or has been a Member is in my opinion
quite right and proper, but I fail to see why the Certificates should be returned
to the brother after his admission, for unless they are actually ' demits ' they
will be of no possible use to him a t a later date, and I think they sbould more
properly be filed by the Lodge which has required their production.
Bro. J . WALTERHOBBSwrites:-
There are a good many points upon which observations could be made to
clear up some of Bro. R. H. Baxter's difficulties, b u t as this would lead to a
discursive explanation on matters foreign to the apparent object of thg paper it
seems hardly necessary to go into them.
The apparent object is to lead to a consideration and revision of t h e Book
of Constitutions, with the view of clearing away doubts and difficulties and the
filling up of omissions and otherwise co-ordinating its provisions.
One point occurs t o me as peculiar which has not been referred to in the
paper or the verbal remarks made upon it. I refer to the question of " removal "
of the Master of a Lodge. I need not dilate upon t h e improbability of such a
case arising, or t,he undesirability of legislating for it, but as such a contingency
is recognised by Rule 141 t h e procedure may well be considered.
!12 of t h e Quntuor' Coronzti Lodge
l'ransactioi~.~
evidently failed to keep the members together, and the Records cease with the
meeting of 22nd September, 1756, when the Lodge was closed " with the most
agreeable harmony. "
W.J.S
[ Title-Page. ]
Number 20 Constituted
J u l y the gth 1753
John McCormick Mastr.
Sam'. Galbraith
Ward?
J a y Bedford
[On the back of this page is the following : -1
A Prayer t o - b e Repeated a t the
Making of a New Brother.
0 God the auth,er and giver of every good and perfect gift and the Grand
Architect of the Universe, we thy servants truely sensible of our own unworthinefs,
approach thy Divine Majesty hGmbly ~ e s e e c h i l ;thee
~ t o blefs and protect us, and
all those who with t h e Secrets of Masonry Endeavour t o Unfould and practise t h e
Mysteries of Godlinefs and Christianity, grant us Thy Presence in this and all our
Undertakeings. Confirm our choice of this thy servartt, and t h a t h e may in all
things live, as becomes A Mason, give him the spirit of Wisdom to avoid the
Evil, and to Chuse the good the spirit of Meeknefs and forbearance, and
df Erotherly love and charity. Strengthen him against all Temptation t h a t
he may Ever be able to Subdue his pafsions, and Adorn us all with the spirit of
Zeal for thy Glory, and fervency in thy Worship, t h a t we may not use our Freedom
in Christ as A Cloke of Maliciousnefs. b u t in all our thoughts Words & Actions.
D
[This prayer seems to have been written by Noblet O'Keefe the Secretary.]
I
THAT a Lodge of Free & Accepted Antient Masons be held a t t h e Hampshira
Hog in Gofqwell StP. London (or elsewhere) on the 1 & 3 Monday of each Month
And that Such Lodge Consist of One ,Master, Two Wardens, Two Deacons, and
A Tyler with as many Members as t h e Master and Majority Shall think proper,
that all the Brethren do appear in decent Apparrel with proper Cloathing, and
obey the Mastr. and Observe a good decorum while the Lodge is Engaged i n what
is Serious and Solemn, otherwise the Transgrefsor Shall not Sit in t h e Lodge with
the Consent of the MastT. and Majority.
I1
T E A T the Lodge meet a t the Hours hereafter Mention'd Viz. from t h e
25th of March to the loth. of Septr. a t 7 o'clock in the Evening and sit until ten.
and from the loth.of Septr. aforesd. to the 25th. of March following, from 6 until
9 o'clock and if any memT. be absent one hour after the time of meeting Shall be
Fin'd Id penny, and if Absent t h e whole Night or time of Busitiefs Shall be fin'd
2 pence. Except such Absentee be Sick, in Confindment, or three miles from t h e
place of meeting And that all such Fines be p u t in the Box.
I11
T H A T the Mastr. be Chose by Ballot, Viz. the Wardens Shall Stand
Candidates the Lodge night before each St.<J O H N ' S day, and the Candy withdraw ,
from the Lodge while every free Member gives his Vote in favour of him he deems
116 Trctnsnctiona of tlzr Qlrnttror Coronnti ~ d d p .
most Worthy, Each free memT. having One Vote & t h e Mad. two. When done
the Cand". Shall be call'd in, and the MastT. declare him duly Elected who hath
the Majority then the Mastr. Elect Shall nominate his Wardens with the aforwd.
proceedings, And Deacons according to Seniority, and a Secretary and all' Master
lMA80NS.
1111
T H A T the Master & Ward? do attend the Grand Lodge on Every first
Wednesday of every month a t the usual hours, and a t all other times on proper
notice when Businefs Require, and therein to transact all matters relateing to this
Lodge as full and truely as if We the whole Body were there present.
v
AND if any Member refuse to Serve any of the aforesd. OtEces shall be
Fin'd as follows Viz. the Mastr. 5 Shilln. each Wardn. and Secretary two Shill".
each Deacon One Shilling, and to be Fined the Same if they don't Serve their
full time Except for the Reasons mention'd in t h e 2d. Rule. That the Master
and Brethren meet on every,St. J O H N day to dine together between the Hours
of 12 and two o'clock and that each &IemT.pay 2 Shill" the Lodge night before
each St. J O H N S day towards defraying the Charges of the Festival t h a t the
Wardens be appointed as Stewards to Transact all matters Relateing to the Feast
that the new Oacers be in Stall'd immadiately after Dinner, and all Visiters who
dine, I n this Lodge on said days Shall pay 2".6 for Dinner.
T H A T on each Lodge Night every Mem'. pay one Shilling and put 2 pence
in the Box that t h e J u n r . Ward. keep an Exact Account of the Reckoning and
Acquaint the Body when all are in, and upon his neglegence or Omifsion he Shall
bs Answerable for the Difficiency.
v11
NO Visiter to be Admitted after t.he Hour of 9. o'clock (nor a t any time)
without the Masters Leave and if Admittsd Sllall pay Equal with the Mems. Nor
Shall any Bror. be admitted a Second time t h a t doth not belong to a Regular
Antient Lodge until he has Enter'd himself a member of An Antient Lodge as
aforesd. and his name Register'd in the Grand Lodg Book.
v111
A N Y Ferson desireous of being made a Mason Shall be reported a Lodge I
night b-fore his making by a Member of the Lodge and if not well known Shall
ba farther reported to the Grand Secretary nit11 his Name, Occupation, and place
of Abode3 mitl.1 the intended time of his makeing, that the Secretary may make a
Strict Enquiry into his Character, (and if approv'd off) Shall pay £1.5, one
pound five shillings one moiety to be spent as a Wellcome t o the New BroT. and
the Other part to be p u t in ye Chest of this Lodqe and a t his making Shall Cloath
the Lodge if Requir'd and when Enter'd Shall be Register'd in the Grand Lodge
Book. I
IX
W H E N any Mason is desireous of becoming a Member of this Lodge he
Shall be Reported a Lodge Night before, as above and Balloted for and when
Admitted, Sball pay gi16"&e # e h a d Omne Shilling 10 the Grand Secretary
for Registering him to the Number of this Lodge.
X
IF any B'. in the Lodge Curse, Swear, lay, or offer to lay Wager or use
any Reproachful Language in derogation of GODS NAME and Corruption of
good Manners, or Intrupt any Officer while Speaking, Shall be Fin'd a t the
Discretion of the Master & Majority.
1%'any Member of this Lodge come disguis'd ill Licquor he Shall be
' ~ d m o n i s h ' dby the Mastr. for the First Offence, for the 2d Offence he Shall be
Fin'd One Shillg. for the 3d he Shall bn Exclt~dedW-ithoutCertifycate or Benefit
from tlle Lodge and reported to the Grand.
ALL Fines, dues, &c. that Shall or may become due to the Lodge Shall Be
paid the 3d. Lodge Night after they are due, Otllerwise the Transgreisor Shall
have no Vote in the Lodge and if not Clear'd on St J O I I N S day Shall be Excluded.
l
XI11
THAT on a Lodge Night in the Masters absence the Past. Mastr. may take
his Place, and in his absence by the Sen'. Warden, and in his Absence by the
JunT. Warden and in the absence of all the Officlrs, tlle Members according to
Seniority and Merritt Shall fill the Absent Officers places &c. And the absent
Officers, on Regular Lodge Nights or otherwise duly summon'd Shall be Fin'd a
discretional fine over and above the Common fine of Private Members.
1754 April the Ph. Amendment on the Opposite
Agreed that Each absent Officer (Viz. Master & Wardens) on proper Lodge nights
or otherwise duly Summon'd) bs fin'd as follows that is to say The Master Shall
S D I
be fin'd 1 6 each Warden one shilling this method to hold in full force and
Virtue during the Continuance of this Lodge.
XI111
T H A T the Mastr. have full power and Authority to Call a Lodge of
Emmergency, when all the b l e m b r e to attend on Proper S U ~ K O : ~ ~ .
/
xv
T H A T the Box, Money, and Furniture of this Lodge be in the care of
Some Responsable Bror. as the Master and Bi-ethren Shall think Sufficient. And
the Money be disposed off for the Advancement of the Lodge, $ Cenefit of the
Crethren.
XVI
T H E Secretary Shall keep a Regular Registery of all tho Members
According to the Form laid down for tlle Same And proper minutes of the
Transactions (that are proper to be wrote) and the same to ba laid before the
Grand Once a Quarter if Requir'd.
XVII
T H A T no disputes arise between any Brethren in the Lodge but if any
dispute shou'd happen out of the Lodge Concerning Masonry or Otherwise (which
they can't decide bstween themselves) to prevent Vexatious Law suits, such
disputes or Controversies shall be laid before the Lodge and there decided if
pofsiable but in case such Brethren Shall not then Agree, t h e Master Shall Order
his Secretary to take minutes of such disputes &c. and lay tlle same, before the
Grand on their next meeting, when such Brethren are to attend and Agree as
'
the Grand Shall Order but in case such Bro8. will not then Agree to the decision
of the Grand, Such Bros. Shall have no Certificate, for ever Excluded and deem'd
unworthy of the Society.
XVIII
T H A T the Master and Brethren oft this Lodge have full power t o make,
Amend, or Explain these or such Other By-laws, Rules, and, Orders, as the
Shall think Most proper & Convenient for the good of this Lodge and the C r a f t
in General, But first to lay such Amendments or Additions before the Grand (for
the Benefit of the Regular Antient Lodges) and leavs Copies of the Same if
requir'd.
118 7 ' ~ t r t r s n c t i o ~of~ s t h e Quatztnr Coronati Lodge.
XIX
T H A T every New Mason Shall pay t h e Tyler One ~ h i l l ~ nand
g every Mason
who Enter's as a Member 6 pence And t h e Tyler take Particular Care not to
admitt any Visiter a second who doth not belong t o a Regular Antient Lodge.
XX
T H A T thefe Rules & Orders be Read by the Secretary or some Other Bror.
Ey the Masters Order. To every New Member And otherwise as Occasion shall
Require in the Lodge.
XXI
T H A T what ever is acted or Spoke in this Lodge, Shall not be discours'd
nor Mention'd out of this Lodge to any Person whatsoever Except the present
Members of this Lodge aforesd. under the Penalty of one Shillg. for the First
offence and Double for the 2d and trible for t h e 3d &c.
XXII
IF a Complaint be brought against a B'. by another and be found Guilty,
he Shall Stand t o the Determination of the Lodge B u t if a Complaint be brought
against a BroT. wherein the Accuser can't Support his Complaint to Conviction,
Such Person Shall Forfeit Such penalty as t h e person so Accused Shou'd have
forfeited had he been Really Convicted on Suoh Complaint.
XXIII
IF any Membzr of this Lodge withdraw and Form a Lodge without Leave
and Irregularly Make Masons, they Shall not be admitted (no not as Visiters) in
any Lodge (tho: the Brethren so made may be allow'd) until they make full
satisfaction Render a good Reason and due Submilsion for their Offence.
XXIV
T H A T no Mason be Admitted t o Visit this Lodge b u t such as are Mastr.
Masons, least we hinder or distroy the Harmony of Working Master Masons.
xxv
A N D if any Member of this Lodge be guilty of any Misdemeanor not
Specified in the aforesd. Rules and Orders he or they Shall be Dealt with a t the
Discretion of the Lo'dge.
We the Master Wardens and Deacons with the rest of our fellow Members
of Our Lodge No. 20 do approve of the following Rules and orders as good and
wholesome for the good Government of this Lodge t o which we mutually Submit
as witnefs our hand. October 2d. 1753.
2753
OctoT. John M°Cormick M William Fox
Saml. Galbraith S.W. Tho". Wier
James Bedford J.W. Paul Blunt
Noblet OKeeffe Secrety . William Green
Tho8. Warren Discharged Sam'. Hutchins
John Finch Robt. Barnett
Tho". Stones William Corp
John Scofield Thomas Dowsett
John Hosier J n O . Forsaith
Fenwick Widdrington Cgeorge Lankston
J a m e s Newham
Wm. Healy
John Summers
John Haughton
John Hogan
William Bickerton
TRANSACTIONS.
1753
July 9 Constituted after t h e Antient Manner and form of York-
Masons by the Mast'. of No. 16 and proper aisistance (Vide
Visiters) Closed at 10 with good Harmony.
16 Lodge Night M'. & We. present Open'd 8 o'clock 1; B :
Call'd off a t 9 . Clos'd a t 10 o'clock with good Harmony.
Aug". 6 Lodge opend a t 6 o'Clock when Bro'. Galbraith gave a Lecture
in the first Branch Master Present C10s'~a t 10 with Harmony.
20 Lodge Night Mr. & Sen'. Warden present Open'd a t 7
o'clock 1: B : Call'd off a t 9 Recd. B'. Haket's Petition (Vide
Cash Acct? for t h e Rest) Clos'd a t 10 with good Harmony.
N.B. M'. JnO. Scholefield Reported by the Master & Sen'. Warden to
be made a Mason on our Regular Lodge night next ensuing.
SepT. 3d Lodge opend a t 6 o'clock M. Present B'. Lewis gave a
Lecture in t h e Craft Closd a t 10 with good harmony.
N.B. MT. J o h n Cleminson Reported by t h e Master Br. Stone & Bror.
Lewis M. No. 4 t o be made a Mason on our Regular Lodge Night
Next Ensuing.
17th. Lodge open'd a t 6 o'clock M. P. .Closda t 10 with good Harmony
as Useal.
d)ctor. l". Lodge opend a t 6 o'clock M., P. Bror. Lewis gave a Lecture in
the first Branch when Bror. Scovill. Bror. Cleminson was made -
A n Enter Apprintice in Our Regular Lodge. Closd. a t 10 with
Good Harmony.
TRANSACTIONS.
1753
Octor. 15th. Lodge open'd a t 6 o'clock M. P. Bror. Fenwick
Weddrington, Bror. James Newham enter'd ,Enter Apprintice,
Bro'. Galbraith gave a Lecture in the first part. BroT. Bcovill
Raisd. a fellow Craft in our Regular Lodge. Closd. a t 10 with
good Harmony.
Novr. 5th. Lodge opend. a t 6 o'clock Master absent till 9 o'Cloclr Bror.
Clemlnson Raisd. a fellow Craft, Bro'. Warren Demanded a dis-
charge which he got. Bror. Lewis master of No. 4 gave a Lecture
in t h e Second Part, Closd. a t 10 with good Harmony. Reported
by Bror. Finch Mr. Byrne, Reported by Bror. Stone Mr. Sam'.
Welbeck both to enter into our Regular Lodge.
llth. Lodge of Immergencey Calld by the Worshipful1 Masters
Ofders and BroT. Scofield was Raisd. a Master Mason and part of
a Lecture Given by t h e Senior Warden in the Chair.
Novr. 17th. Lodge Opend. a t 7 o'clock Master Present Bro'. Cleminson
Raisd. a Master Mason, BroT. Wetherinton was made a Craft, also
BroT. Welbeck was enter'd as an aprentice, t h e Senior Warden and
Junior Warden find for Cursing and Smaring. Closd. a t 10
o'clock With Good Harmony.
, 23d. Lodge Met According t o Order M. P. present Bror.
Galbraith, BroT. Finch, Bro'. Stone, Bror. Cleminson. Bror. Finch
Reported MT.Chevileer. Closd. a t 10 o'clock With Good Harmony.
TRANSACTIONS.
TRANSACTIONS.
TRANSACTIONS.
1754
April 2gth. Lodge of Emmergency Mastr. & Wards psent. Open'd a t 7
o'clock Call'd off a t 9, Call'd on a t &h; after 9 Clos'd 10 with
good Harmony.
May 6m. Lodge open'd a t 8 o'clock M. P . & Wardens. BroT. Dermott
G.S. gave a Lecture in t h e l". B. Bro'. Wire Reported to become
a Member of our Lodge by Bror. Galbraith, Call'd off t o Refresh-
ment a t 9 oClock, Closd.'at 10 with Good Harmony.
Lodge open'd a t 9 oClock. M. Present & Wardens. Bror,
Wier E n ~ e r a' ~Member, M'. Wm. Fox was made an Enter Appren-
tice Bro'. Galbraith Gave a Lecture in t h e first part. Call'd off '
to Refreshment a t 10. Closd. a t 104 with Good Harmony.
June 3d. Lodge Night M' and Wards. present ,Openld 2 : B : Crafted
B'. Wm. Fox Fin'd B'. Wederington (for swearing) one penny
BT. Healey fin'd (for absence) two pence Call'd off a t 9 Clos'd
a t J h : past ten and hope to have better Harmony on our next
meeting.
TRANSACTIONS.
J u n e 17th. Lodge open'd a t 7 oClock M. Present, busenefs Calld. on to
Raise Bror. Fox a Masber Mason, likewise Master and Wardens
to be chose for the Ensueing half year Bror. Bedford J . W .
Chose Master, Bror. O'Keeffe S.W., BroT. Warren J . W . , BroT.
~ e d f o r dfin'd for Swearing Id Bror. Hosier Do. Bror. Weddrington
Do. a dispute between Bro'. Bedford, & Bror. Weddrington, in
Regard of Zd find. Levied upon him which was left to four Masters
of Different Regular Lodges which are Bror. MOInstoshNo. 3 Bror.
Glover 11 Bror. Norton 16, Bror. Scurlock 18 which given
against Bror. Weddrington which he made proper Submiision
Calld off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd. a t 11 with good Harmony.
N.B. Bror. Weddrington ommitted paying his fine.
\
Lodge open'd a t two a t Noon being the festival of St. John,
Calld of to Refreshment a t three Calld on in order to make BroT.
of t h e Qiiut(~orCoronati Lodge.
Trat~sactio~~s
TRANSACTIONS.
1754
Augst. lgth. Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock Master present and Wardens Bror :
Blunt & Bror Green Raisd. Master Masons Calld. off to Refresh-
ment a t 9$ Closd. a t 1 0 i with Good Harmony.
Sepr 2d. Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock Master & Wardens Present Bror.
Dermott Gave a Lecture in the first part Bror Blunt Requir'd a
Certificate has he his goeing to Jemecia which he has Recd. honour-
ably, as he paid all his Dues in our Lodge No. 20 honourably.
Calld. off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd. a t 109 With the most
pleasant and agreeable Harmony.
N : B : Worshipful1 Master paid B r d : Jones l8as he was ordefd By BroT.
Galbraith & by the above Master to tile No. 20, paid BroT. Gouf let
after the Lodge was Closd. until1 the Debate was Desided By Bror.
Galbraith & tlie Above Gough Tyler.
TRANSACTIONS.
1754
Sepr. 16th. Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock M. P. & Wardens Mr. Hutchions
Made A n Enter Apprentice Bror. GaIbraith gave a Lecture in
the first part Calld. off to Refreshment a t 9J. Calld. on to
work, two Letters p r o d ~ c 'by
~ Bror. O'Keeffe in regard to Bror.
Houghton whether No. 20 shoud. pay towards his fees, ~ e t t l by'~
the Lodge to know how this money is to be paid before we agree.
Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony.
Lodge N o . 30, A r ~ t i e ? ~ t s .
[Octr. 6th.] Lodge not open'd on acct. off not having the Key nor Sufficient
Members to open the Lodge, i t was agreed by the Majority present
M : & Bror. Galbraith to fine all Absent Members, Bror. Summers
sent five shillings for his absence with a letter off Excuse in Regard
to clear the Book next Lodge Night, agreed to fine Bror. 0 Keeffe
S : W . for Neglecting t o send his Key, or the masters which he had
Departed after nine oClock paid for Bror. Houghton to Release
Sd
him out off confinement 3.6.
[Octr. 2lSt.] Lodge opend. a t 8 oClock M. P. & Ward"? Bror. Hutchins
Raisd. a fellow Craft & Master Mason, Calld. #off to Refreshment
Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony.
TRANSACTIONS.
1754
Novr 4th. Lodge met as usual the Senior Warden present but went away
before the Lodge was opend, for wch it is left a t the Descretions of
the Master and the rest of the Brethren to fine him t h e next
Ensueing Night, no officer present when the Lodge was open'd the
pafs Master in the Chair, .when the, Lecture was given in the first
part by Bror. Galbraith, who acted as Master Lodge a t 9 and
d
closd. with a good harmony a t 10. BroT. Healy finId for Swearing 1.
LNovr.] I F h . Lodge open'd a t 72 oclock M. P . & Wd3. Bror. o Keeffe paid
for his Neglect in not coming upp to open the Lodge the last Lodge
Night, Bror. Warren find. 1'. for his Neglect in not Coming to
his Lodge he being J. W. Bror. MCcCormickP. M. gave a Lecture
in the first part, Calld. off too Refreshment a t 93 Calld. on to work
Closd. a t 104 with Good Harmony.
Decr. [2"d.] Lodge opend. a t 8 oclock M. P . & S : W. agreed by No. 3.
No. 20, No. 36, That each Lodge shall dine a t Bror. Bedfords next
St. John's day and No. 20, St. John day following, & a t Bror.
Hutchins after, signd. by agreement by M. No. 3 & J.W , M. No. 20.
& S. W. No. 36, M. & S. W, paid t o Bror. Jackson, S. W. No. 5 for
S d
Bror. Evans, he being ill, 2.74 Calld off to Refreshment at 94
Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony.
TRANSACTIONS.
1754
Decr. 16th. Lodge open'd a t 72 M. P . & Wardn8. in ordr. to Elect officers
for the Ensuing half year, Bror. O'Keeffe Elected Master, Bror.
Warren S : W. Bror. Stones J : W . Bror. Healy S : D . Bror.
Hosier J : D. Bror. MccCormick P : M. of this Lodge, offerd off his
own free will to Stand Secretary for t h e Ensuing half year Calld.
off to Refreshments a t 99 Closd. a t 108 With t h e most agreeable
Harmony it is agreed by t,he Hole t h a t the Deacons Shall be find.
d
9 for their Nights absent.
L 17551
Jan". 6th. Lodge open'd. M. P . & S. W . noe Lecture as there was but
4 Members present, Closd. a t 10 with Harmony.
Jan". ye 20th. Lodge Opend a t 7 oclock M : P . & Jr. Wd. Brother
Galbraith gave a Lecture in ye First P a r t Calld of to refresh-
ment a t 9 Receivd t h e Order of the Stweards Lodge in regard to
Bro Mitchals Funaral, as several Members being absant ye money
was not Collected Calld on to work a t 10 Closd a t 10 and half
with Harmony.
124 Trnnsacfions of ~ J L P Q ~ I O ~ I ICoronnti
OT Loclg~.
I
TRANSACTIONS.
[FebY. 3rd.] Lodge opend a t 7oClock Master and S. Warden pres$nt a
Lecture in ye first P a r t was giver. by ye Past Master Br MCOCormick
Calld of to refreshment a t 9 Clos'd with harmony a t Ten.
Brother Hoziar fin'd for swearing-one penny.
[Febj-. ITth.] Lodge opend. a t 8 oClock M.P. Wds. Absent Bror.
Galbraith J : G. W . Gave a Lecture in the first part Calld. off to
Refreshment a t 94 Closd. a t 10 with Good Harmony.
March ye 3 : 1755.
Lodge open'd a t 8 oClock B' McOCormickP . M. in ye Chair
ye Master and Wardens absent also Keys & the Keys of ye Chest
yt none of ye Uutencials Could be had a t ye Opening to ye Closing
of ye Lodge Clos'd with harmony.
March ye 17 : 1755.
Lodge met and opend a t six oClock ye Master presant Closd
as Usual with good harmony.
TRANSACTIONS.
1755 i
May 25th. Lodge of Immergency call'd Mr. Wm. Corp made an Enter
apprentice m'. Wm Tompson Reported By Bror. Galbraith J. G : W
to be worthy t o be admitted in our Regular Lodge of free an
Accepted Antient Masons Calld. off to Refreshment. Closd with
Good Harmony.
N. B. Bror. Thomas Dowsett Reported t o become a member in our Regular
Antient Lodge by Bror. Galbraith J : G. W. he being worthy of
being a member, by his Certificate from No. 218 in Ireland.
Lodge S o . 20, Antienta. 125
J u n e ye 2 : 1755
Lodge met and open'd a t 7 O'Clock 7" W . M. presalit
Brother Barnett was r a ~ a' ~master Mason a Lecture Given by
Brother Galbraitll in ye first Branch Calld of to refreshment a t
tell an closd with IIarmony.
J u n e loth Lodge off Imn~ergeiicycalld. M. Present
Bror. Corp Raisd. a fellow Craft NIp. J o h n Forsaith Reported arid
wade a n Enter apprentice in this most honourable & Antient
Society of free and acceptsd mazons Calld. off t o Refreshment a t
10, Closd. a t 102 with the nlost agreeable harnloily Poisible.
TRANSACTIONS C O N T I N U E D .
J c n e ye 2 : Lodge met and opeiid a t 7 O'Clock M' presant
I ? 16th.] B' Corp was made a Master Mason also B' Foresaith was made a
fellow Craft, The Lodge according to anual Custolii Calld to
Election for Officers for ye ensuing half Year, when Brother
Tho'. Warren was duly Elected as Master, BP Doweett as S Warden
and B' Barnett J Warden B' Hosiar Senior deacon B' Corp J
deacon Calld of to refreshment a t 9 clos'd a t ten with harmony.
Jur-? 23 Lodge of Imerginsy czlld to make BP Foresaith a Master
mason The Masber in y' Chair Clos'd with Harinorly a t half
after 10.
July ye 7t" Lodge met as usual the Master in the Chair Senior Wardell
. present J u n r 11" absent A Lecture in the first p a r t given by
BrO. Galbraitli Opned a t eiglit 0 Clock and closd half after ten
with the most agreable harmony.
J U ~ Y 2lSt Lodge opend a t 8 oClock M. Absent S . W & J : W .
present a Lecture in t h e first P a r t by t h e S : W C a l l h f f to
Refreslimeilt Closd. a t 104 With Good Harmony
TRANSACTIONS C O N T I N U E D .
August ye 4t" Lodge met as usual the Master and senior Warden present
t h e Lodge opried at 8 o Cloc!r arid Closd with the ntost agreable
harmony a t 10 0 Clack.
August the 13th Lodge Night 11' and Julier Warden presznd B' field Visiter
t h e Lodge Opne'd a t 8 Call'd to Refreshnierlt a t 9 Clos'd a t 10
With good Harmony
Er Earnet B' Corp BP forsitli paid two months Dues to the
grand.
Sepr lst Lodge opend. M. et Wd3. absent past. M took t h e Chair.
Bror. mc"Cormk. gave a Lecture in the first p a r t i t wap agreed by
t l ~ eM a ~ o r i t ythis Night, t h a t the Master Shou'd be find. 6d over
& above is fines, Wds Do. Calld. off to Refreslimellt Closd a t 10
with Good Harmony.
16th Lodge opend a t 8 oClock M. S : W . Absent
Bror. Cormk. Gave a Lecture in the first Calld off to Refreshment.
Closd a t 10 with Good Harmony.
October 6 Lodge Opend a t 9 0 Clock B' MCCCormickP . M. in yc Chair
B' IIozier presant all ye rest of ye Members absant Wliicl~is agreed
by ye Majortity yt Each member be find 4d over yc Comlnon fine
Closd a t 9 & 4 with harmony.
October ye 20: 1755
Lodge met and opend a t 8 0 Clock t h e W" P M Brother
Galbraith in ye Chair and agreed by the Majority yt Each member
absant Should be fined p' Last and t h a t all members should be
126 Transactions of the Quattlor Coronnti Lodge.
TRANSACTIONS.
1756
Janry. lgth Lodge opend. a t 7 oClock M : P : & S : W .
Bror. George Lankshn made an Enterd. Apprentice, Bror. Lewis
M : 31 Gave a Lecture in t h e first part. Calld. off to Refreshment
Closd. a t 10 with. Good Harmony.
Febry. 2d Lodge opend. a t 7 oClock M : & J : W . Present, Bror.
Qalbraith gave a Lecture in the first P a r t , the above Reported,
Robert EXickman, Sam'. Gwatkin t o be made Masons, in our
Regular Antient Lodge, Calld. off to Refreshment a t 94 Closd
at 10 with the Most Agreeable Harmony Pofsible.
Lodge N o . 20, B n t i e ~ ~ t s . 127
March the lat Lodge night Master & Wardens present open'd a t 4 h. after
8 a Lecture in the 1 : B : Ey Bror. S. Galbraith J : G : W. Call'd,
off a t 9 .Call'd on a t 10 and Clos'd a t 4 h. after with Good
Harmony.
15th Lodge opend. a t 8 o Clock M : P : Wd? abst. Bro'. MCcCormk.
Gave in the first part Calld. off t o Refreshment, Closd. a t 10
with Good Harmony.
April ye 5 : 1756
Lodge night Master absa?lt open'd a t 7 0 Clock Calld off
a t 9 Clos'd a t ten and agreed by the Mijorty t h a t ye Master should
b3 fined Six penoe over the Common fine in his Office for detaining
the Jewal from ye Lodge. Closd with harmony.
April ye 1 9 : 1756
Lodge met the master and S . W . absant B'. McCormick
P. M. in the Chair opend in ye F. B. a t 7 0 Clock Calld off to
refreshment a t 9 and agreed by the majority yt ye M. should be
fined as p'. last and all other Members according the Rules of
Sd Lodge Closd a t 10 with ye most agreeable harmony.
May ye 3 : 1756
Lodge night M. and S. W. presant opend in the S . B. and
mad B' Langstbne a fellow Craft Calld of to refreshmenL a t -
Closd a t 10 with Harmony.
J u n e ye 7 : 1756
Lodge Night opend a t 9 0 Clock Mr. Absant with his Jewal
F. W. and All members Except The J . W. Closd a t ten with
Harmony.
J u n e ye 21 : 1756
Lodge night M. presant opend ai, 8 0 Clock in ye first B when
B' Kieff P. M. and B'. Warren P . M. required a discharge from
ye Lodge which was granted and also agreed by ye Majorty yt ye
Presant Officers should stand for ye insuing half year Calld of to
refreshment a t 9 Closd a t 10 with harmony and all agreed t h a t
Sd Lodge shauld meet ye Second and fourh Wednesday of ye Month
insuing.
July ye 1 4 : 1756
Lodge night M. presant opend 8 Calld of a t 9 Closd a t 10
.with harmony.
J u l y ye 2 8 : 1756
Lodge met M'. Presant opend in ye F. B. Calld of to refresh-
ment a t 9 and Closd a t 10 with harmony & %'. Finch Joined ye
Lodge.
August l l t h 1756
Lodge met a t 9 Call of to Refreshment a t half a nour after
Nine M' : S : W . J : W . Absent and all brothers except B' Stone
B' Finch Closed a t Ten with good Harmony.
Septr. ye gth
Lodge met a t 7 Calld to Refreshment Master & S. W . absent
Closed a t half an hour after Nine W - t h good Harmony.
Septembor ye 2 2 : 1756
Lodge night the master and S. W. absant opend in ye First
Branch and postpond the Businefs of ye Sd Lodge for the next
Meeting Calld of a t 9 Closd a t ten with ye most agreable
Harmony.
Lodge Y o . 20, A.r~fiesrts. l29
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Monthly Accounts.
[l7551
Time of Reason Occupatior~ ce place
NAMES. Discharge. Why. of Abode.
Nohlet 0 ' ~ e e f f e 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.
Exclade d by his own 6 6 6 Slc 6 6 Sick
The! MTarren Diclar itioii see Transactioi~
Tho" Stones 6 6 6
W". Healy Dischat g'd B y Certificate
John Hosier 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Corl 6 6 6 6 6
Jama. Bedford 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 G 6 G 6 6
John McCormick 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Saml. Galbrait h 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 G 6 6 s . 6 6 6 6
0
John Summers ~xclud'edf o r Nonpay ~nent Qoodmans Fields 3
Wm. Green Victulnr at ge White Lyon in White Lyon Street 5
Cr.
I
Fenw"Weddrenton Exd fo r No n ~ a ~ m e n t
Sam'. Hutchins Exd D i t t o .
May 5 Robt. Barnett 1755 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Victular a t ye Red Crofs in ye Millories.
Saml. Welbeck Exd. for N ollpayment. Lock Smith a t ye C:olrlcn Key tlcan street Soho
1755
May 25 llTn'.Colp 6 6 6 6 6 Shooe Maker Great Arthur Street.
1715 Shaggreen Case Maker, Warwick Lane.
l
June 2 ThoS. Dowsett
Do. 10 JonO.Forsaith
l Brewer, Bell Lane, Sl)ittle Fields.
Lodge N o . 20, Antients.
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Transactions of the &t~attror'Coc.onntiLodge.
Lodge N o . 80, $ntients.
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Lodge Dr. T o Cash. Contra
put in the Box.
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Jr111e 24ti' Cash p u t in £0 0 9; Expended for F. Barnet 0 5 6 g -
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.July l" Cash put i n S 6 To ye Grand Lodge 0 3 6 -
n
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.July 15''' Cash D". 1 11 To ye Tylor 0 1 0 \
tions of 1784; and of course Preston and Oliver accepted it without question.
Dr. F o r t Newtan, in T h e Builders (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1914, p. I l l ) , says of
t h e document t h a t i t " is allowed by all to be genuine." Probably he speaks of
his countrymen in t h e U.S.A., for in the present day few students could be found
here who would subscribe to such an opinion; and t h e f 0 1 l o w i n ~ ' ~ o from
te The
Bodleian Qziarterly Record (Vol. I I I . , No. 26, p. 27) is therefore of great
interest.
. W.J.S.
THE PHILOLOGIST AND THE FORGER.-The forger of literary and
historical documents has many pitfalls in his path, b u t his fall is often
long delayed. A forgery which for many years has found supporters
is a masonic treatise entitled ' Certayne Questyons . . . Concernynge .
Maconrye; wryt.tenne by . . . Kynge Henrye t h e Sixthe . . . and
. . . copyed by me Johan Leylande,' published in the Gentleman's
Magazine, 1753, xxiii., 417, but stated t o be a reprint of E i n Brief won
. . . Herrm Johann Locke (Frankfurt, 1748), where i t is said that the
original manuscript is in the Bodleian ~ i b r a r ~No
. such manuscript,
however, has &er come to light, and Mr. Madan, in his S u m m a r y
Catalogue, refers t o i t as mythical. A student of masonry recently
made a special visit to Oxford with a view t o a further search
for t h e treatise. because. as he said. ' masonicallv this isJ
The word ' Square ' is used with peculiar significance also in L E A R , I . , i., 75,
where Regan protests :
"
. . . t h a t I profess
Myself an enemy to all other joys
Which t h e most precious square of sense possesses."
The last pertinent reference in this short .list is found in H E N R Y 4,
part 2, I I I . , ii.
(e) Shallow (speaking of Falstaff's taking bribes to keep men out of the army) :
H e is not his craft's master, he doth not do it right.
The late Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence, in t h e course of one of his amusing
letters on ' Bacon I S Shakespeare ' in the Referee, said t h a t t h e facts are known
to members of the 33rd degree. It would be of great interest if the truth or .
otherwise of this statement could be ascertained, with due regard, of course, to
all necessary caution.
FRED GROVEPALMER.
Transactions of the Qtcatztor Coronnti Lodge.
OBITUARY.'
Letters of apology for n1)scncr were rcportcd from Bros. Edmnrd C'lndcr, R. H.
Baxtcr, F. H. Golduc~y,8. T. Kl(\in, Herbcrt Bradley, 1,. Tlbcrt, John T 'Il~orp.Canon
'Horslo~-,J. E. S. Tuclcc~tt,\Tlllinm \Vatson, 2nd Cccil Poncll.
Our brother's health had for some time been failing under pressure of ~vorlr
and anxieties imposed by t h e conditions of t h e times On August 6 t h he wrote
to Bro. Songhurst telling him t h a t h e was obliged t o go into a nursing home in
view of a serious operation, which we hoped might have restored him t o us again,
b u t this was not t o be, and he passed t o his rest on Saturday, ,August 23rd, 1919.
Bro. Macbean's name stood as t h e fifth on our roll of members, so t h a t
his death breaks a link we shall indeed miss with t h e membersliip of t h e early
days of t h e Lodge. A few years since h e was taking a n active p a r t in our pro-
ceedings, despite t h e long journgy from Glasgow which his attendance entailed.
Necessarily, of late, vie had not seen so much of h;m, but his keen interest in the
Lodge remained unabated, and h e was ever ready to give his aid and couiisel
when called on. H i s last attendance a t t h e Lodge was on 8 t h November, 1916,
and those of us who attended t h e meeting a t Hastings in 1913 will cherish the
msmory of Ero. Macbean's mosh recent attendance a t one of our Outings.
EDWARD MACBEAN was born i n America in 1845, b u t his earliest recollec-
tions were associated with t h e Island of Ceylon, where, for some years, his father
held a chaplaincy. Afterwards i t fell to his lot t o travel very extensively, and
t o visit India, Egypt, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, and to make
146 Tr(rn\ctcfio~rro f t h r ()tr~ctcror C o r o n ~ t iL o c J ~ P .
more tlian one voyage round t h e world. About 1875 he settled down definitely
to mercantile purbuits; and entered into business a t Glasgow, in a firm of which
Ile co~ltinued the active head till his death.
Brother Macbean was initiated in S t . John's Lodge, Glasgow, N,o. 3 his,
in 1884, and in 1885 became a companion of the Royal. Arch in Glasgow Chapter,
No. 50. H e was also a full nlznlber of N a r y Cllapel Lodge, No. 1, Edinburgh,
Iiad been accorded hoaorary membership of several other Masonic bodies, and had
Iield t h e offic- of Grand Steward in the Grand Lodge of Scotland.
Passing t h e Chair in his Mother Cllapter, our Brother became a Founder,
and afterwards Treasurer, of H i n g Solomon's Cllapter, No. 2029 (English Con-
stitution), and P a s t Grand Chancellor of tl;e Grand Chapter of Scotland. An
lionour mucll valued by our Brother was his appointnlent as Grand Representative
of t h e G r a i d Chapter of Maine a t the Grand Cllapter of Scotland, conferred a t
the instance of tliat distinguished American Brother-the late Josiali H. Drum-
mond. Brotlier Macbean had made his mark in essays on iC!/ttr7,01i.sr~l,l<!/yljtkn9z
A I f ! / ~ ~ f r r iand
~ . v , kindred subjects, as well as in papers dealing with subjects relative
t o t h e Craft, in his X o t r s 0 1 1 t h e H i s t o r y of ,Scotfis2L Crccft Al/tr.sonr!/, arid T o t e s
017. ('rcrft t't;rrr/~otrinI,when, in May, 1887, Ile became an early member of our
Correspondence Circle, which had only come into being in Februarv of t h a t year.
0 11 &!ay 4tl1, 1888, lie was elected t o the full membership of the Lodge, and
a p ~ o i n t e dSteward by Brother W . Simpson a t t h e installation meeting of t h a t
year. H e served co~ltinuouslyin the subordinate offices for seven successive years
leading u p to his occupation of the Cllair in 1895-6. Bro. Macbean's inaugural
address took the form of a review of the work of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge u p
t o t h a t date, comprising the first ten pears of its existence. Some pleasant light,
is thro\vn, in the course of t h e address, upon tlle relations. between t h e then
n~embersof tlie Lodge. The newly-installed Master spoke of his special indebted-
ness to sollle of tile Brethren, and proceeded to say : -
Bro. Spetll is my sponsor in this Lodge, and to llim I an1 indebted
for liaviilg become a member of 2076.
Bro. Hugllan has been my guide, philosopher, and friend masonically
for many years: and to Bro. Simpson (formerly known as Crinlean or
Indian Simpson), a respected and esteemed P . M . of this Lodge, 1 owe
in some measure my fondness for Eastern Worships: while our dear
Bro. Rylands, of a n entirely different cast of tllought t o the above,
has done inore t o disabuse me of false teaching t h a n any other person
I know.
Bro. Macbean read before the Lodge papers on S c o t t i s h I"rrert~tc.qorlry ill
t h e prp.vrtlt E r ( / : T h r fortnntiotc o f t h r Grcclrd L o d g r o f , V r o t l ~ ~ ?and / I Jfu.?ter
.lC(rson.~t o t h r tft.or,*tzof , Y ~ ~ t l ( c l z( dA . ( S . t f .i., 254: iii., 172: vii., log), all valuabls
assets in the treasury of our Trrr,,strrfiot2.s, and his Memoir of his friend, our P . M .
Willian~ Simpson, t h e great W a r Correspondent and Artist. expresses n tribute
of admiration and affection, in which the warm heart of t h e author is plainly
evinced. Tlie list of Reviews appearing in our pages shou~st h a t our Brother gave
useful service t o the Lodge in t h a t respect. H i s contribution dealing with our
late Brother J . Ross Robertson's Histor?/ o f I,or/!/r F o r t r o s r , Stortznrc.n?/,' is a t
son.? length, and in his happiest vein. Bro. Macbean there mentioned the
pleasure he had experienced when, in t h e summer of 1903, h e visited. Bro.
Robertson a t Toronto, and during his entertainment was conducted over the
" Children's Hospital," t h e " Lakeside Co~lvalescent Hon~es," and kindred
;nr,titutions ill wllich our lamented Cailadian Brother was so deeply interested.
It was owing to llis intimacy with Bro. Ross R.obertson t h a t Bro. Macbean wished .
1 Rc~icx~l-s h\- Hro. E. 3Iacbean npprar in .l.(,).('. as.follon.s:-7~rou~rhf
T , i ! / h f . I)a\-id \Tillox, \ i i . , 93: l - ~ t r r ( ~ ! :( 'fo // /~P ~ / P 1f1111, D. 37. 1-11.. 95:
I l l r ~ ~ f ~ rTr ,~ntdi! / ~ ,T l r r n s l c ! / . E . T. Great11;irh: ant1 S t . .7ohn Bootist L o ~ ~ P ,
...
F::'.rr%f~r. Andrell- H o p e , r i i i . , 4 1 : T,o(lr/~o f F'r,rtrtuT~.T,crnrtrster. H . h n g m a n .
\-111..4.5: ( ' r n t ~ n n r of ! ~ Lot10.r ('onrordin, R t r l t i m ~ r r . E . T . Schultz, r i i i . , 166:
T,od!/r of Fortrose. S f o r ~ n l r o y ,J . Rots Robertson, X\-iii.. 235.
Trn?s.snctions of tltr Qlrcctuor C ' o r o ~ ~ n T,orfgr.
li 147
Bro. J. E. S. Tuckett was elected Master of the 1,odge for the ensuing ycnr; Bro
l\'. H. Rylands was elc,ctcd Trrasurcr; and Bro. J. H. MrS:~ughton was re-elected Tylcr.
The S~CRET.\I:Y
.
drcw the attentio:~of t h r Brethren to the folio\\-ing ,
EXHIBITS.
CERTIFIC~TE
(R.A.), issued 28 I"el)ru;~ry1809 l)> the Chaptclr of S t n c t I i c n c ~ m l c ~ ~ c r .
Su%derl;rnd, To. 103, in favour of tlic same hrotller: s ~ g n c d 1)) Tho'
Hardy, Z . ; \Vm. Tarn, H . : J. Dison, J . ; and Wm. Hodsotr. .:F
CCICTII.IC'~TE
(Robe C r o i ~ ) .i ~ s u e dt o hls Gr;indfathcr, Uro. John Este Vibert, on
tllc 26th day of the 5th J i o ~ ~ in t h the year of the true Light 5835, by the
Grand Orieut of Brazil, as member of Lodge Imparcialidade, Rio do
Janeiro.
Two ~ r ~ o r presumably
s , Craft and Rose Crois cnder the Grand Orient of Brazil,
originally belonging to t h e same brother.
I'res~ntotl to t h c L o d g e .
CSI<TI~IC.ITE
(Grand Lodge of kh~gland),issued septcbmber 1874, ill favour of Bro.
Ceorge Tliistle Thor~ics,a 111cn1berof the Lily Lodge of ltichmond, No. 820.
A hearty vote of thanlrs was accorded to the Brethren who had most lii~.dlysent
objccts of interest for inspection, and niqde presentations to t h e Lodge Museum.
U T BRO. T. J . S d L T I ~ l C ~I'.I'r.G.T17.
, (Salop).
Justices of the Assize in their circuit or progress in the shire where such Acts or
ordinances be made upon payne in the same Stat,ufe-limited and appointed as by
the same Act more plainly i t doth and may appear."
Accordingly, on the 6th March, 1 S i 5 , the Bailiffs, ~ u r ~ e s s eas n, d C&-
monalty of the Sorough under their Common Seal and the Occupation of Sniiths
and others entered into a mutual Indenture setting forth the acts and ordinances
to be submitted to the Justices of Assize for their approval. An early recital is
to the effect t h a t :
" Long time before the making of which sd Statute here within
this town there have been divers good & wholesome Articles, Rules, constitu-
tions, ordinances & Acts used & practised among the said Fellowship and,
Brotherhood of the said Art, Mystery, Trade, and occupation of Smiths, Fletchers,
Eowyers, Goldsmiths, Ironmongers, Cardniakers, Saddlers, Coopers, Cutlers,
Pewterers, Braziers, Nailers, Armourers, Plasterers, Masons, Carpenters, Plumbers,
Joiners, Tylers, Slaters, Helyers, makers of Sieves or 'I'ugari, & Hawkers of
Bend Ware united & conjoined as part & parcel of the sd Fellowship & Brotherhood
of Smiths."
It is also stated that one of the objects of entering into the Indenture was:
" That hereafter no indemnity, loss, or damage may grow or come to the Bailiffs
of the said town in hearing or receiving the suits, causes, or matters appertaining
to the said Fellowship; and t h a t the said Fellowship by their Wardens may com-
mence, prosecute, follow and rxecute their causes, suits, plaints, and. informations
before the Bailiffs of t h e said Town of Ludlow."
The first really operative statement is: " Th'at the said Fellowship or
Erotherhood of ~ n ~ i t and
h s others have been time out of mind a Body politic, keal,
and incorporated by the name of Six nlen as Chief Heads and Governors of the
same body and twd Stewards or Wardens as officers and nlini~tersto execute the
lawful commandments of the said Six men & seek, levy, receive & gather the
forfeitures, penalties, amerciaments, & Fines assessed of all & every -person or
persons according to the tenor of these presents."
It is then " Expressed &c. t h a t the sd Brotlierhood or Fellowship shall &
may by the name of the two Stewards or Wardens &c. sue, arrest, implead,
answer & be answered in t h e Queens (Elizabeth) Court before the Bailiffs in all
causes &c. in anywise."
It is next-declared t h a t the Six men and two Wardens may thereafter be
nominated, elected, and chosen in manner and form thereafter expressed, and that
John Clee, Richard Swanson, John Season, Thomas Asbache, Huniphrey Lea, and
Richard Grove should be the Six men, and William Bradshaw and James Fennel
Wardens till the next Election.
Then the Bailiffs, &C., enacted: " That the sd Fellowship or Brotherhood
shall & may have retain & keep their accustomed ordinary & usual place for
r their assembly in convenient place of the .church of St Laurence in Ludlow."
This was the North Transept which is screened off and to this day is known as the
Fletchers Chancel. The word chancel impliesfa place for transacting business,
and the absence of the word ' parish ' is suggestive.
The annual meeting day was the Sunday next after the Feast of Et. Philip
and St. Jacob (.stc), when the Wardens were elected for two years. Provision is
nlade for filling up vhcancies caused by deaths.
'
The next provision was very important. It was t h a t i f any cause or quarrel
should arise among t h e members of the Brotherhood " The same quarrel, Suit,
cause, action, or demand shall be first declared. set forth, shewed & examined
before the Six men, and t h a t they determine, judge, & deem the same quarrel &C.,
& all controversies thereof depending or growing by the assent of both the parties
as well touching private matters & causes between party & party; Causes (1.
pleas touching the Crown Title & right of inheritance or Purchased Lands &c
always excepted. "
" And in case any member of the Brotherhood -.shall presume to sue,
vex, molest or trouble by any suit &C. any of his brethren before he hat11
imported the cause &c to the Six men That then the said party so offending in or
impleading any of his fellows in any the Queens Court of Record or any other court
Sotrs on S o r n ~T m d e Guilds at L z ~ l l o u . . 151
shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of 3" 4d one moiety to t h e use of t h e
Urotlierhood. k the other to the Treasury of t h e Town."
If payment was not made the Wardens were enjoined to sue for t h e same
before t h e Bailiffs.
Elaborate provision is made for the assessment by t h e Six men of the mem-
bers for contributions and enforcing payment. Refusal to attend for assessment
or to pay was finable to the extent of 3s. 4d.
" And i t was ordered &c. t h a t any Freeman which is or which shall be free
of the said Fellowship or Brotherhood . . . ehall & may have and bring u p
such apprentice and so many apprentices in such order as they have done in times
past as by t h e Queens Majestys Laws of this Realm i t is permitted to one of ihe
faculty so t h a t t h e same person or persons so to be taken as a n apprentice or
apprentices cause his Indentures of Apprenticehood t o be enrolled before the
Bailiffs of t h e said T o x n of Ludlow And also t h e said person or persons serving
as a n apprentice shall & may be a t t h e age of Twenty-four years a t t h e ending &
determination of his term of a ~ ~ r e n t i c e h o oto
L L
d be determined and so t h a t h e be
bound & serve the full term of Seven years t h a t then t h e said'person or persons
a~liicli so served as is aforesaid and willing and requiring t h e said Six men and
two wardens or so many of them as shall living and resident within t h e said Tow11
tc be admitted, deemed, $ judged free of tlie .aid Occupation, A r t , Mystery,
Trade, and Science, upon such request & suit made shall thenceforth be admitted
free of them. H e or they yielding and paying to t h e said Wardens for t h e use.
of the occupation of their Freedom in manner d.; form following ( t h a t is t o say)
The Smiths 1OS/-, t h e Armorer 101-, the Fletcher 101-, the Bowyer 101-, t h e
Goldsmith 101-, t h e Ironmonger 101-, t h e Cardmaker 101-, t h e Sadler 101-, t h e
Cooper 101-, t h e Cutler 10 I - , t h e Pewterer 10/-, t h e Mason 101-. the Carpenter
G"/8d, the Plumber 618, t h e Joiner 618, t h e Tyler 618, the Glazier 6 18, t h e Brazier
6 18, the Nailer 618, t h e Plasterer 618, t h e maker of Sieves o r Tugars 618, &
Coopers of Bend Ware 618 to t h e use of the said Fellowship or Brotherhood."
A t this point the charges given to a newly-made Freeman should be referred
to They were published in the Tm~z.~crc.tio~r.s in vol. xii., p. 107, and will bring to
m i t ~ da portion of our resent ritua1.l
Next are some provisions for t h e continuation or completion of apprentice-
ships after the dieatli of a n employer.
It was also decwed that'no " foreigner & stranger notrnithstandinq he hath
been brought up in t h e said Trade of Smiths & others within anv Citv Borough o r
Market Town within this Realm hereafter be permitted & allowed within t h e said
Town to set up & be a free Master within the sd Town unless " he be resident and
11-ave better testimonial as to his apprenticeship and good report and t h a t h e pay ,
for the privilege as follows : -Blacksn~iths, Armorers, Fletchers, Rowyers, Gold-
smiths, Ironmonqers, Cardmakers, Saddlers, Coopers, Cutlers, Pewterers, and
Masons. forty shillings each and the other trades 13s. 4d. each. This reminds us
of our joining members. A violation of this regulation csrried a fine of 3s. 4d.
It was-the duty of t h e Wardens to mak? upan annual Register of accounts
and claims.
Indentures of Apprenticeship had to ba registered arith the Wardens within
a month of sealing.
~ ~ ~ r e n t i c e ~ c be
o u assigned
ld but only in the same trade under a penalty
of 401-.
The fees for admittance of Freemen had to be in " Ready monsy, Silver gag2
or sureties. "
The Wardens had to give Bond for £40-0-0 on election dav for t h e pay-
meni to the Six men of t h e monies they may receive. Default was finable i n 401-.
It was further set forth t h a t t h e Six men and Wardens should have power
to make lawful order tending to the wealth of tlie Fellowship
The resolution of all ambiquities, doubts. or questions had to be referred
to the Bailiffs, Twelve, and Twenty-five.
1 Thcsc Charges are re-printed nrr an Appendix t o t h e prcse~itpaper.
It was alzc stipulated t h a t if the Fellowship should t r y to defeat the claim
of t h e Borough to t h e moiety of fines, then tlle Indenture shoulcl be void.
The foragoing was submitted a t Rridgfiorth to Sir Edward Saunders, Lord
Chief Earoli of t h e Excllequer, and Willianl Lovelace, Sergeant-at-Law, Justices
of Assize, on t h e 3rd.Apri1, 1576, and by thein confirmed, subject to powers of
Revision and Revocation.
Owing to the iiat'ural development of commerce and industry additional
occupations arose which made i t necessary for a supplementary Indenture to be
entered into between t h e same parties on the 4th August, 1715. It opens with a
lengthy recital of the original Incorporation ~vliichhad now become known as the
" Hammermen's Company," and states t h a t since the confirmation by tlie Judges
in Queen Elizabeth's time t h e trades of " Silversmiths, Clock & Watchmakers,
Glaziers, Tinplate workers, Chairmakers, & Cabinet makers" had arisen, & that
although several of these artizans were " free to some of t h e former trades were
using & exercising the latter without paying any fine for their freedom."
Furthermore, " the kegping of Public Feasts & Acts of Charity were become more
chargeable than formerly & their stock much impoverished by Suits of Law what
had arisen by reason of the uncertainties of their fines & other ambiguities &C., and
t h a t several m.embers of t h e company chose to pay the fine for refusal to serve tlie
office of Steward."
Therefore i t was Articled, concluded, and agreed ( i n t e r nlin) as follows:-
" T h a t t h e several Trades of Silversmiths, Ciock & Watchmakers, Glaziers, Tin-
plate workers, Chairmakers, & Cabinet makers shall from henceforth be incor-
porated with deemed & taken as p a r t of the said Fraternity of Smiths and others,"
and be subject to tlie Bye-laws, &c.
Circumstances seem t o have made i t necessary to amplify the ordinances,
for i t was now ordered t h a t t h e Six men, two Stewards, and such as had served
t h e ofice of Steward (mark t'he analogy with p a r t of our Speculative system) should
have power " t o make any foreigners or others free to any of the Trades, &C.,
mentioned, such foreigners & others being qualified, & paying fines as follows:-
Smiths, Goldsmiths, Silversmiths, Ironmongers. Sadlers, Coopers & Hawkers of
Bendware, Cutlers, Joiners, Clock & Watchmakers, Plumbers, Braziers, Pewterers,
Tinplate workers, & Cabinet n~alrers not exceeding £10-0-0, and to Fletchers,
Bowyers, Cardm.akers, Nailors, Armorers, Plasterers, Masons, Carpenters, Tylers,
Slaters, Helyers, Makers of Sieves or Tugars, Chair m a k e s , Glaziers, or other
trades, belonging to t h e Fraternity, not exceeding £8." This new classification
of t h e importacce of the Trades is ~ignificantas being one of the signs of the t,imes.
Tt, was also provided t h a t a foreigner or other who had served apprentice-
ship to more t h a n one Trade, &c:, need not pay a separate fine for each Trade.
The Apprentice educated within the Town could now be made free a t a
lower age than 24, b u t he had t o pay not exceeding 101- as. a " treat."
A person who without approved excuse refused t h e office of Steward could
now be fined £5-0-0, 3 t o go to t h e Company's Stock and t h e rest to the Charity
School- of t h e Town, b u t if t h a t was discontinued, to such local Charity as the
Bailiffs may appoint.
Any disobedient Steward was finable in 201- to be divided equally between
t h e Company and t h e Charity School.
Power was given t o the Fraternity t o alter its place of meeting in the
Church to any other place in t h e Town. As a sequel i t was ordered t h a t all duly
summoned members do go along with the Stewards to such place as they may
appoint ( 1 t h e Alehousz) and pay a n equal share of the Reckoning subject to a
fine of 10;-.
The Public Meeting for Election or" the Six Men and Stewards was fixed
for the Sat.urday next after the 3rd May.
Lastly all former ordinances not repealed were confirmed.
Approved subject to powers of alteratiol; & revokation a t the County Assizes
30th August 171.5.
Notes on Some Trade Guilds at L?tdlow. 153
From this time oiiwa'rd tliere was much unrest about the restriction of the
freedom to trade, and the privileges of the Guilds became greatly encroached upon
apparently with the tacit approval of con~mercialsociety. Anyway, t h e exclusive
powers of the Guilds declined; possibly the Law Courts looked vpon their existence
as being " i n restraint of trade " and therefore not to be e~couraged. Certain i t ,
i~ that the Hammerinen's Company lost its importance except in certain faculties.
The list of members from 1786 t o 1830 shows that few of the higher grades of
tradesmen took up their freedom, and then t h e membership began to be honorary,
people who had not served any apprenticeship being made members and having a
fictitious trade assigned to them, although in many instances they were already
Freemen of the Borough hhrough inheritance. My own father was one. H e was
brought up to the Law, but was assigned t h e trade of a Smith.
The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, Sec. 14, after reciting the various
privileges and monopoJies I have described, enacted " That notwithstanding any
such Custom or Bye Law, every person in any Borough may keep any Shop for
the sale of all Lawful Wares, & Merchandizes by Wholesale or Retail, & use every
lawful Trade, Occupation, Mystery, & Handicraft, for Hire, Gain, Sale or other
wise, within any Borough."
Although this did not extinguish the Trade Guilds it was their virtual
death-blow. They may have existed in places in a sporadic form for some time,
but most of them died of inanition. But it must be remembered t h a t this Act
of 1835 did not apply to the City of London, so the City Companies were left, to
some extent, in their pristine glory, and their ability to exercise their beneficent
influence.
As a boy I knew several of the last operative Freemen, the last of whom,
Mr. Thomas Cook, Plumber, became the sole depositary of all the original
documents and regalia of the Hammermen's Company, which he patriotically gave
to the Ludlow Natural History Society, in whose charge they are now, and from
whom I have acquired this information.
APPENDIX.
You shall not myssuse or spealre any Ray leinge or indirect words towards
any of the sixe nlen or Stewards uppon payne of forfeiture of three shillings foure
pence to be gathered as before.
You shall pay your hall money as yt hath been accoustomed uppon the like
payne you shall not Refuse beinge chosen and Ellected to the Stewardsippe of
the said fellorshippe uppon t h e payne of five pounds uppon denyall of the same.
You shall also be content t o beare yor portion for all Scott and Lott that
shall be seased uppon y6 by t h e sixe men from tyme to tyme for any seasement
that the occupation shall be charged withale.uppon paine to be disfranchised from
the said fellowshippe as a forriner.
You shall not use any other trade but what you have been apprentize or
allowed or made free into uppon payne of forfeiture for every day three shillings
foure pence and be disfranchised.
Noe Master of this fellorshippe shall suffer his servant or apprentize to
come to the Occupation dynner or Supper B u t only such as shall pay one shilling
uppon payne of forfeiture of three shillings four pence.
You shall take no apprentize under t h e tearme of seven yeres and the
same apprentize name t o be registered in the booke of the fellorshippe uppon
payne of hindrance of the said apprentize of his trade. c
You nor your wief or any other in your behalf shall not use to kneele in
the Occupators pews before you have been steward.
the Royal Confirmation, and privileges with regard to holding property in the
reigns of Edward 111. and Richard I I . , but was founded by the good folk of
Ludlow as long ago as to date almost, as we should say, from ' time immemorial.'
I t is not too much t o say t h a t to t h e Palmers' Guild Ludlow owed t h e
church and its principal charities, a condition of things common in t h e days when
guilds played so large a part in the life of the people. To take one other example,
the accounts of the building of Bodmin Church in the fifteenth century show some
forty guilds all more or less connected with t h a t church. Ludlow Church in those
days counted a t least seventeen a1tars.l The word ' chancel ' in t h e present
connection inust be taken as applicable t o any portion of the church-not necessarily
the Eastern-that was divided off for special use.
The objects of the Palmers' Guild were religious in that full and proper
sense which includes not only the worship of God, but what is summed up in t h e
maxim " Love thy neighbour as thyself." Hence t h e objects of t h e fraternity
included the assistance of members in misadventure by theft, fire, shipwreck; in
case of imprisonment or seizure of their goods; in temporary sickness or incur-
able disease, and provided dowries for young women; and thus conducting them
along the path of their earthly careers, the guild assisted a t t h e last sad offices,
and still continued after they had passed beyond the veil to commend their souls
to the mercy of Almighty God. I n tlie old guild life t h e attention of t h e fraternitier,
was very forcibly directed to the contemplation of the inevitable end of this mortal
existenie, and i n this particular case t h e ordinance dealing specially with this
religious duty seems to me very well worth recording here for t h e light i t throws
on more than one point of interest to us. The original Latin has been translated
thus :-
" Services for the dead shall be duly attended by all t h e bretheren
and sisteren.
If any man wishes, as is common, to keep night watches with the
dead, this will be allowed, on t h e condition that lie neither calls u p
ghosts, nor makes any mockeries of t h e body or its good name, nor does
any other scandal of the kind. . . . And never shall any woman
unless of the household of the dead, keep such a night watch."
The government of the Society was ~ r o v i d e dfor in the ordinance t h a t " Five or
seven men of the guild shall, every year, choose a Rector and Stewards of the
guild, who shall manage its affairs." A t the time the guild took its name three
chaplains were supported especially t o celebrate services for t h e living, t h e dead
and in honour of the Holy Cross, a dedication very naturally associated with the
original objects of a Palmers' or Pilgrims' Guild. A t t h e time of t h e suppression
of the Guild under Henry V I I I . , the funds maintained a warden, seven priests,
four singingmen, and six choristers, " t o sing divine service wthin t h e paryshe
Church of Saynt Laurence," and also sufficed for t h e support of the Schoolmaster
of Grammar and thirty-two Alms people. There was an almshouse for t h e poor
folk and a mansion house for the ministers of t h e Guild, who, however, had no
parochial responsibilities, as it is expressly said-" ye ministers of t h e Guyld be
not chargeable toward% the Cure."
The Palmers' Guild was also known as the ' Fraternity of St. John,' which
probably points to its place of meeting in the parish church, where afterwards, as
I shall mention, the Stitchmen used to resort.
The Annual Meeting day of the ' Hammermen ' held a t one time t h e
Sunday next after tlie feast of S t . Pliilip and S t . James, t h e first of May, a t a
late period was regulated to be on t h e Saturday next after 3rd May, which is the
Feast of the Invention of Holy Cross celebrating the discovery by St. Helena.
This, like other points which Bro. Salwey has mentioned, shows a similiarity with
the customs of the earlier Guild.
My Father, Gordon M. Hills (1826-1895), read his paper O n the Ancient
Company of Stitchmen of L u d l o w : their account-book and money-box before t h e
British Archaeological Society (B. A. A . Journal xxiv., 327), from which I quote
1 English Church Architecture, by Francis Bond, I., 202. All these seventeen
Altars surrounded by screens were situated as f6llows:-The High Altar a t the East of
the great chancel; three chapels in N. Aisle, and four in S. Aisle; two in each transept,
and five under the arches of the Nave.
Parish Lzfe in Medzaval England, b y Cardinal Gasquet (4th Edition, Rlethuen &
Co.), 265.
156 Transacttons of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
\Ve have seen t h a t the Stitchmen held their business meetings in St.
John's chancel, in the parish church, down t o 1769.. They also occupied the
same part of the church for t h e ordinary divine services; and the hearing of
a sermon, for which they paid Ss., was a part of the business a t one meeting
annually.
I n 1686 it was ordered t h a t no one should sit i11 the uppermost seats
under t h e gallery (the gallery was on the north side), exctyt those who had
served the office of steward; the other three seats to be alloted t o freemen.
Subsequently orders contiilue to be made for t h e use, custody, construction,
and reconstruction, of t h e " p e n s or seats." I11 1716 a rent (of 12tl. per ann.)
is first imposed on every occupant not having served t h e office of steward. I n
1780 the Stewards paid £4 : 18 : 6 for a faculty : t h e authority granted by it ,is
not stated. It does not appear from the accounts t h a t the rent imposed 111
1716 realised anything; but in 1813 t h c Stitchmen had become more hungry
and less scrupulous, ahd succeeded i n letting one of their news a t £ 3 per ann.,
which they resolved "should be applied t o pap for t h c freeman's dinner."
Soon after two other pews \\-ere let, ;und thc like appropriation of the proceeds
was made. The let,ting no\v proved so profitable t h a t from 1813 to 1858 it
contributed g212: 1: 6 t o the dinners. I n opposition to this selfish appropria-
tion, i t is only fair t o t h e Stitchmen to rnention their better deeds towards
t h e church. I n 1692 the Stewards were ordered t o expend £3 towards buying
two bells for t h e church, t h e same " t o bee tuiieable when up, or else the
Stewards t o keepc the money in their hands "; and in 1732 they gave £5:5
towards the bells then t o , be made by Ahraham. Rudd;~llof Gloucester. It is
pointedly recordcd t h a t this order was made nemzne co~~tr.ctd~cente,-adesirable
harinpny, t h e absence of which appears t o have been painfully felt on other
occasions; for a t t h e previous quarterly meeting i t had been ordered t h a t the
article 21 of t h e Composition, against reviling, should be read a t every meet-
ing. To exhaust the public benefactions of the body, I may notice their
contribution, in 1681-2, of 60s. "towards yn buyinge of a n engine ag'st ffier ' ? ;
and their laudable exertions in 1713, and for many years after, in support of
" t h e charity,schole l a t e p propagated 13-ithin this towne."
X X *
The " g r e a t box" and the "little box" are mentioned so frequently
i n the minute-book t h a t I shall not attempt to recount the instances. The
rules a t t h e begiunii~gof the l~ookspeak of only one box. Rulr 14 appoints
t h a t a certain fine of 40s. shall be paid, one half t o t h e bailiffs of Ludlow,
t h e other half " t o t h e comon box or treasure of this snide brotherhood."
Rule 26 directs the Stewards t h a t oil the election-day, on t h e Saturday after
t h e Inventioil of the Cross (i.e., after Bfay 3rd)) they shall, a t the end of
their time, " t r u e arcoun~ntand p a ~ m c n tmake t o thc hands of t h e Six-men
of all t h a t the!^ s!lall rc,m5ine in your llai;,ds, t o bee presearved. i n t h e conlon
box or trexsurle.' The " t r u e acconnlpt was to be the special business of
thc Stewards on this day, for t h e next preceding rule had provided t h a t all
forfritures should be paid over by the Stewards t o t h e Six-men as soon as
levied.
I believe the box exhibited t o be the ' l comon box or treasurie " referred
to in these rules written in 1669; b u t its age, I have no doubt? is fully a
hundred rears greater. I n its make and appearance i t . . . 1s a s old as
thc reign' of Henry V I I I . If xve bear in nnnd t h a t t h e rules of 1669 m-ere a
inere transcription of rules t h a t had been settled in 1579, and had previously,
in 1569, heen revised from a still older form, I think it is almost conclusive,
from the evidenre of the minute-book and from the appearance of the box,
t h a t i t was the " t r e a s u r ~ when t h e oldest set of rules referred t o were in
existence.
The ci~stodyof t h e " comon box " is left by the rules with t h e Six-men,
and the custom was for them t o apppint key-keepers biennially. B u t there
was also in existence another box which had i t s key-keepers; an! although
the second box is not mentioned in the rules, yet in t h e minutes t h e great
box" and " t h e little b o ~ "regularly apnear down to the period when t h e
trade operation of the society came t o be neglected in t h e middle of t h e last
century. I n the best times three key-1ree"ers mere generally appointed to
each box; but even then very oftn two, or only one, were deemed sufficient.
A box-keeper \\-as appointed, who, it is presumed, had the care of both boxes.
Some entries in the minutes sheur t h a t one of t h e boxes was used for t h e
prrservntion of indentures and bonds, and this was t h e great box; for i n
1722, 1723, and 1725, t h e ordinary annual examination of t h e contents of t h e
money-box distinctly designates i t " t h e little box." After 1760 m-e.lose sight
of the great box altogether in t h e minutes; and as t h e register of Indentures
had then ceased for six years, and t h e decay of t h e society made t h e papers
lrept In the box valueless, i t is probable t h a t t h e great box itself was disused
and lost sight of about this time. One box still continued in use as a money-
box, with sometimes one and sometimes two liey-keepers; and t h e box was
generally in the custody of t h e host of t h e inn patronised by t h e society with
its dinners. The last lie--keeper was annointed in 1846. . . . Thus t h e
history of the money-hox of t h e StitchmGi; of Ludlow is traced from the time
of Henry VIII. t o t h e present day.
The box is made from t h e wood of the ash tree, and bound with iron.
The 11-ood was a solid block, and has heen merely rounded and hollowed out.
. . . The lid of t h e box is hinrred; and there are three locks. a padlock
I~eta-ecn tn-o hasp-locks. . . The weculinrity of this box is t h a t though
its lid is scooped out on the top, outscde, t o a deep cup-shape, there is not,
and never m-as, a mone--slit in it. The money could only be p u t in by opening
the box. The 1)ox is six inches and a half diameter a t t h e largest, outside;
scvrn inches and three-eighths high, up t o t h e lid; and ten inches and a
quarter high, including the lid. The inside is hollowed out t o six inches deep,
and ahont fire inches diameter. The cup i n the ,top of t h e lid, outside, is one
, inch deep.
T h e box i s i n t h e f o r m very generally i n use f o r m e d i z v a l a l m s boxes of which
examples f r o m H a r b l e d o w n H o s p i t a l , o u t s i d e C a n t e r b u r y , a n d N e e n Sollers C h u r c h ,
Shropshire, a r e illustrated i n t h e British .4 rcitcrologicai Association J o u r n a l
(xxiii., 104); these, however, b o t h h a v i n g a slit f o r insertion of money t h r o u g h
t h e cover, which was n o t needed o r desirable i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r case.
Bro. W o n n a c o t t , i n his interesting p a p e r o n T h e F r i r ~ z d l ySociety of Free
a n d d c c ~ p t e c ldfasons (A . Q.C. x x i x . , 112), h a s recorded uses of a money-box a n d
key-keepers reminiscent of t h e uses of t h e L u d l o w Societies. With r e g a r d t o t h e
g r e a t box which fell o u t of use when t h e r e w e r e n o l o n g e r bonds o r i n d e n t u r e s
t o be l o d q ~ di n it. I t h i n k we m a y g a t h e r a v e r y m u c h fuller sienificance f r o m
E r o . Dring's valuable p a p e r s o n t h e Tracing o; Lodge R o n r d (A.Q.c. xxix.,
243, 275).
Professor B r e n t a n o , i n his i n t r o d u c t i o n t o M r . T o u l m i n S m i t h ' s E n g l i s h
Gilds ( p . clv.), gives p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e S t a t u t e s of a journeyman's association
connected w i t h t h e Shoemakers' Guild of A r n s t a d t i n 1628. He wrote t h a t t h e
journeymen h a d t h e i r own box, containing t h e i r articles a n d d o c u m e n h secured
w i t h t w o o r t h r e e locks, a n d proceeded:-" T h e opened box w a s t h e sign t h a t
t h e meetinq h a d begun, just a s w i t h t h e Craft-Gilds. W h i l e , therefore, t h e b o x
was open, all preseLt h a d t o remain w i t h uncovered heads, a n d d u r i n g such t i m e
all disrespectful conduct, a s well a s i m p r o p e r clothing, cursing a n d swearing-in
short, all t h a t showed w a n t of respect,-was severely punished. O n the o t h e r
h a n d we find t h a t , whilst t h e box was o p e n , a social c u p was h a n d e d r o u n d , t o
t h e expense of which all h a d t o contribute."
The Quatuor Coronati Lodge has in our Museum a handsome specimen of
a " great box " which very probably belonged to a Speculative Lodge, made of
mahogany and inlaid with 'emblems such as were no doubt in common use to
hold Lodge properties in earlier days.
he said. The helyer heles or covers the rick. A gardener heles the potato plants
he earths up. And so Hell in t h e Apostles' Creed is the covered place, the unseen
world, the ancient conception of t h e world being t h a t of a flat plate with the
river of ocean running round it, while above there was a hemisphere heaved up
and hence called heaven, and correspondingly beneath there was the heled or
covered place. Men could look up and understand something of the star-spangled
arch of blue, b u t the reversed arch or crypt beneath was to t h e eyes of flesh
" heled, concealed, and never revealed," or, as some would I suppose say,
" hailed, concailed, and never revailed " !
(3.) Why Bro. Salwey says " the word chancel implies a place for
transacting business " I cannot divine. ' Chancel ' comes from cns~crlli, the
railings which separate the sanctuary from the choir in a church, or the choir
from t h e nave. So Cicero speaks of the crcncrlfi fori, t h e bar of the tribunal. A
olace
I
for transacting business would least of all be found in the chancel. Some
'3
business, some rites even, were done nd ostitrrn ~ c c l r s i w at, or in, the porch, in
the vestry, or in t h e nave. A Guild or Brotl~erhoodwould no doubt have con-
siderable latitude allowed as to what might be done in its own chapel in a church.
I only demur as to what the word chancel is said to imply.
(4.) The Brotherhood met on the Sunday after the Feast of St. Philip
and St. Jacob, which was, and is, May 1st. Bro. Salwey put a (sic) after the
word Jacob, b u t obviously the earliest documents of the guild were in Latin., and
the date would be i n I'esto Sancti P h i l i p p i et Sn~~cti
Jacohi. Yakoub, Jacobus,
Jago, James are the same in different tongues as much as Jehochanan, Johannes, .
and John.
(5.) The Indenture of 1715 enumerates glaziers amongst trades " which
had arisen since the time of Elizabeth "; b u t earlier in t h e paper glaziers are
mentioned with their 618 paid for admission, and they could l~ impleaded in the
Queen's Court of Record, i.e., under Elizabeth.
(6.) It is characteristically Elizabethan (or earlier) English when we read
of " lawful order tending to the wealth of the Fellowship." Wealth, i.e., well
'being, not wealth, i.e., the possession of money. So thrice in the contemporaneous
1::lglish of the Prayerbook we pray for the wealth '(not large banking account) of
the King; for the wealth (not the dangerous affluence) of t h e people; while in
the Litany the contrast between " t h e time of tribulation and the time of wealth "
is what is intended : the time of ill-th and the opposite time of weal-th each having
its characteristic dangers and temptation. Already in Elizabethan times t h e word
had begun to have a new and degraded meaning as if thefe could be no well-being
without much-money-having; but here i t is used in its real and original sense.
(7.) H e mentions the regalia of t h e Hammermen's Company as extant.
i t would be interesting to know exactly what they were: perhas a photograph
could be obtained to illustrate t h e paper. Many friendly societies have more or
less copied Masonic ways and Masonic regalia, and a paper on such, pointing out
likeness and the reason for variance, would be of interest, as also would be one
on the words and ways which Masonry has taken from the Church. When I was
installed as an Honorary Canon by t h e Bishop of Rochester, Dr. Talbot, in
Rochester Cathedral, I was surprised t o find how he, not a Mason, did several
things which were familiar to me elsewhere.
Bro. ANDREWHOPEwrites:-
As late as April, 1919, the custom has prevailed a t the town of Chard, in
the County of Somerset, for the Vicar to appoint t h e Vicar's Churchwarden and
the Town Council to elect the other. .Before t h e sermon, t h e old custom of
officially notifying the Vicar (Preb. Green) of the Town Council's appointment
to the Borough Churchwardenship *as carried out, Police-Inspector Edwards
walking u p the aisle, bearing t h e Borough Mace a n d ' a letter announcing t h e
selection of Councillor Godby to fill the office for another year. This was a t t h e
Easter Service. The procession returned t o the Town Hall in inverse order a t
the close of the service, and there dispersed.
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER.
Letters of apology for absence were reported from Bros. WT. H. Rylands.
P.A.G.D.C., P.M. ; T. J. Westropp ; William Watson, P.A.G.D.C. ; S. T. Klein, P.M. ;
Ed. Conder, P.M. ; John T. Thorp, P.G.D., P.M. ; Count Goblet d'Alviella ; F. J. W.
Crowe, P.A.G.D.C., P.M.; Cecil Powell, P.G.D., P.M.; and Dr. Wynn Westcott.
P.ti D., P.M.
?'ransactions of tlie Quutuor Coronatd Lodge. 163
The resignation of Bro. Henry FitzPstrick Tmiss, I.S.O., Lit.Doc., was received
with much regret.
Bro. James Edward Shum Tuclrett, M.A., F.C.S., T.D., P.Pr.G.Reg., Wilts., t h e
Master-Elect, was regularly installed in the Chair of t h e Lodge by Bro. Gordon P. G.
Hills, assisted by Bros. J. P. Simpson, W. B. Hextall, and Edward Armitage.
The W.M. proposed, and i t was duly seconded and carried:-That Bro. Gordon
l'ottigrew Graham Hills, P.Pr.G.W., Berks., having completed his year of office a s
Worshipful Master of t h e Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, t h e thanks of t h e Brethreu
be and hereby are tendered t o him for his courtesy in t h e Chair and for his efficient
management of t h e affairs of the Lodge; and t h a t this Resolution be suitably engrossed
and presented t o him.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
BRETHREN,
T this truly impressive moment in my life there are in my heart
two hopes struggling to find adequate elfpression. The first is
t h e hope t h a t my Brethren of this illustrious Lodge will believe
how deep is my feeling of gratitude for the great honour they
have done me in calling me to rule over them. The second is
the hope t h a t during this coming year I may be enabled to
maintain the prestige and dignity which are part of the
honourable tradition of t h a t high Office. To all Brethren of
this Lodge of both Circles and in all parts of the World my first message from
its Chair is one of Hearty Good Will.
As in accordance with time-honoured custom a newly-installed Master or"
the Quatuor Coronati Lodge must deliver an Inaugural Address, I crave your
attention while I lay before you some thoughts on :-
Of poor Bro. Natter i t has sometimes been said ' H e was a rogue because he
' perpetrated a fraud like this medal,' and of the medal ' It is a fraud because
' i t was perpetrated by t h a t rogue Natter.' It is to two distinguished members
of the Authentic School, Drs. Begemann and Chetwode-Crawle~,~ that we owe
the clearing up of this mystery. They have proved conclueively that none of 'the
arguments against the authenticity of the Sackville Medal were justified, and that
Johann Bode and Lorenz Natter were quite innocent of the fraud imputed to them.
Incidentally, they afford additional reason for tlie growing convictio~lt h a t for the
origin of the Strict Observance we must look beyond the Baron v011 Hund and
21vThn21s even as far back as. 1730." This miscarriage of justice was-due t o pre-
. conceived notions about the High Degrees. The important subject of the
development of Additional Degrees has been made needlessly complex and difficult
by arbitrary final pronouncements as to the lateness of the origin of certain
Degrees and Rites in t h e absence of direct evidence and in the face of Tradition.
Arguments and objections without number have been directed against the
famous Charter of Larmenius by critics none of whom had ever seen the original.
It has been confidently said t h a t i t was ' manufactured ' in 1705 by an Italiafi
Jesuit Bonanni,' i t has been proclaimed a ' counterfeit . . .
without any
' doubt prepared under the rule of . . . CossB-Brissac (1776-1792), i t has
figured amongst the ' Apocryphal Manuscripts,' " it has been dubbed a ' fraus pia '
of between 1805 and 1810,7 ' its reality no serious student could possibly main-
' tain,' s evil indeed have been the things said of its c o n t e n k g But in 1911 Bro.
Crowe was able to produce what purports t o be actually the original Charter of
Larmenius,lo and some a t least of the objections are seen to be without justifica-
tion. Few will be found t o believe that this most interesting document really
dates from 1324 and t h a t the Story of Transmission is true after all, but if n o t
what is the truth about its origin? The field is open for new efforts, and the
subject is not merely interesting, i t is one of very great importance in connection
with the history of more than one Masonic Rite or System.
The traditional connection between the London Masons' Company and
Speculative Freemasonry was testified to by Dr. Anderson in the 1723 Book of
C'on.stitutiows, but i t was conlmonly regarded as one of the Doctor's flights of fancy
until Bro. Conder's great discovery l 1 showed t h a t once again Tradition was right
and the Critics wrong.
The Lockr-Lrlatzrt MS., in the absence of t h e original and also on account
of certain alleged impossible manufactured archaisms in t h e copy wliich is all that
is now in evidence, is usually classed as a fraud, and as the matter now stands
this verdict is perhaps inevitable. But i t is quite likely t h a t there did exist, and
perhaps does still exist awaiting discovery, some such document, and t h a t the
version which we now possess is an effort of memory rather than a deliberate
attempt a t imposture.
Many Masonic Traditions, other than those alluded to, which were forinerly
condemned as utterly valueless, have been found t . ~ yield good results on re-
examination, but many more still await similar treatment a t the hands of patient
investigators who are not content t o abide by the judgments pronounced against
them.
The labours of what we now call the ' Authentic School ' have raised the
study of Masonic History and Arclizology to an equality with other branches of
science, and i t is not possible to over-estimate the value of the service so rendered
or to exaggerate the debt of gratitude which we who follow owe to those who have
1 d . Q . C . , vol. xii., p. 204.
-9/ l' / . , 1-01. xiii., p. 142.
" l ) . , vol. xiii., p. 149.
4 Clarel, IIist. l'ittor.., etc., 1844, p. 214.
,iVinC1~1, Iiist. of Frermct.son,~,!l,
186.5, p. 691.
6 Gould, Hut., vol. i., p. 600.
7 \1700clford, ('yrlr~l~c~tlitr,1878, 1). 109.
3 IVodford, I.'yclol~.atlitr, 1878, p. 109.
9 .-L.Q.fi., vol. xxvl., p. 170.
1'1 [ l ) . , vol. xxiv., p. 183.
11 E. Contlcr. ju~:.. Ilolr (',,clft. r,fc., 1834, Also :I.().C'., vol. vii.> 178; vol. is.,
p. 28; vol. sxvii., p. 81.
beet) the pioneers. A t the outset their work was necessarily to a great extent
clratrzccti~~r, the weeds and tares had to be rooted up, the rubbish removed, tllc
ground cleared t o make room for a new and healthier growth. And so nothing
which could not bs substantiated by unimpeachable evidence was permitted to
pass, and (to change the metaphor) the foundations of the new edifice were laid,
well and truly laid, on tlre bed-rock of solid fact, encouraging the hope that upon
the foundation thus laid would arise a superstructure alike perfect in its parts
and honourable t o t h e builders. That our own Lodge of the Quatuor Coronati
has played a great part in this work is known and appreciated by men of learning
within and without the Craft and throughout the world. But tlle attitude of
mind which was so essential to t h e success of t h e labours of &he pioneers of the
Authentic School carried with i t a certain danger from which, i t must b s con-
fessed, they and we have not wholly escaped, namely, the tendency to pronounce
final judgments resting upon partial and therefore inconclusive evidence, and the
failure t o recognise the true value of and t o make the full us: of Masonic
Tradition. Sir Gilbert Scott' has. drawn attention t o this : -
" the fables of the Freemasons have produced a natural reaction, and
the degrea of t r u t h t h a t there is in these traditions has consequently
b2en overlooked." l
The fact is that an antecedently likely Traditiou, one which is either contemporary
a i t h or not too far removed in point of time from the personages concerned, and
one which is- fairly frequent and persi~t~ent, i s prohably t r u e , although tlle avail-
able evidence may be wholly insufficient to establish it as such. I n such a case a
final judgment against is as great a blunder as the conclusion t h a t because an
event nrny have happened therefore i t nruat have happened. The mischief caused
is not only that investigation in a certain direction and on a particular subject by
other students is checked, but; and this is far'more serious, their power of discern-
ment becomes warped by the creation of illusory * data,' as happened in the case
of the Sackville Medal. The tendency t o under-estimate the value of tradition
was noticed by Bros. Speth and Rylands; the former on one occasion declared
that :-
" He invariably attached greater credit to tradition than sonis of the
After the .subsequent banquet, Bro. G. P. G. Hills, I.P.M., proposed "The Toast
ci the Worshipful Master " :-
The very pleasant duty and privilege now falls to me of proposing the
health of our W.M., W.Bro. James Edward Shum Tuckett, but, before I call
upon you to drink t o the toast of the evening, I shall'try, according t o established
custom, briefly t o put before you a short record of our Brother's career, and to
give you some idea of his many qualifications as a gentleman, a scholar, a good
' .4.().('.. vol. i . , p. 6s.
i b . , vol. x i . , p. 170.
3 i l l . . vol. xi.. p. 170.
'
citizen, and an earnest Mason, which assure us that he will most worthily fulfil
the duties of the honoured position which he occupies this evening. L
The name Tqtckett or Touchet--in the older form still in use a t the present
day-has an honourable history known to students of genealogy; and so i t is that
our Brother can trace his direct descent from ancestors settled in Devonshire, a t
Honiton, so far back as 1630. Conling to a more recent period, his great-grand-
father, Richard Tuckett, who lived from 1749 to 1819, was in practice there as a
' Scrivener and Writer,' discharging very much the duties of a modern solicitor.
H e took an active part in the politics of tlle time, and acted as election agent for
Mr. George Shum, who, i n 1796, and again in 1802, was one of the three members
returned to Parliament as representatives for Honiton. It is owing to this associa-
tion t h a t our W.M. carries on the traditions of his family in bearing the name
Shum, first borne by his grandfather, Richard George Shum Tuckett (1795-1859),
godson and lrrotPgi of the M.P. Shum is a name which has a special Craft
interest for us, since this particular George Shum, M . P . , who lived till 1805, was
a prominent Mason of the day, and President of the Board of Stewards in 1789;
his son, .Bra. George Shum, Junior, was a Grand Steward in 1802. With these
associations, i t is not surprising to find that Ero. Tuckett's great-grandfather and
grandfather were both ardent Masons: their certificates and regalia are amongst
his masonic treasures, and, in fact, to this day he wears the Royal Arch sash and
apron which they had in use more than a hundred years ago.
Bro. Richard George Shun1 Tuckett, our Brother's grandfathsr, was a
solicitor. I n 1842 he became Registrar, and, later on, Deputy-Judge of the
Bristol Court of Bankruptcy, during t h e prolonged illness of the Judge, Mr.
Serjeant Ludlow. From practical experience gained in these capacities, he was
abie to valuable service by his assistance in tlle drafting of' the Bankrupt
Law Consolidation Act of 1847. Bristol owes something to his public-spiritedness
as the originator of t h e Bristol Water Works Company. His marriage in 1818
with Miss Eliza Churchill was an alliance with a family distinzuished in military
lk.~tory, for t h e lady claimed direct descent from Sir Winston Churchill, father of
the first Duke of Marlborough; and relics of t h a t h e r e i n the form of baby-linen
-are still religiously preserved by t h a t branch of t h e family.
Bro. R . G . S. Tuckett was initiated, passed, raised and exalted a t Chard
in 1819. The youngest son of his marriage was Michael Adolphus Shum Tuckett
(1840-1882), the father of our W.M., but as regards his connection with Masonry
no particulars are known, as his early death, at the age of 42, prevented him from
making any marked progress in the Craft.
I have dwelt a little upon our Brother's family history because I think it
is ~ o s interesting
t to note how the very qualities which we honour in him to-day
may clearly be seen t o be the legacy of the characteristics of his good old English
Stock.
Our W.M., James Edward Shum Tuckett, was born, just outside Bristol,
on March 3rd, 1870. Educated a t Bristol Grammar School, he rose t o be Senior
Prefect, and passed to Cambridge, with an open Scholarship a t Gonville and Caius
College. Taking his ,degree as B.A. in 1892, he was 25th Wrangler in the .
Mathematical Tripos, 1892; took Second Class Honours in the Natural Sciences
Tripos, 1893, and graduated M.A. in 1895. Shortly after he became a Fellow
of the Chemical Society. Bro. Tuckett then launched out in his profession as a
Schoolmaster. Starting with a brief sojourn a t Christ College, Brecon, seven and
a half years were spent a t Eastbourne College, until, in 1902, he joined the Staff
of Marlborough College as an Assistant Master. I n 1904 he became a House-
master, and in 1916 was selected by the Council to be Bursar of the College.
Bro. Tuckett has a record of m i l i t a v service reaching back t o the days of
the old Volunteer Force,-in the M c e r s ' Traininp Corps, Cambridge University
Rifles, South Wales Borderers, Royal Sussex, and Wilts. Regiments, leading up
to his position as Major, second in command, of the Marlborough College Battalion,
O.T.C. A t t h e last Coronation, he and his Commanding Officer received the
Coronation Medal, " as His Majesty's own personal gift," and in 1914 Bro.
Tuckett was awarded t h e Territorial Decoration. Through the period of tlle War
senior officers of the 0.T.C. were not allowed to leave their Corps, but during the
school holidays Major Tuckett was employed on attachment to various Battalions
of the Black Watch training in this country. Last July our Brother retired with
permission to retain the rank and to wear the prescribed uniform of Major.
It was a t Eastbourne in 1898 t h a t Bro. Tuckett became a member of the
Craft, being initiated in t h e Hartington Lodge, No. 916, and exalted in the
Hartington Chapter the following year. After his removal to Marlborough he
joined the Lodge of Loyalty, No. 1533, and tlie Methuen Chapter, No. 1533,
occupying the Chair of the former body in 1906, and being 1st Principal of the
Chapter in 1910 and again in 1913. I n 1910 Provincial Grand Honours were
conferred on him as Grand Registrar and Grand Principal Sojourner, in Pro-
vincial Grand Lodge and Chapter of Wiltshire. I n 1911 Bro. Tuckett was one
of the founders of the Old Marlburian Lodge, No. 3533, and became a joining
member of Robert Thorne Lodge, No. 3663, Bristol, in 1915. Ero. Tuckett has
also joined the Order of the Temple, is a Knight of Malta, and has received t h e
associated degrees conferred under the Camp of Baldwyn, Bristol. H e has also
taken the 18" A . & A . Rite a t Bristol, and has qualified as a Life Governor of
the three Masonic Institutions.
I n 1910 Bro. Tuckett joined the Correspondence Circles both of the Quatuor
Coronati Lodge and of the Leioester Lodge of Research, and soon gave evidence
of his assiduity and activity in research by contributing papers to our Lodge on :-
T h e Earlie.st Bcrltlwin K . T . Certificate (.l .Q.C. xxiv., 285);
Dr. Rau*lincon & the ;liasonic E ~ t t r i e si n EZias A ~ h m o l e ' sDiary (xxv ,
237) ;
A n rlpollonian S z ~ m ~ n o n(xxvi.,
s 31);
Some F u r t h e r Light on J . Moryan of the P h e n i x Brita~rnicus(xxvi ,
71);
lYapoleon I . 'and Freemasonry (xxvii., 96);
and a valuable note-of generous length equivalent to a paper-on
Lord Harnouester (xxvii., 63).
Other literary work in connection with the Craft took the form of a history of
Freemasonry i n .l!farlhorozrgh 1768-1834 (1910); our Brother was also part author
of the History of the V a s o ~ 7 i cT e m p l e , -1fnrlboroz1gh (1911), and a contributor
to the Tl'ilts. Masonic Calendar, of which he was for some time an Assistant
Editor.
Thus i t came to pass that in October, 1914, Bro. Tuckett's patience and
industry received recognition by his election as a member of the Lodge, and since
then this energetic student has favoured us with further papers on:-
iVicolas P e r s ~ v a lancl La Triple C n i o n (xxvii., 217);
Savalette de Langes, Les Philalites, a ? ~ dthe Convent of Ti'ilhelmnbnd,
1782 (xxx., 131);
T h e Early History of Freemasonry i n France (xxxi., 7);
T h e illintrte Book of a Loy/e dcs Jlaitres a t A m i e n s , 1776-1790 (xxxi.,
124) ;
T h e Origin of Aclditional Degrees;
and placed us under still further obligation to him by the interesting address with
which he has inaugurated his year of office.
Devotion to the Stuart Cause, Bro. Tuckett tells me, has been a tradition
in his family, with the understanding that the ' Cause ' died fmally, with Henry
Benedict Cardinal Dhke of York, so that I suppose we may fairly denominate our
Brother ' a Speculative Jacobite.' It is this old association, however, which has
given special gist to his researches into French and Continental Freemasonry and
so-called ' Stuart Masonry ' in its still unravelled intricacies, to the elucidation of
which several of his papers have been directed.
Bro. Tuckett is a diligent collector of MSS., Books, Pictures, Prints,
Jewels, Medals, China, Certificates, etc., relating to Freemasonry; of Stuart Books
and Medals; of Books, etc., relating t o tlie French Revolution and the Emperor
Napoleon I. Mere possession, however, is not enough for him, but he has always
hunted out and written up the history and associations of each item as acquired,
and hence. no doubt. obtained mucl1 of t h a t knowlecl~ewhich ilas enabled him.
0
such to merit your praise and tomorrow' others will come making up
the number of t e n 7r~ccsters,which your worship requested me to send.
On Saturday I spoke of them to Giovanni Rinuccini your associate,
and he told me to send them this morning'to you f r m him, as the
said Giovanni sent them to me, and I wished to speak to your Signory
but you did not come t o t h e palace, for t h e y w i s h to be placecl it&a b o d y
rtltoyrthpr so that their work may be seen, would t h a t it might please
God, that there were manv of this sort.
Therefore I exhort you to show them a good countenance and t o
keep them, for their work will merit commendation. I spoke of tllein
on Friday to your Signory on the height, when I gave you my naiile
that you might have some knowledge of me. I have written tliese few
sentences as above by commission of Giovanni Rinuccini, arid also
because I wish t h a t this people sliould be well served by intelligent
nlen able to do honour t o your Signory, to whom I recommend myself.
-May Christ have you in his keeping. Yours NICCHOLAIO DATI.
Another nota is dated 17th June, 1529, and -is as follows:-
I give notice to your Signory of the assignment of the first ditch above
the road . . . W e Giovan Battista and Lionardo Cliiari alcrster
masons and compclnions undertake to excavate it, . . . other con-
tracts for tlie fosses of the new works are' preserved b u t all are of
similar character. '
English contemporaries, who, a t a later day, determined to receive ' accepted '
brethren, and, almost unintentionally, founded a nlovement which (while i t keeps
with$ its ancient landmarks) is a power potent, for good-will and integrity.
T. J . WESTROPP.
One of the objects depicted on tlz,e Foot Cloth is an ' espece de silindre,'
and i t is surrounded by ' building tools scattered about a t random or in confusion.'
If this mysterious ' cylinder ' was really part of a b r o l ~ r ncolzrmn we should here
have something lziglzly suggestive of another and very important high Degree.
It seems possible that what Pike Simonnet had secured were not Craft pictures
o t all. Whether this be so or not there are several points about this description
which are of interest in connection with Bro. E . H. Dring's Tracing Board Lecture
in -4 .Q.C. xxix., which he repeated with such success a t Bristol on 17th July, 1920.
Though the Rough Ashlar occurs, Mzere is no mention of a ' Perfect Ashlar ' nor
even of tlze ' Pierre Cubique taillee en pointe.' The Ark came in for a good deal
of attention in the course of the Discussion reported in A . Q . G . xxix., p. 313, etc.
Bro. Dring said that he was unable to state definitely whether the Ark (and other
Syinbols now regarded as R . A . ) appeared i11 connection with Craft working during
the eigliteentli century or not. It will be noticed that the ' Pierre brutte ' and
the Ark balance each other in M. Simonnet's description of t h e particular picture
he had before him.
J . E. S. TUCKETT.
traced there.
5 The MS. is said to liave been lieadecl C'prfn!/n~( ; ) I I P Y ~ , I / O ~I I CS L ~ ,-l~ L~ I - I ~ . S ~ I Y T C S
to thr .~777r,C ' O ? I C P ~ ) Z ?~I 1I0I JI Jf P I I ! / Pto, have been " faythfullye
y ~ t r r yof * ~ I C I C O ~ and
copyed by me J o h a n Leylande Antiquarius " ( 1 1506-1552), from
6. the original " wryttene by tlle Hande of Kynge Heiirye the Sixtke of
the Name."
I n t h e Not.es said to have been added by Locke i t is assumed t h a t this J o h n
Leland is the well known Antiquary who lived in the reign of H e n r y V I I I . It
may, however, be noted t h a t there was another of the same name, a Grammarian
a t Oxford, in t h e reign of Henry V I .
I have already inentioned ( ~ I I Zp.~ P141) , t h a t what in all probability is the
first printed copy of the MS. in a Bilasoiiic work, is in T11r I'ockrt Compnnion,
published by J . Scott, London, 1754, where it was used t o refute tlie strictures of
Dr. Robert Plot in his .\-rct~trtrl N i s t o r y of S t n f o r d 4 i r r 1686, pp. 316-318. I n
T h r I'ockrf C o n ~ l ) ~ o l i o iimillediately
l, following the author's " Detectation of D r .
Plot's Account of t h e Free-Masons," appears a re-print of A n .421ology f o r t l 1 ~
P r r r ccncl i l c c r p f c ( l ~lfncot7c . . . Trccn\lntrrl f r o w tllr Frrnch, h y o B r o t h r r .
IJ~.zi,t r d nf FrtrtlX f o r t , - l f , D C i ( ' , S LT7LZZ.-precisely the place and > e a r given for
the untraced p r ' n t froin which t h e G'rnf7r/?1cr?z'x A l f c ~ q n : i ris/ ~said t o have obtained its
copy. This may be pure coincidence, but it should also be noted t h a t t h e version
in Tlzr P o c k r f Cionzprrt,io/7 was apparently not copied direct from the Cr/~tlrnlce~z's
Alfnl/nii~lc,as i t gives iiaines whicll t h e latter ornitq: " the R t . Hon. . . .
Earl of . . . " becoines " the R t . H o n Thoinas E a r l of Pembroke," and
" Mr. C . . . ns " appears in full as " M r . Colliiis " This seeills fair
evidence in support of t h e claim made by the Gentlrt,lcrt,'c . l L ~ y n z i / ~tor its use of
a Frankfort publication, and so may carry us back one step in our eildeavour t o
get to t h e original.
The letter and notes said t o have been by Locke tnn?y be quite genuine,
though i t would have been easy for a writer a t a later date to include references
t o the E a r l of Pembroke, Mr. Collins, and Lady Masham, all of whom are known
t o have been liis friends.
One would like to find a reason for its appearance. The Act 3 Henry V I . ,
c. 1. may be disniissed, although tlle period is suggestive. A more promising
suggestion seems t o be the formation of t h e Grand Lodge of tlie Antients in 1751,
but this also may be ruled out because Derinott made no use of t h e MS. before
1778, tllough lie had t h e opportunity of doing so in 1756 arrd 1764. T h e F r a n k f o r t
A l ~ o l o g yof 1748 seems altoqether t h e m o ~ tappropriate place for its first appear-
ance, b u t without further information i t is perhaps useless t o speculate upon tlie
probable date of t h e ' forgery.'
Bro. Hextall has called attention (A.Q.C'. xxvi., 1913, p. 124) to a letter
dated 9th October, 1753, which appeared in t h e G ' r n f l r t t ~ ~ ? rJfcrqnzine 'c shortly
after the publication therein of t h e LrI~71cI LOCX.PX,S. -This letter stated t h a t
the MS. had been "since unartfully printed in various shapes," b u t no such
reprints have yet been traced. The letter was addressed from Norwich, and t h e
writer metitioned t h a t " The Brotherhood were so well pleased with i t t h a t there
was not a Magazine to be got in this City, and orders were given for a fresh
supply. "
W.J.S.
176 of t h e Q7tatwor Cnronati L n d q ~ .
Tl~~rt~sclctions
OBITUARY.
T is with much regret that we have to record the death o- the
1
l
following Brethren :-
Osborn Hambrook Bate, of South Africa, on the 30th
September, 1919. Bro. Bate held the rank of Past District
Grand Warden (E.C.) and Past Provincial Grand Mastsr (D.C.).
H e joined our Correspondenca Circle in June, 1889.
Wm. Booth, of Stockport, on the 5th December, 1919.
Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies; Past Grand
Standard Bearer (R.A.). Bro. Booth became a member of our Correspondenca
Circle in March, 1912.
George William Capel, of Surbiton, Surrey, on the 6th October, 1919.
Past Master of Lodge No. 19. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1894.
James Couch, of Hatfield, Herts., on the 27th November, 1919. Past
Master of Lodge No. 1601. Bro. Couch became a member of our Correspondence
Circle in June, 1907.
Henry J. Dalgleish, of London. P a s t Provincial Grand Deacon of
Devon. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1907.
William Fisher, of Chiswick, on the 30th September, 1919. Bro. Fisher
held the rank of Past Assistant Grand Pursuivant and Past Assistant Grand
Director of Ceremonies (1t.A.). H e became 3, member of our Correspondence
Circle in October, 1907.
George John Gissing, of Kingston-on-Thames, on the 14th August, 1919.
Past Master of Lodge No. 1056, L . R . H e joined our Correspondence Circle in
March, 1907.
Henry Charles Hermann Hawker Houndle, of London, on the 30th
September, 1919. Past Provincial Grand Warden, Surrey. Bro. Houndle
became a member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1890.
Robert Sinclair Laurenson, of South Africa, on the 29th August, 1919.
H e was a member of Lodge No. 2486, and joined our Correspondence Circle in
June, 1919.'
Rev. Thomas William Lemon, D.D. (Oxon.), of Bude, Cornwall, on the
16th December, 1919. Bro. Lemon was Past Provincial Grand Warden and Past
Provincial Grand J . , Devon. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in September,
1887.
Stanley Llandaff Burnett Lines, of Toronto, Canada. H e was a member
of Lodge No. 50 (N.S.W.C.), and joined our Correspondence Circle in November,
1910.
Benno Loewy, of New York City, on t h e 19th August, 1919. Represen-
tative of t h e Grand Lodge of Hamburg. H e became a member of our Correspon-
dence Circle in May, 1894.
Edward Macbean, F.R.G.S., of Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire, on the
23rd August, 1919. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in May, 1887, being
elected a full member on 4th May, 1888, and was installed Master on the
8th November, 1895.
James Millar, of Ketchikan, Alaska. E-Ie was Past Master of Lodge
No. 155 (Canada), and became a member of our Correspondence Circle in May,
1909.
Dr. Julius F. Sachse, on the 15th November, 1919. Librarian, Grand
Lodge of Pennsylvania.
William F. Stockings, of Norwich, on the 10th September, 1919. Past
Master of Lodge No. 943. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1902.
Dr. Henry Francis La Touche White, of Cambridgeshire, on the 24th
July, 1919. Past Provincial Grand Deacon of Northants and Hunts. H e joined
our Correspondence Circle in May, 1908.
YRIXCE CHARLESEDTTARD STUART.
Engraved froill life by the Prince's comnlaild at. Edinburgh, during the
J'acobite occupation, 11745.
Fro???f h c m r r oriflinn/ i n fltr collrcflon of U r o . -7. B . S . T l t c t e t t , T.M.
OF THE
1
L.
-----PL.
6RITl.H M U S E U M , & D D , M 8 8 7.861
c!nCA. 7 6 0 0 A D . II
..
4.
Y+J-
HEARTY GOOrl WISHES
TO TIIE
FROM TIIE
OF T H E
A.D. 1919.
I n view of the present high cost of printing, and the
consequent need for strict economy, it has been decided,
as a temporary measure, to omit the long list of
Correspondence Circle members, and to print only the
names of those who have been elected during the year,
and of those who have been removed by deatli.
Subject, therefore, to these alterations, and to resigna-
tions, etc., t h e full list published under date, of
27th Decelybsr, 1918, remains in force.
A.L. 5919.
VERYDEARBRETHRES,
T is indeed a high honour as it is most certainly a precious
privilege t o be called to rule over a Lodge whose members are
to be found in every part of the World and I gladly avail
myself of the opportunity afforded by our annual St. John's
Card of comlng a t least this once into direct communication
with you when I, following the custon~established by my pre-
decessors, address to you on this Festival A Message of Good Will
, t o All.
From tlle East the Master and 0.fficers of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge send
Fraternal Greetings and Hearty Good Wishes t o the Members of both Circles.
.?day T.G.A.O.T.U. grant to each one an abundant measure of the blessings of
Health and Happiness, and may H e continue to prosper the Labours of our
Lodge in tlle Future as in the Past.
Bratl~ren,I greet you well
And remain
Yours faithfully and fraternally,
Master
PRINCE C H A R L E S E D W A R D S T U A R T .
Whetlier ' Bonnie Prince Charlie ' was a Freemason or not is a lnatter of
doubt (or belief). Nevertheless, liis name loonis largely in the History of the
Craft and Allied Orders, and this has been deemed sufficient to justify the selection
of his portrait for this year's S t . John's Card. The Engraver, Robert Strange
(afterwards tlie famous Sir Robert Strange, Kt.), was brother-in-law to Andrew
Lumisden, ' Private Secretary to tlie S t u a r t Princes,' whose name is promineritly
associated with t h e Teniplar Masonic R i t e of t h e Strict Observant?. The engraving
was done from life by Prince Charlie's Coininand during the Jacobite Occupatioii
of Edinburgh. The epigraph ' A Paris, chez Cliereau, r u s St. Iaques,' served a
double purpose, being both a blind to permit the circulation orf t h e prints on this
side of t h e Channel and also t h e genuine addrms of the publislier who issued the
proofs. The following letters C . P . R . ostensibly stand for ' Cuni Privilegio Regis,'
and were necessary for publication in France, but t o t ? ~ eJ n c o b i t r a those letters
meant ' Charles Prince Regent,' t h e title and powers of Regent having been con-
ferred upon t h e Prince by his father, t h e Old Pretender, who (for liis adherents)
was King James 111. Tradition (but a t present i t is only Tradition) asserts t h a t
in tlie Audience-Chamber a t Holyrood Palace a t Edinburgh on Tuesday, 24th
September, 1745, a ' Solemn Chapter of t h e Ancient Cliivalry of the Temple of
' Jerusalem ' was held ' by appointment ' and t h a t ' Our noble Prince looked most
' gallantly in t h e white robe of The Order, took his Profession like a worthy
' Knight ' and ' did vow t h a t lie would restore the Temple higher than i t was in
' tlie days of William t h e Lion. Then my Lord of Athole did deniit as Regent
' (of tlie Order) and his Royal Highness was elected Grand Master.'
J . E. S. TUCKETT.
Warren, Lieut.-General Sir Charles, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., The Oaks, Westbere,
C'anterbum~. 278, 1417, 1832, P.M. Past Grand Deacon, Past District Grand
'Master, Eastern Archipelago; Past Grand Sojourner. Founder. First
Master.
Rylands, William Harry, F.S.A. 27 Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2. 2, P.M.;
2, P.Z. Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies; Past Deputy
Grand Director of Ceremonies (R.A.). Founder. First Senior Warden.
Past Master.
Rylands, John Paul, Barrister-at-Law, F.S.A. 96 Bidston Road, Birckenhead. 148,
1354. Founder.
Westcott, William Wynn, Df.B., (Lond.), -7.P. 39 Rapson Road, Durban, Natal. 814,
Y.M., P.Pr.G.D.C., Somerset. Past Grand Deacon; Past Grand Standard
Bearer (R.A.) Past Master. Joined 2nd December, 1886.
Goldney, Frederick Hastings, J.P. Beechfield, Corsham, Wilts. 259, 335, 626,
P.M., Pr.G.Treas., P.Pr.G.W., Wilts. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant
Grand Sojourner. Past Master. Director of Ceremonies. Joined 4th May
. 1888.
Klein, Sydney Turner, F.L.R., F.R.A.S. Lancaster Lodge, Kew Gardens, Keli.,
Surrey. 404, L.R.; 21. Past Master. Joined 8th November 1889.
Ninnis, Belgrave, M.D., Inspector General, R.N., C.V.O., F.R.G.S., F.S.A. The
.Ens, Lezgham Avenue, Streatham, London, S.TVJ6. 259, 1174, 1691, P.M.,
P.Dis.G.D., Malta. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner.
(Joined C.C. March 1890.). Joined 9th November 1891.
Malczovich, Ladislas Aurhle de. Beliigyministerium, Budapest, Hungary. Lodge
Szent Istvan. Formerly Member of Council of the Order, Hungary.
Representative of Grand Lodge, Ireland. (Joined C.C. January 1890.)
Joined 5th January 1894.
Conder, Edward, J.P., F.S.A. The Conigree, Newent, Gloucestershire. 1036, 1074,
L.R.; 280. Past Master. Local Secretary for Oxfordshire and Gloucester-
shire. (Joined C.C. May 1893.: Joined 5th January 1894.
Greiner, Gotthelf. 33 Warrzor Square, St. Leonard's-on-Sea. 92, P.M., 1842. Past
Assistant Grand Secretary for German Correspondence, Past Assistant Grand
Directnr of Ceremonies (Craft & R.A.). Past Master. (Joined C.C. January
1888.) Joined 24th June 1896.
Horsley, Rev. Canon John William, M.A., Oxon, Clerk in Holy Orders. Detling
Vzcarage, near ,Wazdstone, Kedt. 1973. Past Grand Chaplain. Past
Master. Chaplain. (Joined C.C. June 1891.) Joined 24th June 1896.
Shackles, George Lawrence. Wickersley, Brough, E. Yorks. 57, 1511, 2494, P.M.;
1511, P.Z., P.Pr.G.W.; P.Pr.G.R. (R.A.), N. & E. Yorks. Past Master.
Local Secretary for the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire. (Joined C.C.
May 1887.) Joined 7th May 1897.
Armitage, Edward, Y.A. The Green Hills, Tilford, Farnhan, Surrey. 16, 859,
1074, 1499, 2851, P.M. ; 859, 1074, 1 (S.C.), P.Z. Past Grand Deacon ;
Past Grand Sojourner. Past Master. (Joined C.C. October 1888.) Joined
7th October 1898.
Crowe, Frederick Joseph William, F.R.A.S., F.R.Hist.8. S t . Peter's House,
Chzchester. 328, P.M., 1726, P.M.; 110, P.Z., P.Pr.G.R.; P.Pr.G.Sc.N.,
Devon. Rep.G.L. Hungary. Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies;
Past Grand Standard Bearer (R.A.). Past Master. (Joined C.C. Novemher
1888.) Joined 8th November 1898.
Thorp, John Thomas, F.R.Hist.S., F.R.S.L., F.R.S.A.1. 54 Princess Road, Leicester.
523, 2429, P.M. ; 279, P.Z., P.Pr.G.W. ; P.Pr.G.J., Leicester & Rutland.
Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner. Past Grand Warden,
Iowa. Past Master. (Joined C.C. January 1895.) Joined 8th November
1900.
16 Watson, William, 24- Trznston G a ? ; t l ~ n sH
, e p c l r r t ! ~ l ~Lertl\.
y, 61,, P.Rl., P Pr.G.lJT.;
P.Pr.G.So., W. Yorks., Past Assistant Grand Diroctor of Ceremonies; Past
Grand Standard Bearer. Senior ITarden. (Joined C.C. February 1887.)
Joined 3rd March 1905.
17 Songhurst, Wllliam John, F.C.Z.,q. 27 Grectt Qltepn S f ~ e ~Lonrlon,
f , TT7.C.Z. 227,
P.M., Treas., 3040, D.C., 3743, D,C.; 7 , P.Z., A { , P,%. Past Grand Deacon;
Past Assistant Grand Sojourner. Secretary. (Joined C.C. January 1891.)
J o ~ n e d2nd March 1906.
18 Simpson, John Percy, B.A. 16 Nolt!y/ltotl S t ~ r r f ,S l t l ~ r ~ / c hLontlnn,
. 1T.C.I
176, P.M.; 176, P.Z. Past Assistant Grand Registrar; Past Assistant
Grand Director of Ceremonies (R.A.).. Past AIqster. (J0inc.d C.C. January
1905.) Joined 25th June 1906.
19 Dring, Edmund H u n t . T r r n t ~ c o r f l t ,Tlte E l t l ~ g ~ ~ c nSlctfon,
rj, , Y I I ~ I . P I1297,
J. P.hf.,
3444; 1297, P.Z. Past Grand Deacon; Past Assistant Grand Sojourner.
P a s t Master. (Joined C.C. January 1899.) Joined 25th J u n e 1906.
20 Hextall, William Brown. 2 G n ~ i l e n( ' o ~ r r fT, e m p l ~Lonrlon,
, E.P.4. 1085, 2128, P.RI.,
P.Pr.G.W., Derbyshire. Past Grand Deacon. P a s t Master. ( J o ~ n c dC.C.
J a n u a r y 1904.) Joined 5th hIarch 1909. .
21 , Goblet d'Alviella, le Comte EugPne F6licien Alberb, Itlembre de I'dcadcmic Royale.
C'hdtenu de C o ~ c r fS t . E f l e n n e , Brrtl)rtf~t,B ~ 7 ~ i l l m . Past Grand Master,
Belgium. (Joined C.C. February 1890.) Joined 5th Marcli 1909.
22 Wonnaco;tt, Ernest William Malpas, d . R . Z . B . d . , F.S.Z. 6 Oltl C(tvenr11slt RYreet,
London, Tr.1. 241q, 2956, Sec., 3171, P.M., 3321, P.Pr.G.D., Herts ; 2.1, P.Z.,
2416, P.Z., 292.9, P.Z., 29.76. Past Assistant Grand Supt. of Works;, Past
Grand Standard Bearer ( R A . ) . Past Master. (Joined C.C. Rlarch 1904.)
Joined 3rd March 1911.
23 Westropp, Thomas Johnson, ICI.A., N . R . I . S . , Pres.R.X..4.7. 115 Strnnrl R o a d ,
S a n d y m o u n f , D t ~ l ~ l z n 143
. (I.C.), P.fi1. Past Grand High Priest, Ireland.
Senior Deacon. (Joined C.C. November 1897.) Joined 24th J u n e 1912.
24 Powell, Arthur Cecil. The I l e r m i t n q r , TI'rston-~~rp~r-JIccre.
187, P.M., P.Pr.G.W.,
Bristol; 187, P.Z., P.Pr.G.J., Bristol. Past Grand Deacon ; Past
Assistant Grand Sojourner. Past Ilastcr. (Joined C.C. Norembcr 1902.)
Joined 24th J u n e 1912.
25 Hills, Gordon Pettigrew Grahain, A . R.Z.B.A. Fii c r o f t , C'oolik(trn Drrrn, Berkshire.
2416, P.M., L.R., 2228, P.M., 3684; 241G, P.Z., P.Pr.G.lJT., Bcrks. Past
Master. (Jo1:led C.C. ?Ifay 1897.) Joincd 2nd October 1914.
26 Tuckett, Major James Edward Shum, ,4f.A. (Crtntrth.). F.C.S., T.D. 12 R e l v ~ t l ~ r c
1Coat1, RetElnnil, Brlstol. 1533, P.M., P.Pr.G.H. ; 1.733, P.Z., P.Pr.G.So.
Worshipful Master. (Joined C.C. Novcmber 1910.) Joined 2nd Obtober
1914.
27 Bradley, Herbert, C.,S.Z. I<o~nmrr,T T ' P s ~ C11ff Rontl, no111nrmovth . Past District
Grand Master ; Past Grand Superintendent, Madres. Junior J1-arden.
(Joined C.C. October 1893.) Joined 5th J a n u a r ~1917.
28 Vibert, Arthur Llonel: Z.C1.S. ICfizr7171r,Lrtnsrlo~cn,n n f h . P.Dis.G.1V. ; P.Dis.G.J.,
Madras: Local Secretary for Somerset. Junior Dracon. (Joined C.C.
January 1895.) Joined 5th J a n u n r ~ 1917.
29 Baxter, Roderick Hildegar. 97 J I t l n r o ~ oRonrl, Rocl~tl(tle,T,n n r t r s h l ~ r . P.Pr.G.lV. ;
P.Pr.A.G.So., E. Lancs. Local Secretary for East I~anrashire. Inner Guard.
(Joined C.C. October 1907.) Joined 5th January 1917.
30 Robbins, Sir Alfred. 32 1f77tsC:eorg~S v e n ~ t r ,R n ~ o n s Cotcrt. T,onrlon, TT'.lJ. 1928,
P . M . ; 1928, P.Z. President, Board of General Purposes; Past Grand
Sojourner. (Joined C.C. January 1899.) Joined 24th Jmtc 1919.
HONORARY MEMBER.
31 H . R . H . The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, >:.G'., &c. Grand Master;
Grand Z. Honorary 3fc.mber. Joined 9th November 1908.
MEMBERS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE
ELECTED IN 1919.
" T h e Asterisk before the name indicates Life-Membership. The Roman numbers refer
to Lodges, and those i n Italics to R.A. Chapters.
OTHER ASSOCIATIONS.
hIulasters' and JVardcns' Association North Adelaide, S. Aubtralia J a n u a r y 1919.
Masonic Rescarcli Society Portland, Origon January 1919.
BROTHERS.
Adam, C n p t . G. A. F., U.S.O., V . C . Box 3395, Jol~ctnneabury, Trctnsvual, S. d f n c t l .
3lav 1919.
Adam, John. Lc11 t 11!lrw e , Sir e f f l a s t o ~ r nr..
, Clttsgorr. Pr.G.I).C. ; 1x9. October 1919.
Akehurst, S. U. 63 Hercea 120ctt1, Pulnters G'teen, Lontlon, 1 . 1 3 . 1364. November 1919.
Alien, Beorge Thomas. 129 Uetlfor tl HILT, 13ctllrctVL, Lontlon, ,5'.TF.l2. 3661. May 1919.
Anderson, Thomas. 9 S t . T,eontrrtlh Itotctl, E'ctl~izg,Lorrtlon, TT'. 5 , Sec. May 1919.
Anstey, Theodore Heginald. Il'l~e I i e ~ f o y, r l)(, .4clr, S o u t h Sfrtctr. 3198, J . D . Nov. 1919.
Armstrong, Jamcs. C'roJts Lect l'tiik, Ilfr~ttcorrlbe,Devon. 1135, J.11'. March 1919.
~ A r n o l d ,John A. D .ltherrlcty liotrtl, Surrhectcl, L o n d o n , S.E.15. 1658. J u n e 1919.
Cain, Daniel. P.O. BOB 20, Denver, Trunsvual, S. Africu. 3167, P.M.; 3167, J.
November 1919.
Carpenter, F r a n k G. 341 Fznchley Road, London, N.W.3. 2319, P.M. January 1919
Casburn, John Robert. Buzldhall, Grantham. Pr.G.D.C. ; P.Pr.A.G.S. October 1919.
Chapple, W. It. 8 Branksome Gardens, TVtnchmore Hill, London, N.21. 1364. Nov. 1919.
Clare, Selby. Heathfieltl, Cardzgan, Wales. 476; 476, Sc. E. J a n u a i y 1919.
Clarke, Samuel Robert. P.O. Box 49, Jagersfontein, O.F.S., S . Africa. 61 (D.C.),
I)ep.M. March 1919.
Colenso, Lt.-Col. J. E. 217 Gurkha Rifles, c j o Cox &. Co., Bombay, Zndiu. P.Dis.G.D.,
Bengal. October 1919.
Colley, Crossley. 12 Northuinberhnd Avenue, Benton, 3e~acustle-upon-Ty ne, Xorthum-
berland. 2260; P.Pr.A.G.Sc.E. (N. Wales). J u n e 1919.
*Collier, Joseph Henry. 8 S t . James' Squal-e, London, S.W.1. 3238; 52. May 1919.
Collins, Alexander Burnett Poole. 54 Rachmond Roctd, Tottenhum, London, 3.15. 1044,
P.M. March 1919.
'Collins, George Laxton. South Dene Tower, Strltccells, Gutesheucl, Durham. 3105;
,2929, P.So. J a n u a r y 1916.
Collins, W. P. Freeport Club, Freeport, Necc Y o r k , U.S.9. 62, Ch.; 302, P.H.P.
J u n e 1919.
"Colsell, Robert Frederick John. Slverstone, P u ~ kH ~ l llloud, Chinyford, Essex. 12.
O c t ~ b e r1919.
Cooper, Henry William. Box 117, Wangctnuz, S e w Zealuntl. 705, J.W. October 1919.
Cooper, Heginald H. 600 North Third Street, Palafka, Floritlu, C.S.9. October 1919.
Cooper, Bobert Geraint. 6 Doyo Street, Carrllfl, Bktm. 2453; 960. January 1919.
Cooper, William Suddaby. 29 Glencoe Street, Hull, Y o ~ k s . 2134. October 1919.
Cully, James Russell, Jun. Undine, 8 Woodlands Avenue, Wunstectd, London, E.11.
P.Pr.A.G.Sec. (&sex) ; 453. March 1919.
Cumberlege, C'ecil Francis. 59 Westbourne Park Roud, London, W.2. 3912. Nov. 1919.
66 Earle, Alfred Augustine. 157 Rushey Green, London, S.E.6. 92. May 1919.
67 Ely, George Frederick. 49 S ~ ~ t h e r l a nAvenue,
d London, W.Y. 1974, P.M. ; 2416, 2.
March 1919.
100 Johnson, Arthur. Norths~tle,Avenue Itorrtl, Hockerill Pco,k, Bishop's Stortford, Herts.
2729, P.M., L.lt. ; 7 , J. May 1919.
101 Johnston, Dnvid Landale. 8 y a r p a t f a House, Wutnz Tal, U.P., India. Dep.Dis.G.M.;
l)is.G.H. (Bengal). March 1919.
102 Jotcham, William Percy. 8 Queen Anne's Gardens, Bush Hill Pork, Enfield, filiddlesex.
754, P.M. March 1919.
103 Kennedy, David A. 82 Wull S t r e e f , Scto Y o r k City, N.Y.,U.S..4. 972, S.D.; 302,
King. J u n e 1919.
104 Kennedy, John Itussell. Authors Club, Whitehall Chambers, London, B.1F. 2015, W.M.
May 1919.
105 Ketchum, Chas. H. K e y W e s t , E'lorzda, U . B . S . P.G.H.P. , J u n e 1919.
106 King, George Edward. 57 A y t o u m Rocid, Stockwell, Londor~, S.IV.9. 1641, P.M.; 7
P.Z. -March 1919.
107 King, H a r r y BushelL 14 B r y n y m o r Crescent, Slccin.\eti, Glcim. 237; 137. January 1919.
108 Kirkby, Frederick George. Knzghton lloutl, L e ~ c e s t e r . 2429, J.W.; 1130. Nov. 1919.
109 Knight, Frederick Charles. 36 Mursham S t r e e t , IVestmlnster, L o ~ ~ t l o nS.W.1.
, 2030,
W.M. November 1919.
136 Outram, Lt.-Col. Harold William Sydney. Rock Housr, Highgate, ond don, 1.6. 1635.
J a n u a r y 1919.
137 Overy, Arthur S. 24 Cltrphum Road, Lotrestoft. 71, J . W . ; 71, A.So. J a n u a r y 1919.
174 Taylor, Glen Arthur. ilfzdtlleton H o u . ~ e ,Brzton F e r r y , Glnm. 162. Ju11e 1919.
175 Tesoro, Gaudencio. P.O. Box 4, S n n f n C ~ I L hZ g) l t n n , P.1, 26. J a n u a q 1919.
Thackeray, William Alfred. Carlet Collpge, Trellzngton, Zndla. 1093, Sec.; 1093, Sc.E.
May 1919.
Thornas, J o h n Edward. 2 Lctnylantl Rorrrl, i l f u m l ~ l ~Srcrrnsea,
s, S. 1Vctles. P.Pr.G.St.B.;
P.Pr.A.G.So. October 1919.
Thornson, William Thomas. R ~ f j e s h m e n fRooms, Rnllnint S t n f i o n , Victoria, Australia.
29, P.M.; 7. May 1919.
Thornber, Albert Eastham. Ful~cootl Avenue, T c i r l ~ t o n , I'resfon, Lnncs. 113.
J a n u a r y 1919.
Townshend, Cecil Wray. e l o Standorcl ~ o n k , 'dagersfontein, O.I?.S., ,5'. Africa. 61
(D.C.), W . M . March 1919.
Travis, Henry Edward. 11 1T7zl.son-Prrtt~nStreet, 1T'rrrrln~lfon,Lancs. 3.597, P.M.;
148. November 1919.
Turner, Edward Kirk. Brancl Rtreef, Jagersfontezn, O.F.B. 110 (I.C.). J u n e 1919.
Turner, Joseph. 34 ,St. P ~ t e r ' sRond, Ban<lstuorth, S t a f f s . 2724. November 1919.
Tyers, Prederick George. Boys' H i g h ,$'chool, l'ochefstroom, S. d f r i c o . 3 004, P.M. ;
3004. J u n e 1919.
EUROPE.
ASIA.
India, Bengal C. F. Hooper c / o Thacker, Spink & Co., 5 Government
Place, Calcutta.
,, Bombay, Madras, United F. Chatterton c / o Best & Co., Madras.
Provinoes & Oudh
Japan A. R. Catto Box 296, Yokohama.
Philippine Islands N. C. Comfort Quarantine Service, Manila.
Siam John R . C. Lyons Ministry of Justice, Bangkok.
Bingapore Frederick Apps 26, Raffles Place.
AFRICA.
Bloemfontein W. S. Mannion Box 261.
Egypt H. K . Baynes Box 1400, Cairo.
Jagersfontein, O.F.S. R. G. C. White Box 6, Jagcrsfonteii~.
Iiimberley F. G. ~ i c h a r d s Svdney on Vaal. *
Natal C. W. P. Douglas P.O. Box 230, Pietermaritzbury
de Fenzi
Rhodesia, 3Iashonaland S. R. Garrard Brundish House, Sinoia.
,, Matabeleland E. A. Uttley Box 48, Bula~vayo.
South Africa, E. Division H. Squire Smith Box 9. King TYilliam's Town
,, ,, W. Division W. H. Tiffany Box 387, -Cape Town.
Transvaal, .Johannesburg T. L. Prycm Box 247, Johannesburg.
,, Pretoria G. P . Mathews Box 13$, Pretoria.
CANADA.
Alberta G. Macdonald, M.D. Calgary.
British Columbia D r . TV. A. De Wolf Pafraets Dael. New TVestminster.
Smith
Jlal~itoba R S. Thornton, M.B. Delora~ne.
Newfoundland P TV. J. Edgar Box 1201, St. John's.
P a s k a t c h e ~a n F . S. Proctor Cupar.
Ontario N. W. J. Haydon 361. Pare Arenue, Toronto.
U.S.A.
Florida E. P. Hubbell Bradentown.
Georgia \V. F. Bolve .3-11. Broad Street, Augusta.
Indiana C. Mal'er 29, TV. TYashington Street, Indianapolis.
Minnesota, Dr. J. TV. Chamberlin 733, Lowry Building, St. Peter Street.
S t . Panl.
New Jersey H. E. Deats Flemington.
New York J. C. IZlinck 83, Argyle Road, Brooklyn.
Rhode Island TVillian~H . Scott 61. Laura Street, ~ r o r i d e n c c
Sonth Dakota G. A. Pettigrew Sioux k'nlls.
TVashington J. H. Tatych 'Old National Bnuk. Spok:iilc.
C E N T R A L A N D S O U T H AMERICA.
Argentina William Cowlishaw 78, Reconquista, Buonos Aircs.
Costa Rica A. G. JI. Gillott Box 35.5, S a n JosB.
WEST INDIES.
Jamaica G. R. D. Rust Post Office, Kingston.
AUSTRALASIA.
New South Wales T. L. Rolvbotham Rlasonic Club, 218. P i t t Street, Syclney.
Nelv Zealand, iluckland C. H . Jenkins 107, Albert Street.
9 . Christchurch S. C. Bingham 27. Gracefield Street.
,, Otago D. C. Cameron 5 , Heriot Street, Dunedin.
,, Wanganui Peter Lewis 81, Keith Street.
~9 ,, Wellington G. Robertson JT7ellington.
South Australia Fred. Johns Houghton Lodge, Rose Park. Adelaide.
Victoria Her-bert RI. H n i ~ h t 406. Collins Street, 3lelbourne.
PROFESSIONAL.
A .G.O. American Guild of Organists. L.D.S. Licentiate in Dental Surgery.
A.I. Auctiol~eers' InsMtute. LL.B. Bachelor of Laws.
American Society of 3Iechanicnl LL.D. Doctor of ..
Engineers. LL.11. Master of ,,
A.K.C. Associate of I<ing',s College. Lic.Mnn. Licentiate of RItisic.
-&.M. Master of Arts. L.S. Linnaean Society.
Am.Soc.C.E. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Master of .-lrts.
A1ner.I.E.E. .American Institute of Electrical Bachelor of Medici-le.
Engineers.
Doctor of Medicine.
B..l. Bachelor of Arts. ,, of Jlusic
U.C.L. ,, of Civil Lam.
B.Ch. ,, .>f Surgery. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy.
B.D. ,, of Divinity. Pres. President.
B.P. ,, of Philwophy ( U . S . A . ) . Prof. Profrssor.
R.&. ,, of Science. P.W.D. Public TT70rlrs Department.
C.A. Chartered Bccountant. R.A. ROJ-ai Scaclemy.
C.E. Civil Engineer. R.A.S. ,, Asiatic Society (Members).
C.I.S. Chartered Institute of Secretaries. R.A.S ,, :4stronomical Society ( F e l l o w s ) .
C.P.A. Certified Public Accountant R.C.I. ,, Colonial Institute.
(Rhode Island); R.C.P. ,, College of Physicians.
C.S. Chemical Society. R.C.S. ,, of Surgeons.
C.JI. Master i n Surgery. R.C.P.S. ,, of Veterinary Surgeons.
R.G.S. ,, Geographical Society.
Dr. Doctor. R.1Iist.S. ,, Historiral Society ( F e l l o u : ~ ) .
D.C.L. ,, of Civil Lam. R.H.S. ,, Horticultural Society ( F e l l o ~ o s ) .
D.D. ,, .3f Divinity. R.I. ,, Inntitute of Painters i p W a t e r
D.Lit. . of Literature. Colours.
D.Sc. ,, of Science. 1t.I.S. ,, I r i s h Academy.
E.S. E~~tomo:ogicalSociety. R.I.B.9. ,, Institute of Britinh Architects.
R.M.S. ,, Jficrosc~opicalSociety.
F.I. Faculty of Insurance. R.S. ,, Society.
R.S.S. ,, Society of Arts (Felloics).
G.S. Geological Society. R.S.A. ,, Scottish Academy.
I.A. Institute of Actuaries. ' R.S.E. ,, Society, Edinburgh.
I.C. ,, of Chemists. R.S.L. ,, Society of Literature.
1nst.C.E. , of Civil Engineers. S.A. Society of Antiquaries ( F e l l o u ; ~ ) .
I.E.E. ,, of Electrical Engineers. S.A.A. ,, of Accountants and S u d i t o r s
I.M.E. ,, of Mining Engineers. (Iucorporated).
1.Mech.E. ,, of Mechanical Engineers. S.C.L. Student of Civil Law.
I.N.A. ,, of Naval Architects. Institute of Surveyors.
S.I.
I.S.E. , of Sanitary Engineers. S.S. Statistic81 Society.
1.1. Imperial Infititute.
V.P. Vice-Prwident.
J.I. Institute of Journalists.
K.C. King's Counsel. Z.S. Zoologi,cal Society.
NOTE.-.l., X.,o r F., prefixed to letters indicating a n Institute or Society stands for
Associate, Member, o r Fellow of the Society in question.