ENGINEERING FIELD MANUAL

CHAPTER 6 . STRUCTURES

Compiled by: .
Keith H Beauchamp. Agricultural Engineer. SCS. Lincoln. Neb .
Contents

General . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Definition
Introduction .........................
Component Parts of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Embankment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SpillwayInlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spillway Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SpillwayOutlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural Treatment of Gullies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stability of Grades Below Spillways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Straight Drop Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Functional Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Siteselection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Box Inlet Drop Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Functional Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Island-Type Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Functionaluse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'

Operation of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Design ...................e.......
. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Drop Box (Culvert Inlet)
Description

.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Functionaluse
Materials
Advantages

..............a.e.........
Limitations
Design*

Concrete Chute Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Functional Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
;

Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e . . .

. .......................
Formless Concrete Chute Spillway ...............
Description
Materials . . .......................
.......................
Functional Use
Adaptability
Advantages
. .............*.........
. .. .......................
Design . . . .. .........................
Limitations

Construction
.............m........
......................
Sod Chute Spillway ......................
........................
Description
Materials . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Functionaluse
Adaptability ........................
. . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
advantage^....................^..^.
Limitations
Design
Construction

.
Drop Inlet Spillways
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Description
Materials . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Functional Uses
Adaptability
Advantages . . a

Limitations
Classification . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
a * .

a * .

Pipe Drop Inlet Design

Monolithic Box-Type Drop Inlet Design ...........
 . .. ...
HoodInlet Spillway
Description
Materials

. ... ...
Functional Use
Adaptability
Advantages

.....
Limitations
Design
Earthspillways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Earth Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PunctionalUse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Types of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
use^.................^.^..^..^^.

Drop Spillways with Gates or Stoplogs . . . . . . . . . .

Stoplogs . . . . . . .
Drop Inlet Spillway with Stoplogs . . . . . . . . . . . .
Box Inlet on Culvert with Gate or

Drop Inlet Spillways for Fish Management . . . . . . . .

Open Fltnnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Floodgates . . . .
Description . .
Material . . . .
Adaptability . .
Functional Uses
Advantages . . .
Limitations . .
Design . . . . .

Irrigation Structures . . . . .
Storage Structures . . . . .
Runoff Storage . . . . .
Offstream Storage . . . .
Seepage Storage . . . . .
Regulating Storage . . .
Diversion Structures . . . .
Flumes . . . . . . . . .
Ditch Conveyance Structures
Inverted Siphons . . . .
Ditch Crossings . . . . .
Erosion Control Structures .
Drop Structures . . . . .
 Pans
Chuter .....
..
D i s t r i b u t i m Control
Farm Beadgates

. ....
....
Division Boxer
Checks
Turnout8

Inlets .....
Pipeline Structures

......
Vents
Outlets .....
Structure Derign .......................
Construction .........................
Maintenance ..........................
Figure 6-1 Raa~enclatuefor variour p a r t r of drop rpillwayr .
Figure 6-2
inlet rpillmyr ................
Wamenclature for variour parto of chute and drop

Figure 6-3
rpillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Wcnenclature for i n l e t . c d u i t and o u t l e t of

Ftgure
Figure
6-4
6-5 Straight drop rpillways .............
General guide t o etructure r e l e c t i o n

........
Figure
Figure
Figure
6-6
6-7
6-8
Symbols f o r s t r a i g h t drop rpillway
Weir capacity f o r r t r a i g h t drop rpillwayr
Standard plans: series '%" reinforced concrete drop
....
rpillways rchedule showing dratring nunber. cubic
yards of concrete. and pounds of reinforcing s t e e l
Figure 6-9
way with 2'-ow overfall ............
Plan for a reinforced concrete toe-wall drop r p i l l -

Figure 6-10

Figure 6-11
spillway with 1'-10" a v e r f a l l
Boxlinlet drop rpillway
.........
Standard plan for a concrete block toe-wall drop

.............
Figure
Figure
6-12
6-13 Island-type spillways ..............
Box-inlet drop spillway with a bridge w e r the top

.............
Figure
Figure
Figure
6-14
6-15
6-16
Drop boa (culvert i n l e t )
Other ures f o r drop boxes
Reinforced concrete chute spillway
............
........
Figure 6-17
c r e t e chute . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
Typical standard plan f o r low head formlerr con-
......
. . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Figure 6-18 Sod chute with toe-wall drop rpillway
Figure 6-19 Wcmenclature for rod chute design
Figure 6-20 Sod chute design chart
Figure
Figure
6-21
6-22
Examples of drop i n l e t spillways
Appurtenance f o r metal pipe drop i n l e t s .....
Figure 6-23 Typical appurtenances for pipe spillways with
........
inclined g a t e r e l e a s e s t r u c t u r e
 Pane

Figure 6-24
.................
Capacity c h a r t f o r 8" and 12" C.M. pipe drop
i n l e t spillway
L
Figure 6-25
.................
Pipe flow chart f o r corrugated metal pipe drop
i n l e t spillway
Figure 6-26
spillway ....................
Pipe flaw chart for concrete pipe drop i n l e t

Figure 6-27

Figure 6-28
. . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..
Chart f o r determlning i n l e t proportions and re-
quired head w e r i n l e t
Procedure f o r determining length of conduit
Figure
Figure
Figure
6-29
6-30
6-31
. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Reinforced concrete monolithic drop i n l e t spillway
Bood i n l e t spillways
Box and hood i n l e t combination
Figure 6-32
.................
Capacity chart f o r 8- and 12-inch C.M. pipe hood
i n l e t spillway
Figure 6-33

Figure 6-34
.................
Pipe flaw chart f o r corrugated metal pipe hood
i n l e t spillway
Pipe flow chart for smooth pipe hood i n l e t spillway
Figure 6-35 Detail8 of a t y p i c a l hood i n l e t and b a f f l e f o r
6- t o 15-inch diameter corrugated metal pipe
Figure 6-36

Figure 6-37 Earth d m

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical layouts of i n l e t s f o r 12-inch or l e s s hood

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
i n l e t spillways

Figure 6-38 Straight drop spillway water control s t r u c t u r e s

Figure 6-39 -11 low coat water control s t r u c t u r e s
Figure 6-40

Figure 6-41
with concrete box i n l e t and stoplogs ......
Corrugated metal culvert water control s t r u c t u r e s

Corrugated metal pipe drop i n l e t spillways f o r

riser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
water level control by use of stoplogs i n t h e
L Figure 6-42
.........
Monolithic reinforced concrete drop i n l e t with
p r w i e i o n s f o r f i s h management

. .. ..... ..... ..... ..~.. ..... . ~ ~ . ~

Figure 6-43 Open timber fltllae with stoplog water l e v e l control
Figure
Figure
6-44
6-45 ..~
Automatic swinging floodgate
Tide g a t e design data
Figure
Figure
6-46
6-47
Capacity of c i r c u l a r gates

. . .
Stoplog type concrete diversion s t r u c t u r e .. .. .. ..
Figure
Figure
6-48
6-49 Plan for a concrete drop . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Cross 'section of an inverted siphon

Figure
Figure
6-50
6-51
Plan f o r a concrete block drop
Plan f o r a corrugated metal pipe drop
. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
Figure
Figure
Figure
6-52
6-53
6-54
Plan for a concrete headgate . . . . . . . . .. .. ..
Plan f o r a trapezoidal chute drop

Plan for a concrete rectangular d i v i s i o n box

Figure 6-55
box . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Plan for a combination pmp o u t l e t and division

Figure 6-56
Figure 6-57
Plan for a concrete check
Plan for a concrete turnout ...........
Figure 6-58
concrete pipe .................
Plan f o r a high head non-tapered pump stand for
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....
FLgure 6-59 Plan f o r a high head s t e e l tapered pump stand f o r
concrete pipe
Figure 6-60 Plan for a g r a v i t y i n l e t for concrete pipe
Figure 6-61 Plan for a water d e s i l t i n g box and t r a s h screen
Figure 6-62 Plan f o r a concrete pipe sand t r a p f o r concrete
.
......
p i p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .
Figure 6-63 Plan for a vent f o r concrete p i p e l i n e s

....................
Figure 6-64 Plan f o r an a l f a l f a valve o u t l e t on a concrete
pipeline

....................
Figure 6-65 Plan f o r an orchard valve o u t l e t on a concrete
pipeline
 ENGINEERING FIELD MANUAL

CHAPTER 6. STRUCTURES

1. GENERAL

DEFINITION

A structure is a designed device, constructed or manufactured, used

in a soil and water conservation or management system to retain, regulate,
or control the flow of water.

INTRODUCTION

Good vegetative practices, together with proper land use, are neces-
sary in a sound soil and water management program. However, vegetative
measures and simple practices alone may be inadequate to handle concentra-
tions of water, and do not provide water storage for beneficial use. In
such cases, structures are needed.

There are instances, also, where a high degree of safety and perma-
nence is desired. Conservation measures may be required to provide insur-
ance against lost of life or destruction of property. Vegetative control
measures are subject to the influences of such uncertain factors as
climate, diseases and insects, and are not always dependable. On the
other hand, properly designed, installed and maintained structures are of
long life and dependability.

Structures are used for the following soil and water conservation
purposes:

Grade and gully control Drainage

Water storage Irrigation
Water detention (flood prevention) Shore protection
Sediment storage Streambank protection
Surface water inlets Tide protection
Water level control

2. COMPONENT PARTS OF STRUCTURES

All technicians should know the various parts of a structure and

their functions. Many structures are made up of four major parts the-
earth embankment, spillway inlet, spillway conduit and spillway outlet.
The three principal types of structural spillways used by the Soil Conser-
vation Service are known as drop spillways, drop inlet spillways, and
chute spillways. Nomenclature for the various parts of drop spillways are
shown in Figure 6-1 and for chute spillways and drop inlet spillways in
Figure 6-2.
 STRAIGHT DROP ,SPILLWAY

BOX INLET DROP SPILLWAY

Figure 6-1 Nomenclature for various parts of drop spillways

 CHU'JX SPILLWAY

CANTI LEVER OUTLET

ANTI-SEEP COLLARS
TOE DRAIN -U OUTLET SUPPORT^ 1 /
DUG STILLING
POOL
DROP INLET SPILLWAY
Figure 6-2 Nomenclature for various parts of
chute and drop inlet spillways
 Various combinations of inlets, conduits, and outlets may be used.
For example,
conduit, and
a spillway for an earth dam consisting of a drop inlet, pipe
cantilever outlet is known as a pipe drop inlet spillway with
&
a cantilever outlet, See Figure 6-3.

EMBANKMENT

The embankment directs the flow of water through the spillway. The
embankment for a drop spillway or chute generally extends from the spill-
way to high ground or to a vegetative spillway. In the case of an earth
dam (farm pond) the embankment detains and impounds water as well as
forces storm flows through the spillway.

SPILLWAY INLET

Water enters the spillway through the inlet, which may be in the form
of a box, a weir in a wall, or a culvert-type entrance. The box may be
straight or flared, while the wall may be straight, flared, or curved.
The culvert-type entrance may be round, square, or rectangular, with a
square edge, hood, or flared entrance.

Vertical walls extending into the soil foundations under the inlet
are known as cutoff walls. Their main purpose is to prevent water seepage
under the structure. Similar walls, extending laterally from the inlet to
prevent seepage and erosion around the ends of the structure, are called
headwall extensions. These walls also protect against burrowing animals.

SPILLWAY CONDUIT

The conduit receives the water from the inlet and conducts it through
the structure. The conduit may be closed in the form of a box or pipe, or
it may be open as in a rectangular channel. Cutoff walls or antiseep col-
lars usually are constructed as a part of the conduit to prevent seepage
along its length and possible failure from this source.

SPILLWAY OUTLET

The water leaves the structure through the outlet, Its function is to
discharge the water into the channel below at a safe velocity. The outlet
may be of the cantilever (propped) type, a plain apron outlet, or an apron
with any type of energy dissipator to minimize the erosive effect of the
water. Cantilever outlets are necessary in locations where the channel
grade below the structure is unstable.

Vertical walls, known as toe walls, are extended below the front of
the apron to prevent undercutting. Wingwall are vertical walls, extend-
ing from the outlet into the channel banks, to protect against the swirling
effect of the water as it leaves the structure.
 2 P/a/i,
2. Box Apron

LDrup in/ef - Open fop

2.Drop /n/ef- Covered fop

Figure 6-3 Nomenclature for inlet, conduit

and outlet of spillway
 3. STRUCTURE SELECTION

Selecting the proper structure for a given location and function is

the key to successful and economical control of erosion or runoff. Each
type of structure has its own range of use for a given set of conditions.
Some sites will permit the use of more than one type of structure; however,
there generally is one type that will provide the most economical control.

STRUCTURAL TREATMENT OF GULLIES

Treatment of gullies generally falls into two classes: control by

shaping and seeding or sodding; or structural control, plus vegetation.

If slopes cannot be controlled by seeding or sodding due to an over-

fall or steep portion of channel, or the width of the gully or draw into
which water is being discharged is materially less than the width of
waterway being treated, permanent structures will be required.

STRUCTURE SELECTION

Generally, the degree of control or protection and the size of the

watershed are the primary considerations in structure selection. The
structure selection diagram, Figure 6-4, is useful in determining the type
of structure needed.

This diagram is for average field conditions and is based on the most
economical structure for the given head and discharge, provided the site
will permit installation of the structure. Site and foundation conditions,
therefore, are important factors in selecting the type of structure.
d
4. STABILITY OF GRADES BELOW SPILLWAYS
The outlet of a spillway should be so designed that its function or
stability will not be reduced by scour or deposition in the exit channel.

The channel grade below the spillway should be stable to prevent under-
cutting of the outlet toe wall or cantilever support. Grade stability
should be determined by comparing velocities for the design flow in the
downstream channel with the permissible velocities for the soils and vege-
tation in the channel.

The possibility of sediment deposition in the channel below the spill-

way should be investigated. When sediment is a problem, the outlet of the
spillway should be designed so that deposition will not interfere with the
spillway discharge during the expected life of the structure.

5. STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY

DESCRIPTION

The straight drop spillway is a weir structure. Flow passes through

the weir opening, drops to an approximately level apron or stilling basin
and then passes into the downstream channel. (Figure 6-5)
 Figure 6-4 General guide t o structure s e l e c t i o n

MATERIALS

Straight drop spillways may be constructed of reinforced concrete,

plain concrete, rock masonry, concrete blocks with or without reinforcing,
sheet p i l i n g of s t e e l , timber, and prefabricated metal.
 Reinforced concrete

Concrete block

Prefabricated metal

Figure 6-5 Straight drop spillways

 FVNCTIONAL USE

L' 1. Grade s t a b i l i z a t i o n i n lower reaches of waterways and o u t l e t s .

2. Erosion c o n t r o l f o r p r o t e c t i o n of f i e l d s , r o a d s , b u i l d i n g s and
o t h e r improvements from g u l l i e s .

3. Grade c o n t r o l f o r s t a b i l i z i n g channels.

4. O u t l e t s f o r t i l e and s u r f a c e water a t t h e upper end and along

drainage d i t c h e s . Where t h e channel width below t h e proposed
s t r u c t u r e s i t e i s l i m i t e d , t h e box i n l e t drop spillway i s more
effective.

5. Reservoir spillway where t h e t o t a l drop i s r e l a t i v e l y low.

6. Control of t a i l w a t e r a t t h e o u t l e t of a spillway or conduit.

7. P r o t e c t i o n of t h e o u t l e t end of g r a s s waterways and sod chutes.

Low headwall s t r u c t u r e s f o r t h i s purpose a r e sometimes r e f e r r e d
t o a s a t o e wall drop spillway. See Figure 6-9.

8. Control of i r r i g a t i o n water.

ADAPTABILITY

The s t r a i g h t drop s p i l l w a y i s an e f f i c i e n t s t r u c t u r e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g
i
, r e l a t i v e l y low heads, normally up t o 10 f e e t .

ADVANTAGES

1. Very s t a b l e . The l i k e l i h o o d of s e r i o u s s t r u c t u r a l damage i s

l e s s t h a n f o r o t h e r t y p e s of s t r u c t u r e s .

2. The r e c t a n g u l a r weir i s l e s s l i k e l y t o be clogged by debri,s

than t h e openings or o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s of comparative d i s c h a r g e
capacities.

3. They a r e r e l a t i v e l y easy t o c o n s t r u c t . The c o n c r e t e block type

can be b u i l t with farm l a b o r , while t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e o r
s t e e l s h e e t p i l i n g t y p e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e s t h e s e r v i c e s of a
contractor.

LIMITATIONS

1. It i s more c o s t l y t h a n some o t h e r t y p e s of s t r u c t u r e s where t h e

r e q u i r e d d i s c h a r g e c a p a c i t y i s l e s s t h a n 100 c.f.s. and t h e t o t a l
head or drop i s g r e a t e r than 10 f e e t .

2. It i s not a f a v o r a b l e s t r u c t u r e where temporary spillway s t o r a g e

i s needed t o o b t a i n a l a r g e r e d u c t i o n i n discharge.
 3. A stable grade below the structure is essential.

SITE SELECTION

Proper site selection is dependent upon adequate field surveys and

foundation data. Attention must be given to changed water elevations
caused by the proposed structures as they might affect adjacent highways
and their drainage structures, railroads, pipelines and other improvements
or properties.

For grade control drops with definite approach channels, the site
should be selected so that the spillway can be located on a reasonably
straight section of channel, with no upstream or downstream curves with-
in at least 100 feet of the structure, It often will be desirable to
straighten the channel alignment above and below the spillway so that it
merges smoothly with the existing channel. Poor alignment may result in
a reduction in discharge capacity and excessive scour of the embankment
and channel banks. There should be no channel restrictions or obstacles
in the approach channel that would interfere with the design flow enter-
ing the spillway inlet.

The site selected should provide an adequate foundation for the spill-
way. The foundation material must have the required supporting strength,
resistance to sliding and piping, and be reasonably homogeneous so as to
prevent uneven settlement of the structure.

d
Planning and design of straight drop spillways normally require the
assistance of an engineer. Local personnel may be trained to plan and in-
stall small drop spillway structures when standard plans are available.

Measurement locations for symbols F (overfall in feet), h (depth of

weir in feet), s (depth of stilling pool in feet), and L (length of weir
in feet) are shown in Figure 6 - 6 .

-tv
HEADWALL

HEADWALL

---- ,--1 .---------------------

---1-S_, ----- ------
r'l r'l
L J L
.-----A A---L
- - ---- - - - -------.

DOWN STREAM ELEVATl ON

Figure 6-6 Symbols for straight drop spillway

 Length o f w e k , L , in ft. Length of weir, L , in f t

F = 5 ff. F = 6 ff.
900

700

3
' 600
.$
0: 500

3
3h 400

B 300

2
100

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 16 20 22 24 26 28 3Q 6 6 10 12 /4 16 M 20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of weir, L , in ff. L enqth of weir, L , in ff.

Note: h = total depth o f weir, in feet //nc/uding freeboard)

f = net drop from crest t o top of hmsverse si//, i n feet

Reference - ES65
Sec.11 N . E . H .

Figure 6-7 Weir capacity for straight drop spillways

(1) Notes: Draving No., cu. yds of concrete, and lbs.. of reinforcing steel are listed vertically
in order for each size. Each drawing number shall be prefixed with the letters E. S.
( 2 ) 'The ratio of L + h is less than 2.0 for these values. Correction for hydraulic losses due
to end contractions must be considered in the solution of the veir formula, for discharge
capacity, before these drop spillvays can be applied.

Figure 6-8 Standard p l a n s : s e r i e s t t ~ t rt e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e drop

s p i l l w a y s schedule showing drawing number, cubic
yards of c o n c r e t e , and pounds of r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l
 BAR TYPES

A
le
TYPE-I TYPE -3

.. -
- . SECTION ON
W + I 'I- "
ELEVATION

.. PLAN MATERIALS SCHEDULE 1

WIDTH (W)(FT.) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
NO. OF MARK 4 BARS 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
NO. OF MARK 6 BARS 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
STEEL (LBSJ 1133.5 1146.5 159.41172.4 1185.4 1198.31 211.3 1224.31237.3
CONCRETE (CU. YDS.) 1 3.3 1 3.6 3.9 1 4.3 1 4.6 1 4.9 1 5.2 1 5.6 1 5.9
Notes:
Where required length of Mark 3 bars is n o t ovailoble, two or t h r e e s p l i c e d b a r s may b e
.
s~jbstituted.A l a p of 12"is required at each splice. The t o t a l s p l i c e d lenqth s h a l l equal

ALL BARS NO. 3 or 3/8" P

Figure 6-9 Standard plan f o r a r e i n f o r c e d concrete t o e
wall with 2 ' - 0 " o v e r f a l l drop spillway
 SECTION ON 5

MASONRY WALL REINFORCEMENT Q\

I
9 Gage galvanized wire. Available +
P
TIPE 2 16-CC I 16. I TYPE 2 1 6 4
i n 4; 6; 8; 10" and 12" widths.
PLAN Reinforcing placed between each
course o f blocks a f t e r cores have
WIDTH OF NOTCH el-o" lo'-# 13-4" 16'-~'
I
24'-0" been f i l l e d with concrete.
NO. OF BLOCKS 99 105 111 117 135
V O L . O F CONC. C.Y. 2.41 2 . 8 0 3.20 3.60 4.78 BAR-TYPES
MORTAR C. Y. 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.14 A AI
S T E E L LBS. 30 40 51 60 92 TYPE-I
L
MASONRY WALL REIN. 106-8 11 2 - 0 117-4 122-8 138-8 TYPE-2

Notes: First Course of Blocks to be laid 2" in freshly poured concrete slab. Cores in Blocks
to be f i l l e d with concrete. The mortar s h a l l be I p a r t p o r t l a n d cement t o 3 p a r t s
torpedo sand. A l l Concrete Blocks s h a l l be placed in a water bath a minimum of
10 minutes immediately b e f o r e laying i n t h e wall. A l l b l o c k cores s h a l l be
;tlhoroughly sprinkled previous to placing of t h e Concrete Core F i l l . Where Weir
W" exceeds 12'-0" provide Woll Reinforcing or use Concrete Block Buttresses.
Vertical W o l l Reinforcing Steel should be added where excessive loads ore
expected.

Figure 6-10 Standard plan for a concrete block toe

wall drop spillway with 1'-10" overfall
 Weir c a p a c i t i e s f o r low-overfall s t r a i g h t drop spillways can be d e t e r -
mined from Figure 6-7 f o r v a r i o u s combinations of F, h , and L. Standard
i..l
plans a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e S e r i e s "B" r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e drop spillways.
Figure 6 - 8 can be used f o r e s t i m a t i n g c o s t of t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s . The r e -
quired cubic yards of concrete and pounds of r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l a r e shown
f o r each s i z e .

Figure 6-9 i s an example of a standard p l a n f o r a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e

t o e wall drop spillway. Concrete block t o e w a l l s a r e shown i n Figure 6-10.

The e a r t h f i l l embankment should conform t o S t a t e Standards and

Specifications.

6. BOX INJXT DROP SPILLWAY

DESCRIPTION

The box i n l e t drop spillway s t r u c t u r e i s a r e c t a n g u l a r box open a t

t h e top and a t t h e downstream end. Storm r u n o f f , d i r e c t e d t o t h e box by
d i k e s and headwalls, e n t e r s over t h e upstream end and two s i d e s . The flow
drops t o an apron and leaves through t h e open downstream end. An o u t l e t
s t r u c t u r e i s attached t o t h e downstream end of t h e box. (Figure 6-11)

MATE RIALS
Reinforced c o n c r e t e i s b e s t . However, r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e block
s t r u c t u r e s can be used f o r low o v e r f a l l s (3 f e e t or l e s s ) and narrow
channels.
L
FUNCTIONAL USE

The box i n l e t drop spillway can be used f o r t h e same purposes as a

s t r a i g h t drop spillway. One of i t s g r e a t e s t uses i s f o r grade and erosion
c o n t r o l i n open drainage d i t c h e s where t h e width of channel a t t h e outlet
i s limited. It can serve a l s o a s a t i l e o u t l e t a t t h e head of t h e ditch.
Like t h e drop spillway, i t i s l i m i t e d t o o v e r f a l l h e i g h t s up t o 10 feet.

ADAPTABILITY

It i s p a r t i c u l a r l y adapted t o narrow channels where i t i s necessary

t o pass l a r g e flows of water. The long c r e s t of t h e box i n l e t permits
l a r g e flows t o pass w e r it with r e l a t i v e l y low heads, and t h e width of t h e
spillway need be l i t t l e , i f any, g r e a t e r than t h a t of t h e e x i s t i n g channel.
When t h e required weir l e n g t h of t h e s t r u c t u r e i s over twice t h e bottom
width of t h e channel, t h e box i n l e t drop spillway should be considered.
The box i n l e t drop spillway can be combined with a bridge t o provide a
road c r o s s i n g , using t h e high p o r t i o n of t h e s i d e w a l l s a s abutments f o r
t h e bridge. (Figure 6-12)

ADVANTAGES

Same a s f o r t h e s t r a i g h t drop spillway, 'with added advantages of

g r e a t e r weir c a p a c i t y f o r narrow o u t l e t channels.
L
 Reinforced concrete

Types of weirs for box i n l e t drop spillways

Figure 6-11 Box i n l e t drop spillway

 Figure 6-12 Box-inlet drop spillway with
a bridge over the top

LIMITATIONS

Same as for straight drop spillways.

DESIGN

The complexity of design and layout of box inlet drop spillways re-
quires the assistance of an engineer.

7. ISLAND-TYPE STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTION

The island-type spillway uses a drop spillway in the channel with

auxiliary earth spillways for carrying excess flows around the structure.
Either the straight drop spillway or the box inlet drop spillway can be
used. (Figure 6-13) To prevent washing around the structure, dikes extend-
ing each way from the structure must be provided. In some cases the dikes
Island-type spillway showing embankments
extending out from headwall extensions

Plan view of layout for island-type spillway

with levees parallel to the ditch to force
overflow some distance below structure

Figure 6-13 Island-type spillways

 are joined to spoil banks provided there is an opening in the spoil bank
downstream from the structure.

FUNCTIONAL USE

The island-type spillway is adaptable for grade control or use at the

head of a channel to control the overfall. It is particularly adapted to
sites where the design peak runoff is greater than the capacity of the out-
let channel into which the structure is placed or empties. This structure
can be used only where there is a sufficient area of nearly level land on
either side of the dam that can be used as an earth spillway. Topography
of the area must be such that the path of overflow around the structure
will return to the channel a short distance below the structure without
causing damage to the field or ditchbanks.

OPERATION OF STRUCTURE

The island-type spillway is designed so that the channel downstream

from the structure will be full before the overflow around the dam reenters
the channel. This reduces the possibilities of bank erosion from flow w e r
the bank. To accomplish this, the crest of the weir must be set below the
crest of the earth spillway. The vertical distance between these points
must be sufficient to provide a weir notch capacity equal to the bank-full
capacity of the channel at the place where the flow from the earth spill-
way reenters the channel. Large flows will then pass around the earth
embankment of the drop spillway, forming an island composed of the drop
spillway and the headwall extension levees.
i The channel above the structure at the point where overflow begins
must have the same capacity as the channel below the structure. In this
vay, the discharge from the channel above the structure will fill the
channel below it before the banks at the structure are overtopped and flow
is directed to the earth spillway. Also, the structure should be so pro-
portioned that the channel banks will overflow near the structure as soon
as the channel capacity flow has been reached.

ADVANTAGES

It permits the use of a drop spillway having less capacity than the
peak runoff for the design storm.

LIMITATIONS

It often requires the construction of earth spillways in cropland

areas. Therefore, it is harder to maintain the correct grade and elevation.

The layout and design of the island-type structure requires the

assistance of an engineer.
 8. DROP BOX (CULVERT INLET)

DESCRIPTION

A drop box i s a rectangular box i n l e t drop spillway placed a t t h e up-

stream end of a c u l v e r t . It may be b u i l t a s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of a new
c u l v e r t , or i t can be fastened by dowel bars t o the upstream headwall of
an e x i s t i n g c u l v e r t . Storm runoff i s directed t o the box by t h e highway
fill. (Figure 6-14)

FUNCTIONAL USE

Drop boxes a r e used t o control grades above c u l v e r t s i n e i t h e r natu-

r a l or constructed channels. They may serve a s an o u t l e t f o r t i l e drains.
C a t t l e ramps can be incorporated i n t o the design of the box when t h e cul-
v e r t i s used a s a c a t t l e pass. See Figure 6-15 -
upper sketch. The drop
box i s very e f f e c t i v e f o r erosion c o n t r o l i n highway d i t c h e s a s shown i n
Figure 6-15 -lower sketch.

MATERIALS

Reinforced concrete i s t h e b e s t and most commonly used m a t e r i a l f o r

constructing drop boxes. I n some cases, concrete blocks or prefabricated
metal can be used. Material used should be c o n s i s t e n t with t h e expected
remaining l i f e of t h e c u l v e r t t o which t h e drop box i s t o be attached.
The a d d i t i o n of a headwall w i l l be required where none e x i s t s .

ADVANTAGES

It i s one of t h e most economical s t r u c t u r e s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g o v e r f a l l s

because t h e e x i s t i n g c u l v e r t and highway embankment r e p l a c e the o u t l e t
portion of t h e t y p i c a l drop spillway. It has t h e advantage of the box
i n l e t drop spillway i n t h a t t h e weir length can be f i t t e d t o a narrow
waterway.

LIMITATIONS

It r e q u i r e s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of s t r u c t u r a l l y sound road c u l v e r t s .
The s t r u c t u r e i s o f t e n attached t o a road c u l v e r t which i s t h e property
of a roadway governing body and, t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e s i t s permission. They
may not allow maintenance and control on t h e p a r t of t h e landowner.

The design and layout of a drop box r e q u i r e s t h e a s s i s t a n c e of an

engineer.

9. CONCRETE CHUTE SPILLWAY

DESCRIPTION

A chute spillway i s an open channel with a s t e e p slope i n which flow

i s c a r r i e d a t s u p e r c r i t i c a l v e l o c i t i e s . It usually c o n s i s t s of an i n l e t ,
d
Drop box attached t o existing culvert

New culvert with a box i n l e t

Figure 6-14 Drop box (culvert i n l e t )
 Drop box with c a t t l e ramp

OUTLET STRUCTURE FOR ROADSIDE OlTCH CULVERT OUTLE< FENGIN6 AND FLOOD GATE
ON OPPOSITE SIDE OF ROAOWAY
IMPROVED HIGHWAY CULVERT WITH BOX INLET FOR GRADE CONTROL,SAFETY AND MINIMUM M4INTENAUCE COSTS
1
Drop box for highway erosion control
Figure 6-15 Other uses for drop boxes
 v e r t i c a l curve s e c t i o n , steep-sloped channel, and o u t l e t . The major p a r t
of the drop i n water surface takes place i n a channel. Flow passes
L throughtheinletanddownthepavedchanneltotheflooroftheoutlet.
(Figure 6-16)

MATERIAL

Reinforced concrete i s t h e most widely used and s a f e s t m a t e r i a l f o r

l a r g e chutes.

FUNCTIONAL USES

1. To control t h e gradient i n e i t h e r n a t u r a l or constructed channels.

2. To serve a s a spillway f o r flood prevention, water conservation,

and sediment-collecting s t r u c t u r e s .

ADAPTABILITY

The concrete chute i s p a r t i c u l a r l y adapted t o high o v e r f a l l s where a

f u l l flow s t r u c t u r e i s required and where s i t e conditions do not permit
t h e use of a detention-type s t r u c t u r e . It a l s o may be used with detention
dams, taking advantage of t h e temporary storage t o reduce t h e required
capacity and t h e c o s t of t h e chute.

ADVANTAGES

L It usually i s more economical than a drop i n l e t s t r u c t u r e when l a r g e

c a p a c i t i e s a r e required.

LIMITATIONS

There i s considerable danger of undermining of t h e s t r u c t u r e by ro-

dents. I n poorly drained l o c a t i o n s , seepage may weaken t h e foundation.
It must be placed on compacted f i l l or on undisturbed s o i l i n an abutment.

DESIGN

The chute spillway r e q u i r e s t h e a s s i s t a n c e of an engineer.

10. FORMLESS CONCRETE CHUTE SPILLWAY

DESCRIPTION

The formless concrete chute spillway i s a spillway constructed of

concrete without s p e c i a l forming. The e a r t h subgrade i s excavated t o t h e
dimension and contour of t h e s t r u c t u r e . Concrete i s placed a g a i n s t t h i s
subgrade t o t h e depth required and troweled i n t o shape.
Longitudinal s e c t i o n through chute

Figure 6-16 Reinforced concrete chute spillway

 MATERIALS

i~ Concrete with at least a 28-day strength of 2,500 lbs. per square

inch should be used. Temperature steel is required and may be either re-
inforcing steel or welded wire mesh.

FUNCTIONAL USE

The formless chute may be used to: control werfalls in natural and
constructed waterways; prevent erosion at the ends of terraces, outlets
and waterways; and to lower runoff water w e r drainage ditchbanks.

ADAPTABILITY

This type of structure is used for low heads and where low spillway
capacities are required. It is adapted to regions that do not have ex-
treme variations in temperature.

ADVANTAGES

The spillway is easy to construct. Inexperienced labor can be trained

to install the formless chute in a relatively short time. The elimination
of wall forming produces a major saving in time and costs.

LIMITATIONS

This structure is limited to sites that have good, natural drainage.

It cannot be used as a water-impounding structure nor is the life expec-
L tancy as long as other permanent structures. It is limited to areas where
temperature variations are moderate.

DESIGN

Standard plans usually are available. Figure 6-17 is a typical plan

for a small, low-head formless chute. The sidewalls and chute bottom
should be no steeper than 1%:1 to permit placing of concrete.

CONSTRUCTION

Grading should be smooth and to line and grade, otherwise an exces-

sive amount of concrete will be used to fill in rough grading and over-
cutting. This type of structure should be constructed on solid ground.
Seep areas should be avoided or properly drained. The soil must be damp
and firm to provide a good base for the concrete. A stiff mix is needed
to prevent concrete from slumping down the slope of the apron and walls.
The concrete is worked into place and finished with a wood float. A steel
trowel is then used for final finishing.
 C C

Use 5 inch thickness of concrete throughout sxcept

0s dimensioned otherwise.
Reinforcing o r indicated sholl be (1) 3/8"4 rein-
forcing steel 12"c.c. both woys; or (21 No.2 gouge wel-
--- -44 ded wire fabric 6"c.c.both woys. (common desynotim
6 ~ 6 9 ~Reinforrinp
1. bars or mesh shwld be lopped
HALF PLAN SECTION C-C
one foot ot ONjoints.
~ i l l w o y sof this type sholl be constructed an
solid ground. Seep oreos should be ovoided or
properly droined with o corefully constructed toe
droinoge system.
This spillwoy sholl not ;a used os o port of o woter
impounding structure.
The disturbed ore0 odjocent to the spillwoy shoN
be bochfil/ed,compocted ond sodded.
SECTION 8 - 8
The length (LI of the spillwoy sholl be limited by
the omwnt of concrete thot con be odequotely
mixed, ploced ond finished in one doy$ time with
the lobor and equipment ovoiloble or o Mux. ~28'd'
The moximum for this spillway i s 5'0"

LONGITUDINAL SECTION ON Q

HALF ELEVATION SECTION A-A

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

Discharge Copocity of Spillwoy in c.fs.

L e n g t h of Crest (L J /)Ifcdf 1 2 1 4 1 6 18
I Concrete Volumes in Cubic Yords
L e n g t h of Cresf ( L ) lo feef
1
H"H
eqf
w i f h no freeboard I 30 1 45 1 GO 1 75 feef z ' - 0" 4 ' - 0" 6 ' - 0" 8 ' - 0-
4' - 0' 3.5 1 4.2 1 4.9 1 5.6
 BAR TYPE DETAILS

Straight
T*PE-I

HALF PLAN

""-l?t?
ISOMETRIC VlEW
SMOWlNO COMPLETED FILL

ISOMETRIC VlEW
 11. SOD CHUTE SPILLWAY

DESCRIPTION

The sod chute i s a steep, sodded section of a watercourse constructed

t o conduct the design flow through it a t a safe velocity. (Figure 6-18)
When water i n a watercourse flows through a chute with a steeper grade,
a change i n flow takes place. A decrease i n depth of flow occurs with an
increase i n velocity. Chute widths usually w i l l be l e s s than watercourse
widths due t o the increased velocity. Therefore, a t r a n s i t i o n section be-
tween the waterway and the chute i s necessary t o bring about an orderly
change i n velocity and channel widths. See Figure 6-19.

Figure 6-18 Sod chute with toe-wall drop spillway

MATERIALS

Required vegetation may be established by transplanting sod or, i f

the water can be diverted around t h e section for a s u f f i c i e n t time, i t
may be established by seeding.
 Figure 6-19 Ranenclature f a r sod chute design

FUNCTIOIIOAL USE

1. To control w e r f a l l s or abrupt c h a w i n t h e slope of a

natural or constructed w r t e r a y .

2. A t the lower end of a constructed chatmel, t o conduct water

w e r an w e r f a l l i n t o a natural channel.

3. To conduct water from an adjacent f l a t area t o the bottom

of a ditch.

The sod chute i s adapted t o small watersheds and s i t e s where good,

dense sod can be developed and maintained. The watercourse below t h e
chute must be stable. When the channel b e l m t h e chute i s narrow, or con-
d i t i o n s a t t h e lower end of the chute bay not be favorable t o e s t a b l i s h
and maintain vegetation, a toe wall drop spilltnay should be used. Un-
favorable conditions include poor s o i l , rocky or wet conditions, or e i l t a -
t i o n f r a n adjacent ditches or streclplr. The tao wall drop spillway r a i s e s
the end of the sod chute abwe there unfavorable conditione and permits t h e
maintenance of a good rod. Refer t o section on Straight Drop Spillways.

L w material costs, and may be constructed with farm labor.

L
LIMITATIONS

The sod chute is limited to sites with good soil and where the veloc-
ity of flow in the chute is low enough to maintain the sod cover. This
generally means small watersheds and low overfalls where there is no long,
sustained flow. This type of structure is not adapted to areas where nor-
mal rainfall is inadequate for growing a good protective cover. Particular
care must be taken in the design, layout, construction, and maintenance.

Design nomenclature is shown in Figure 6-19. Basically, the sod chute

is designed the same as a vegetated waterway. However, since sod chutes
are generally constructed by transplanting sod or protected by a diversion
until seeding is established, the range of permissible velocities is higher
than for watercourses where vegetation is established from seed without
diverting the flow. Velocities of 6 feet per second are normally used
when good quality sod is used or where water is diverted and a good vegeta-
tion can be established. Velocities of 7 to 8 feet per second should be
used only on established sod of excellent quality on cohesive soil and
where provisions are made for special maintenance.

The bottom slope of the sod chutes should not be steeper than 6:l;
flatter slopes are better. The chute should be designed with a flat bottom.

Chute widths usually will be less than the watercourse width, with a
tendency toward restriction of flow at the entrance. To overcome this, a
transition section between the waterway and the entrance to the chute
should be planned so that the width of the watercourse is gradually reduced
d
to the required width of the chute. It is also necessary to provide for a
definite depth of flow at the entrance of the chute in order to assure ade-
quate entrance capacity. Sometimes dikes are required to provide the re-
quired depth. The sod chute design chart, Figure 6-20, gives the required
entrance depth for the various bottom widths and depths of flow in the
chute.

When adverse conditions mentioned under "Adaptability" are encountered,

a toe wall drop inlet structure should be planned. Refer to the section on
Straight Drop Spillways. Note toe wall structure in Figures 6-18 and 6-19.

These points should be followed to assure a properly constructed sod

chute:

1. Do not build on fill material.

2. Fine grade by hand if necessary to assure a uniform flat bottom

from side to side and leave surface in a condition similar to a
seedbed.
SOD CHUTE - DIMENSION TABLE
TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS SECTION

FRLE- 0.3 TO 0.5 FT. TOTAL DEPTM

4: 1 SIDE SLOPES

Figure 6-20 Sod chute design chart

 Cut sod thin.
Lay sod i n s t r i p s across the chute.
S t a r t laying sod a t the bottom,
Stagger j o i n t s of the sod s t r i p s .
Lay sod two f e e t up s i d e slopes.
P i l l any open j o i n t s with loose s o i l .
Tamp or r o l l a l l l a i d sod.
Sod should be pinned down i n sane manner, Wire (No. 9) s t a p l e s ,
or chicken wire pegged down, a r e some successful method8 used.

Protect from livestock during c r i t i c a l eeasons.

Mowing or controlled grazing i s a n e c e s s i t y for maintenance.

12. DROP IRLET SPILLWAYS

DESCRIPTION

A drop i n l e t spillway i s a closed conduit generally designed t o c a r r y

water under pressure from above an embankment t o a lower elevation. An
earthen embankment i s required t o d i r e c t the discharge through t h e spillway.
Thus, t h e usual function of a drop i n l e t spillway i s t o convey a portion of
t h e runoff through or under an embankment without erosion. Vegetated or
e a r t h spillways around m e or both ends of t h e embankment should always be
used i n conjunction with drop i n l e t spillways. (Figure 6-21)

qy" Corrugated metal pipe drop i n l e t spillway

Drop i n l e t spillway used t o lower eurface water i n t o a channel

Figure 6-21 Examples of drop i n l e t spillways

 MATERIALS

L' The r i s e r of a drop i n l e t spillway may be of p l a i n concrete, reinforced

c o n c r e t e , concrete blocks, o r pipe. The b a r r e l may be of reinforced con-
c r e t e , concrete or c l a y t i l e , o r corrugated or smooth metal pipe having
watertight joints.

FUNCTIONAL USES
1. P r i n c i p a l spillways f o r farm ponds o r r e s e r v o i r s .
2. Grade s t a b i l i z a t i o n .
3. A t lower end of water d i s p o s a l system.
4. P r i n c i p a l spillways f o r d e b r i s basins.
5. Roadway s t r u c t u r e s .
6. Flood prevention s t r u c t u r e s .
7. Surface water i n l e t f o r drainage o r i r r i g a t i o n .

ADAPTABILITY
It i s a very e f f i c i e n t s t r u c t u r e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g r e l a t i v e l y high g u l l y
heads, u s u a l l y a b w e 10 f e e t . It i s well adapted t o s i t e s providing a n
appreciable amount of temporary s t o r a g e above t h e i n l e t . It may a l s o be
used i n connection with r e l a t i v e l y low heads, a s i n t h e c a s e of a drop i n -
l e t on a road c u l v e r t , o r i n passing s u r f a c e water through a s p o i l bank
L along a drainage d i t c h .
ADVANTAGES

For high heads, it r e q u i r e s l e s s m a t e r i a l t h a n a drop spillway. Where

an appreciable amount of temporary s t o r a g e i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e c a p a c i t y of
t h e spillway can be m a t e r i a l l y reduced. Besides e f f e c t i n g a r e d u c t i o n i n
c o s t , t h i s reduction of discharge r e s u l t s i n a lower peak channel flow be-
low, and can be a favorable f a c t o r i n downstream channel grade s t a b i l i z a -
t i o n and flood prevention.

LIMITATIONS
Small drop i n l e t s a r e s u b j e c t t o stoppage by d e b r i s . It i s l i m i t e d t o
l o c a t i o n s where s a t i s f a c t o r y e a r t h embankments can be constructed.

CLASSIFICATION
Drop i n l e t spillways a r e c l a s s i f i e d according t o m a t e r i a l i n t o two
general types: pipe drop i n l e t s constructed of sane type of pipe; and t h e
monolithic box-type of reinforced concrete.
E DROP J & E T DESIGN
Pipe drop i n l e t s u s u a l l y a r e confined t o smaller jobs where:
1. The v a l u e of t h e imprwement may n o t j u s t i f y t h e use and c o s t of
monolithic reinforced concrete.
 2. Where considerable storage i s a v a i l a b l e i n proportion t o the
s i z e of the watershed.

3. Where the useful l i f e of t h e p r o j e c t i s limited.

Large s i z e pipe drop i n l e t s require the services of an engineer.

The smaller s i z e s generally used i n farm ponds can o f t e n be designed by
the Work Unit s t a f f when standard plans are a v a i l a b l e .

When corrugated o r h e l i c a l metal pipe i s planned, only the heavier

weight should be used, following the more conservative recoxmuendations of
c u l v e r t pipe manufacturers. A coating of bituminous material w i l l extend
t h e e f f e c t i v e l i f e of t h i s type of pipe. A l l j o i n t s should be provided
with watertight metal bands caulked or otherwise sealed against leakage,
and antiseep c o l l a r s used t o prevent seepage along t h e pipe. Sheet metal
antiseep c o l l a r s , or diaphragms, furnished by c u l v e r t pipe manufacturers,
have a watertight connection t o t h e outside of t h e pipe. This type of
c o l l a r i s superior t o concrete c o l l a r s f o r metal pipe because d i s t o r t i o n
of t h e pipe from loading may crack the concrete c o l l a r o r rupture t h e
pipe; whereas a metal antiseep c o l l a r w i l l a d j u s t and remain i n t a c t .

Typical appurtenances f o r corrugated metal (C.M.) pipe drop i n l e t s are

shown i n Figure 6-22 -sheets 1, 2 and 3. When pipe drop i n l e t s a r e used
as spillways f o r storage r e s e r v o i r s where t h e water must be released down-
stream, such a s i r r i g a t i o n r e s e r v o i r s , some type of r e l e a s e f a c i l i t y m e t
be provided. Figure 6-23, sheets 1 and 2, shows t y p i c a l d e t a i l s f o r re-
l e a s e by an inclined gate s t r u c t u r e .

Figure 6-24 can be used t o determine capacity of 8- and 12-inch C.M.

pipe drop i n l e t s , a s well a s the height of riser required t o provide t h e
c a p a c i t i e s shown. Pipe c a p a c i t i e s f o r l a r g e r corrugated metal pipe a r e
given i n Figure 6-25 and f o r concrete pipe i n Figure 6-26 based on required
i n l e t conditions f o r pipe flow. The required i n l e t condition can be deter-
mined from Figure 6-27.

Reinforced concrete c u l v e r t pipe or water pipe w i l l make a more

s a t i s f a c t o r y pipe drop i n l e t than corrugated metal, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r e m
bankment heights g r e a t e r than 20 f e e t , o r where long s e r v i c e l i f e is
desired. Concrete pipe must be properly cradled and bedded. A l l j o i n t s
must be w a t e r t i g h t .

The design of a drop i n l e t spillway cannot be made independently of

t h e design of the e a r t h embankment, emergency spillway, and other elements
of the t o t a l s t r u c t u r e .

The design should provide f o r s u f f i c i e n t temporary storage between

t h e c r e s t of the i n l e t and the emergency spillway t o permit a drop i n l e t
spillway of reasonable s i z e and c o s t . The s i z e of the drop i n l e t spillway
depends l a r g e l y on the amount of t h i s temporary storage. Tailwater w i l l
influence the layout of the spillway o u t l e t and the amount of hydraulic
head a v a i l a b l e t o produce discharge through the spillway. Therefore, it
n n t s t be determined accurately f o r each location.
 TIMBER SUPPORT

-. -
/
RE1NFORCED CONCRETE SUPPORT
CORRUGATED METAL PIPE RISER
WITH CONICAL TRASH RACK AND BAFFLE TYPE OF SUPPORT FOR
CANTILEVER OUTLETS

A steel rod8

locknu t onc
on each
= 2"x 12"
plank

4Hx4 WPOIt

I n dla.

TIMBER HEADWALL AND TRASH RACK

Figure 6-22 Appurtenance for metal pipe drop inlets

(sheet 1 of 3)
 ELEVATION Of WASSENBLED M*PWR*OY

DETAILS OF CORRUGATED METAL DIAPHRAGM

'Wt mIO/ d-
k wt k hi' c q -
t&s of hid bond,
ond m/& w i t h 0
conh* bwki

DETAILS OF HELICAL PIPE DIAPHRAGM

Figure 6-22 Appurtenances for metal pipe drop inlets

(sheet 2 of 3)
d
 DETAILS OF WATERTIGHT COUPLING BAND FOR C. M. PIPE

ISOMETRIC WEW

UCVATKY

RUBBER GASKET
DETAllS OF SLEEVE XlNT FOR WJCAL PtFE CROSS SECTION

DETAILS OF WATERTIGHT COUPLING BANDS FOR HELICAL METAL PIPE

P i-g m e 6-22 --
Appurteorrncer for metal pipe drop inlets
(rheet 3 of 3)
 SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF DAM ALONG CENTERLINE OF PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY
I

w
PLAN

4-0 J
END ELEVATION

SCCTK)IUL CLLVATIOU A-A

DETAILS OF GATE HOIST I

I
Figure 6-23 Typical appurtenances for pipe spillways
with inclined gate release structure
(sheet 1 of 2)
 PLAN
BHOWlNQ TRASH RACK)

SECTIONAL ELEVATION -
A A

DETAILS OF INLET STRUCTURE

e. I . d ~ b GATE STEM SLEEVE

h'w#
GATE STEM COUPLING
GATE STEM OIL SEAL

DETAILS OF GATE STEM

Figure 6-23 Typical appurtenances for pipe spillway

with inclined gate release structure
(sheet 2 of 2)
Figure 6-24 Capacity chart for 8" and 12"
C,W, pipe drop inlet rpillww
 PIPE PLUV CBART (Pull flaw aeeumed)
For Corrugated Metal Pipe I n l e t Ke + ]5 1 1 . 0 and 70 f e e t of Corrugated Xetal Pipe Conduit
n = 0.025. Note correction factors for other pipe lengths.

1 . 1 Correction Factors For Other Pipe Lengths I

Figure 6-25 Pipe flow chart for corrugated

metal pipe drop i n l e t spillway
 PIPB PLUI CHART (Pull Pipe flow ap8-d)
Tor R/C Drop Inlot, + X), tb 0.65 with 70 feet of R/c conduit, n = .013. Mote correction
factor8 for other pipe length..

I L 0 Correction Factors ?or Other Pipe Length6 I

.
Figure 6-26 Pipe flow chart f o r concrete
pipe drop i n l e t e p i l l w a y
 -
Weir Control at Entrance
Orifice Control at Entrance
of Corviuit

Orif ice Control at Entrance

- Full Pipe Flow
of Barrel or Short Tthe
Control
Figure 6-27 Chart for determining inlet proportions
and required head over inlet

Sheet 1 of 3
Rirrer ead in Feet
Diameter
Inches 0.81 0.91 L O 1.1 1.21 1.3) 1.4 1.5 1.6
ORIFICE

Riser Head in Feet

D meter .
f=he. 1.7 1.8 1.91 2.01 2.11 2.21 2.31 2.41 2.5
&2 66.5 72.5 OFUFICE FUX
48 76.0 82.8 89.7 96.9 104.1 CONDITIONS O O m L
54 85.5 93.2 100.9 109.0 117.1 125.6 13b.5 W.3
60 95.0 103.6 112.1 121.1 130.1 139.5 149.3 159.2 169.0

-
s (1) The discharge capacities shown in t h i s table are based on the
f ornula:

Q2 - 02 c2 L 2

--
dl2
discharge capclcity of weir, in c.f. s,
C2 = weir coefficient 3.33
L = length of weir crest, in feet (for circular riser with

H2 - headwall, L 2.57 times diameter of riser),

distance from crest of riser t o water surface i n
reservoir, in feet.
(2) The diameter of the riser should be a t least times the 4
diameter of barrel,
(3) Ure t h i s table in conjunction with orif ice flcw and f u l l pipe
flaw conditions t o determine capacity of the drop inlet,

Figure 6-27 Chart f o r determining i n l e t p r o p o r t i o n s

and r e q u i r e d head over i n l e t

Sheet 2 of 3
 HEAD DISC3 ABLE FOR CX)RM]GATED FI&I%L PIPE
DRIP INLETS
(orifice Control Conditions at C r e s t of Riser or Entrance to Barrel)

Figure 6-27 Chart for determining i n l e t proportions and required head over i n l e t

Sheet 3 of 3
 I n many instances, p a r t i c u l a r l y with small pipe drop i n l e t s , t h e con-
d u i t i s placed a t an angle with the dam t o obtain b e t t e r downstream align-
ment, t o provide a location on undisturbed ground, or t o reduce the height
of the r i s e r . Figure 6-28 gives a procedure f o r determining t h e length
of conduits placed a t an angle.

-+
Fill

step 1. From field s w v q determine L, tn feat on6 Wk V In dagreer.

2. Enter Toble Iwith with L, ond Angk -Am to f i d b, the ineraon in lOn@thdue to the s l u r 0lgle.
5 L, Lx 8 feet * Ls
4. dot or mi^ 'ha, tho total toll in t h pipa fin feet).
5. Enter Toble H with La and h to find L., the incroon in Imgth dw to slope.
6. La + L, .LS , which is the required length of pipe In feel. Roved o f f to #t high m n VOM.

Figure 6-28 Procedure for determiniw length of conduit

 TABLE I* VALUES OF L 4
(INCREASE IN LENGTH DUE TO SLOPE1

(INCREASE
TABLE I:VALUES OF L t
IN LENGTH DUE TO SKEW)
I va1w. Of Lq
1
- F0.t
I Value Of L 2
A n g l e "A" - Dwroes 4.5
4.3 5.2
4.2 5.0
4.0 4.8
3.9 4.6
:: I4.2
:3.5 ":
3.4 4.0
3.2 3.9
3.1
. .
3.7
3.0 3.6
2.9 3.5
2.8 3.4
. .
2.7
2.6 3.2
3.1
2.5 3.0
2.5 3.0
:2.3
: 2.8
2.2
:2.7::
2.2 2.6
2.1 2.6
2.1 2.5
2.1 2.5
2.0 2.4
2.0 2.4
1.9 2.3
1.9 2.3
1.9 2.3
1.8 2.2
1.8 2.2
1.8 2.1
1.7 2.1
1.7 2.1
1.7 2.0
2.0
1.7
.6
6
.:
1.6
:::
1.9
1.6 1.8
1.5 1.8
:1.5
: 1.8
:::
1.4 1.7
I.4 1.7
1.4 1.7
c-t.d frm the relationship L z - L1 1.4 1.7
1.4
1.3 1.6
1.3 1.6

I. I n i n t h e t o b l e s o r e w nearly t h e s o n u thot i n t e r p o l a t i o n i s not n r c e r s o r y . T h i s m u s t be d.cidrd according

m o s t c o r e r t h e volues
tothe degree o f occurocy required.
2. When these tobles o r e used w i t h d r o p i n l e t spillways, t h e volues o f h i s n o t t h e t o t o l fall. b u t only t h e f a l l o c c u r r i n g
w i t h i n t h e pipe.
 The o u t l e t of the drop i n l e t spillway should be i n l i n e with the down-
stream channel. The layout providing the shortest conduit w i l l e x i s t when
the conduit ~ I Ys t r a i g h t and a t a 90-degree angle with the centerline of the
embankment.
&
MONOLITHIC BOP[-TYPE DROP INLET DESICaS
This type must be designed by an engineer. lieinforced concrete has
been used most extensively for locations requiring a 3' x 3 ' culvert or
larger. Removal of forms i s d i f f i c u l t on smaller culverts. The rein-
forced concrete monolithic drop i n l e t i s generally recamrended for the
larger and more important spillways. See Figure 6-29.

Figure 6-29 Reinforced concrete monolithic drop i n l e t spillway

13. WXXl INLET SPILLWAY

DESCRIPTION
The hood i n l e t rpillway ccmsiete of a pipe conduit with the i n l e t end
formed by cutting the pipe a t an angle. The long side of the cut i s placed
on top and figuratively forms a hood over the entrance. An anti-vortex
wall or p l a t e i s located on the upper side of the pipe a t the i n l e t .
(Figure 6-30)
 Metal pipe with hood i n l e t

Protective Post

Corefully tomp soil oround pipe

before bock fillin9

20gSection of pipe
i
Hood i n l e t used t o lower surface water i n t o a channel

Figure 6-30 Hood i n l e t spillways

MATERIALS

The hood inlet spillway can be built of corrugated metal, welded d

steel, concrete, asbestos cement, and possibly other types of pipe. Corru-
gated metal is the most camonly used pipe, especially on small structures.

FUNCTIONAL USE

Same as for pipe drop inlets.

ADAPTABILITY

It is best adapted for use at those sites where the pipe can be in-
stalled in the original ground. Construction is complicated when the pipe
is placed in the embankment.

The hood inlet spillway will flow completely full regardless of the
slope of the conduit if the length of the hood is properly selected and the
head on the inlet is adequate. As compared with the drop inlet, it has the
advantage that no riser is required and there is less fill over the pipe.
It is simple to fabricate and install and is comparatively low in cost.

For the same crest elevation, hooded
require a greater depth of water over the
than a pipe drop inlet. Icing presents a
these may be overcome with a box and hood
shown in Figure 6-31.
pipes over 24 inches in diameter
inlet to obtain full pipe flow
problem in some areas. Both of
J
combination similar to the one

Splitter /

"'qm
Vortex
Inlet Conduit
R/C Box

Figure 6-31 Box and hood inlet combination

DESIGN

The hydraulic design of a hood inlet spillway is based on the addi-

tion of a hood and anti-vortex device to the inlet of a culvert on a steep
slope. These additions will make the culvert flow full when the water sur-
face above the inlet (invert of the pipe) reaches about 1.8 times the diam-
eter of the pipe. A capacity chart for 8- and 12-inch corrugated metal
pipe, comnonly used for farm ponds, can be found in Figure 6-32.
 CAPACITY TABLE OF HOODED INLET IN C.F.S.
FOR VARYING HEADS

Figure 6-32 Capacity c h a r t for 8- and 12-inch C.M.

pipe hood i n l e t spillway

Figure 6-33 provides c a p a c i t i e s f o r l a r g e r corrugated metal pipe hood

i n l e t s . Capacities f o r smooth pipe can be found i n Figure 6-34.

The use of some type of device t o prevent vortex formation i s neces-

sary f o r developing maximum capacity shown i n t h e previously mentioned
figures. When t h e hood i n l e t i s of corrugated metal pipe an anti-vortex
device s i m i l a r t o t h e one shown i n Figure 6-35 can be used.
 PIPE FUlW CHART ( F u l l flow assumed)
For Hooded I n l e t Ke = 1.08 and 70 f e e t of Corrugated Metal Pipe Conduit, n = 0.025.
Note corrections for other pipe lengths.

L Correction Factors For Other Lengths

40 1.23 1 1.21 1 1.19 1 1.18 1 1.16 1 1.13 I 1.12 I 1-10

Figure 6-33 Pipe flow chart for corrugated

metal pipe hood i n l e t spillway
 PIPE FUII( CBART ( P u l l flow ass\lod)
Tor Hooded I n l e t ](e = 1.08 and 70 f e e t o f mumoth pipe conduit, n = 0.010. Note
corrections for other lengths.

I L )I Correction Factors for Other Lengths I

Figure 6-34 Pipe flow chart far emooth

pipe hood i n l e t s p i l l - y
 Metal 80ttIe h a l l haw t h some coating os th. pip. to
which it is attachad. Where Metol Baffle is fabricated
at more than one piece o t motal. t h r O o r o k pirces sholl
be rcurely toston& i o rach o t h r . W r p c o r m s shall be
r r m o v d . M r t d Baffle moy k rnadr of corrugated or unooth
shret nwtol ad ahopal circular, w o r r or or shorn.

Wok: Angk Broce Is wtlonol

ANGLE B R X E DETAIL
(1 left md Iright rrpvired tor wch baffle)
-
PLAN

Note:
Fabricate Inlet end
of C. M. Pipe along
thh Ikw

SIDE ELEVATION
Y
FRONT ELEVATION
C. M. Pipe

Notes:
All bolts ShOll be%"~11/2"with nuf ond split washers.
All holes tor bolts sholl be drilled 'krn diameter.
All nuts, bolts and woshers sholl be qolvanized. codmium plated, or stainless strrl.
All cuts shall be sow or shear cuts.
HOkS in thr angle broce sholl be spoced and locoted to motch corruqotions in pipe and bottle
Steel ongles sholl be golvonized.
All golmnizing danogrd by cuttlng,drilllng or nldlng shall be repaired by pointing with
two (2)coats of zinc dust -zinc oxide primer.

Figure 6-35 D e t a i l s of a t y p i c a l hood i n l e t and b a f f l e f o r

6- t o 15-inch diameter corrugated metal pipe

Under f u l l pipe flow conditions, high v e l o c i t i e s e x i s t near t h e pipe

entrance, which g e n e r a l l y causes a scour hole i n t h e embankment face unless
protected by paving or r i p r a p . It i s , t h e r e f o r e , d e s i r a b l e t o provide pro-
t e c t i o n t o prevent t h e formation of a scour hole under t h e i n l e t . Paving
i s b e t t e r than r i p r a p i n t h a t it prevents t h e growth of vegetation near t h e
 inlet where it is apt to impair the hydraulic efficiency of the spillway.
\
Two typical paving layouts of inlets for farm pond spillways having barrel
L diameters of 12 inches or less are shown in Figure 6-36.
Where adequate riprap or paving is not available, or not apt to be
installed, the lower two layouts can be used. These layouts should not be
used where more than a thin film of ice might form around the inlet and be
continuous with ice on the reservoir surface.

The inlet of the spillway must be located so that water can reach it
from all sides. Sane type of trash guard should be prwided. Antiseep
collars should be installed in the same manner as for drop inlet spillway.
14. EARTH SPILLWAYS
DESCRIPTION
An earth spillway (side or emergency spillway) is an open channel for
conveying floodwater safely paet an embankment from its reservoir to a
point where its discharge will not damage the toe of the earth embankment.
Refer to Chapter 11 of this manual for details of design, layout, and
construction.
15. EARTH DAM

DESCRIPTION
The earth dam is an earth embankment constructed across a watercourse
with adequate spillways to protect the dam from failure by overtopping f r m
the design storm runoff. Because its construction involves use of natural,
unprocessed materials, it is the most camnon type of dam. As its name im-
plies, it is constructed of soil borrowed in the vicinity of the damsite.
(Figure 6-37)
FUNCTIONAL USE
Earth dams with necessary spillways may be constructed to serve one
or several intended purposes:

1. As a diversion dam to divert all or part of the water from a

waterway or stream into a different watercourse, an irrigation
canal, or a water-spreading system.
2. As a storage dam to store surface runoff for farm water supply,
irrigation, municipal water supply, fish and wildlife or recrea-
tion, or to store sediment.
3. As a grade stabilization dam to drop water f r m one level to
another.

4. As a retarding dam to store floodwater temporarily and protect

land from flooding; or to reduce the outflow and permit the use
of a more economical system of structures downstream.
Figure 6-36 Typical layouts of inlets for 12-inch
or less hood inlet spillways
 Figure 6-37 Earth dam
Note o u t l e t of p r i n c i p a l spillway i n foreground
and vegetated e a r t h spillway around embankment

Earth dams a r e adapted t o any g u l l y or v a l l e y s i t e where t h e s o i l s a r e

s u i t a b l e , t h e banks and v a l l e y s i d e slopes a r e high enough t o permit the
construction of an e a r t h embankment, and t h e r e i s a s a f e spillway location.

ADVANTAGES

With proper design and construction, t h e e a r t h dam i s a r e l i a b l e and

dependable s t r u c t u r e and for most s i t e s t h e most e c o n w i c a l s t r u c t u r e f o r
t h e intended purpose.

LIMITATIONS

It i s limited only by topographic and foundation conditions and a v a i l -

a b i l i t y of s u i t a b l e e a r t h f i l l material.
 The e a r t h dam i s an engineering s t r u c t u r e requiring sound engineering
procedures i n both design and construction. d
These procedures include:

1. Thorough predesign i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of foundation conditions and

m a t e r i a l s of construction.

2. Application of engineering s k i l l and techniques t o design.

3. Application of known and d e f i n i t e p r i n c i p l e s of s o i l mechanics.

4. Carefully planned and controlled methods of construction.

-
Refer t o Chapter 11 Ponds and Reservoirs, and Chapter 17 -
Constru-
t i o n and Construction M a t e r i a l s , f o r information and c r i t e r i a on design,
layout, and c o n s t r u c t i o n of e a r t h dam embankments.

16. WATER CCNTROL STRUCTURES

Water l e v e l c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s a r e designed t o r e g u l a t e and maintain

water l e v e l s f o r water t a b l e c o n t r o l , f i s h and w i l d l i f e management, or f o r
flooding land surfaces. The c o n t r o l i s accomplished by use of g a t e s or
stoplogs t h a t can be f i t t e d i n t o several types of s t r u c t u r e s .

1. Control drainage. To maintain a high water t a b l e c o n s i s t e n t with

t h e crop by reducing t h e depth of normal drainage. With uncon-
t r o l l e d drainage, t h e water t a b l e generally drops during t h e hot,
dry weather toward t h e end of t h e season. Also, t o c o n t r o l t h e
water t a b l e i n peat and muck t o reduce subsidence.

2. Subirrigation. S u b i r r i g a t i o n i s s i m i l a r t o c o n t r o l l e d drainage
but d i f f e r s i n t h a t water i s supplied from an outside source t o
maintain or r e g u l a t e the water t a b l e throughout t h e growing
season.

3. Flooding. Flooding of t h e land surface i s necessary i n t h e pro-

duction of some crops such a s c r a n b e r r i e s and r i c e . It i s a l s o
used t o c r e a t e h a b i t a t f o r some species of w i l d l i f e .

4. Water l e v e l regulation. The manipulation of water l e v e l s f o r t h e

management of f i s h spawning a r e a s and water fowl h a b i t a t .
 TYPES OF STRUCTURES
L Drop Spillways with Gates o r S t o v l o ~ s

The drop spillway g e n e r a l l y i s constructed of reinforced concrete, t i m -

ber sheet p i l i n g , o r corrugated s t e e l sheet p i l i n g . Reinforced c o n c r e t e i s
t h e most permanent and a l s o t h e most expensive. It can be adapted t o a
bridge crossing and t h e height and width can be v a r i e d t o accolllpodate any
ordinary drainage channel. The highest p o s i t i o n of t h e s t o p l o g s determines
t h e c r e s t of t h e weir. The weir s i z e i s normally s e l e c t e d t o pass t h e de-
s i g n storm. Figure 6-38 shows a s t r a i g h t drop spillway with stoplogs used
a s t h e headwall t o c o n t r o l w e i r elevation.

Figure 6-38 S t r a i g h t drop spillway water c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e

Note: Headwall extensions and c u t o f f wall a r e of sheet p i l i n g

Sheet p i l i n g s t r u c t u r e s a r e o f t e n used f o r s i t e s with poor foundation

o r extremely wet conditions. Sheet p i l i n g spillways r e q u i r e t h e use of
s p e c i a l equipment t o d r i v e or j e t t h e p i l i n g i n t o place. Treated lumber
i s recommended f o r long l i f e . I n any event, only f i r s t - c l a s s lumber should
 PREFABRICATED METAL STRUCTURE

SHEET PILING HEADWALL WITH APRON

AND SIDEWALLS OF SAND-CEMENT BAGS

Figure 6-39 Small low cost water

control structures
 be used. S t e e l sheet p i l i n g makes a permanent s t r u c t u r e i f properly in-
s t a l l e d and protected. The c o s t i s similar t o reinforced concrete. A l o w
L c o s t s t r u c t u r e consisting of a sheet p i l i n g wall, an opening i n t o which
stoplogs a r e placed, and the apron and sidewalls b u i l t of sand-cement bags,
i s shown i n Figure 6-39. This s t r u c t u r e i e well adapted t o V-type d i t c h e s
1.5 t o 2.0 f e e t deep or small trapezoidal d i t c h e s conrnonly used for sub-
i r r i g a t i o n or i n w i l d l i f e areas. Also shown i n Figure 6-39 i s one type
of prefabricated sheet metal s t r u c t u r e t h a t i s easy t o i n s t a l l and can be
moved.

Box I n l e t on Culvert with Gate or Stovlonp

This s t r u c t u r e combines a road c u l v e r t with a water control s t r u c t u r e .

The c u l v e r t may be of concrete, corrugated metal pipe or timber. The box
i n l e t s e c t i o n i e generally made of reinforced concrete, timber, or a h a l f -
s e c t i o n of metal pipe. An example of t h i s type of s t r u c t u r e i s shown i n
Figure 6-40.

Figure 6-40 Corrugated metal c u l v e r t water control s t r u c t u r e s

wlth concrete box i n l e t and stoplogs
Drop I n l e t Spillway with S t o p l o ~ s

The pipe drop i n l e t spillway can be used with an e a r t h dam embankment

t o impound and c o n t r o l t h e depth of water by use of s t o p l o g s placed i n s i d e
t h e drop i n l e t . Examples of a f u l l s e c t i o n metal pipe r i s e r and a h a l f
s e c t i o n metal pipe r i s e r a r e shown i n Figure 6-41.

Drop I n l e t Spillways f o r F i s h Management

By incorporating a d d i t i o n a l f e a t u r e s i n t h e drop i n l e t s p i l l w a y s ,
f i s h management can be p r w i d e d . Figure 6-42 shows necessary p r o v i s i o n s
t o permit migration of f i s h upstream through t h e s t r u c t u r e , or provide f o r
cool water r e l e a s e from a r e s e r v o i r f o r f i s h below t h e s t r u c t u r e .

&en Flumes

This i s a box-type s t r u c t u r e with t h e t o p s i d e open and s t o p l o g s or

a g a t e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e upstream end f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e water l e v e l . It
i s g e n e r a l l y constructed of c o n c r e t e , timber or metal. See Figure 6-43.

17. FLOODGATES
DESCRIPTION

Floodgates a r e devices f o r r e g u l a t i n g t h e flow of water. They may be

e i t h e r free-swinging g a t e s t h a t serve a s automatic check v a l v e s o r s l i d e
g a t e s operated manually o r by power. Usually they a r e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e
end of a pipe, or made p a r t of a c o n c r e t e or wood s t r u c t u r e , located i n
an e a r t h embankment b u i l t a s a d i k e or a c r o s s a channel or drainage d i t c h .
The automatic g a t e allows t h e water t o flow i n one d i r e c t i o n only, thereby
preventing t h e water from flowing back i n t o t h e protected area. See Fig-
ure 6-44. S l i d e g a t e s may be used t o permit t h e flow of water i n e i t h e r
d i r e c t i o n a s d e s i r e d . When a floodgate s t r u c t u r e o u t l e t s i n t o , a n ocean
e s t u a r y , i t i s r e f e r r e d t o a s a t i d e gate.

MATERIAL

Manufactured g a t e s made from metal and attached t o corrugated metal

pipes a r e t h e most widely used. Large metal or wood g a t e s f a b r i c a t e d i n
both round and r e c t a n g u l a r shapes a r e o f t e n used i n l o c a t i o n s where they
can be i n s t a l l e d a s p a r t of a wood or concrete s t r u c t u r e .

FUNCTIONAL USES

1. A t t h e end of a drainage d i t c h o r flood channel where i t o u t l e t s

i n t o a l a r g e r stream t o prevent high s t a g e s on t h e l a r g e stream
£ r a n backing up t h e d i t c h or channel.

2. I n conjunction with pumped drainage o u t l e t s t o allow g r a v i t y flow

when water s t a g e s i n t h e o u t l e t a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y low and t o pre-
vent high flow of t h e o u t l e t channel from backing i n t o t h e pump
installation.
 Full section of pipe r i s e r with stoplogs

I 1

PLANK WALKWAY

Half section of pipe r i s e r with stoplogs

Figure 6-41 Corrugated metal pipe drop i n l e t

spillways for water level control
by use of stoplogs i n the r i s e r
 Migration of f i s h upstream through structure
. -- - - --- - .-

Cool water release for f i s h below structure

Figure 6-42 Monolithic reinforced concrete drop i n l e t

with provisions for f i s h management
 Figure 6-43 Open timber flume with stoplog water l e v e l c o n t r o l

3. I n o u t l e t s through dikes i n t i d a l a r e a s t o prevent inflow from

t h e t i d e s and t o permit outflow from the i n t e r i o r a r e a when t h e
t i d e lowers. During high t i d e t h e i n t e r i o r water i s stored.

ADAPTABILITY
Floodgates a r e b e s t adapted t o locations where water stages on the
o u t l e t s i d e p e r i o d i c a l l y a r e low enough t o permit g r a v i t y disposal of run-
off water i n a specified period of time. They a l s o a r e used along with
pumps where enough g r a v i t y flow w i l l occur t o reduce t h e s i z e of t h e pumps
required or t h e amount of time t h e pumps must be operated.

ADVANTAGES
The v a r i e t y of s i z e s and types a v a i l a b l e permits f i t t i n g them t o s i t e
requirements. Floodgates i n s t a l l e d with pumping p l a n t s reduce t h e c o s t of
operation of t h e plant. Floodgates may be used t o prevent flooding of pro-
tected land and i n some cases may eliminate the need for pumping.

They can be i n s t a l l e d with i n l e t c o n t r o l s t o maintain a d e f i n i t e water

e l e v a t i o n f o r s u b i r r i g a t i o n , reducing subsidence of organic s o i l s , or f o r
providing water a r e a s f o r w i l d l i f e developments.
i
 m e water in draiayr m q i s free t o flow throw&
the d r a w pip. and be diraharged into outlet
b i n . The gate a u t o r r t i h l l j rtandr open t o &at-
e- degree tho drainage n o w raqum.

BATE CLOSED
Dlho 1 Outlet

.~.p i r -7 .nd tide or no06 head in

outlet baain l a above the dminago outlet ro that
tho gate l a e1th.r p r t i a l l y or *oily mkgsd.
& c k r t h u e aondltiona tha gate a n t a r t i e a l l y
rarm alored p.mntiag any baak flw into the
-.
BATE CRACKED

Rm flood in outlet buin and an sacmulation of

dnimge lmter in the dralrvr nnp. Should the
aaomlation in drainage rrplp reaah an elevation
h3.gh.r than the flood or tide in outlet basin the
gate a u t c r t i o a l l j b e a m r naraakedn mffiaiently
to peralt tbo drainage flw t o proceed u n t i l the
chainage haad qaa1. the t i d e or flood head i n
outlet Win. Tho gate then s u t c a t i a a l l y cloeer
md min olceed u n t i l the dninage head again
aaowir the ti* or n ~ head ~ ind m t l e t barin.

Figure 6-44 Automatic swinging floodgate

LIMITATIONS

Floodgates must be protected from d e b r i s t h a t could cause breakage or

impair t h e i r use. They must be inspected frequently and maintained i n good
r e p a i r . Automatic g a t e s e s p e c i a l l y r e q u i r e maintenance t o i n s u r e t h a t they
open and c l o s e a s required. I n many cases, s i t e conditions r e q u i r e exten-
s i v e dewatering work i f l a r g e wood or concrete s t r u c t u r e s a r e t o be in-
s t a l l e d with gates. Riprap or concrete headwalls a r e frequently required
t o prevent erosion around the gate.

DESIGN

1. Normally, t h e design of the o u t l e t system should be based on t h e

same drainage c o e f f i c i e n t s a s apply t o adjoining nontidal lands.
However, the e f f e c t s of prolonged wind t i d e s or r i v e r floodflows
may r e q u i r e a high degree of protection from flooding i n the
 Observed Tide Stages
Eeight Abwe -'1 Head 3/
on
-
Gate
kl
Gage
Time Height Wean Low Water Gate Discharge

Hour Mnut e -
- Feet -
Feet -
Feet

3.0 4.7
3.8 5.5 = R
3.5 5. 2
2.8 4.5
0
1.5 3.2 0.6
0.2 1.9 1.9
-1.0 0.7 3.1
-1.7 0.0 4.0
-1.6 0.1 3.9
-1.3 0.4 3 4 .
-0.5 1.2 2.6
0.9 2.6 1.2
0
2.2 3.9
3.5 5.2
3.7 5.4
3.2 4.9

1/ Meanlwwater-elevation-1.7 R - t i d a l range
-21 Distance of design water elevation i n gate forebay a b w e
mean law water (0.0 on tidal range)
-31 Head on gate = E l e a s height a b w e mean l w water
4/ Discharge f o r selected 30" 9 g a t e from Figure 6-46

Figure 6-45 Tide gate design data

 protected area. See t h e S t a t e Standards and S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for
guidance.

The highest allowable water s u r f a c e above t h e levee should be

used a s t h e b a s i s for t h e hydraulic design.

The d a t a may be determined by d i r e c t observation a t t h e s i t e or

obtained from recorded d a t a obtained nearby. This d a t a may be
recorded a s shown i n Figure 6-45, Tide g a t e design d a t a ,

By means of Figure 6-46, Capacity of c i r c u l a r g a t e s , determine

t h e g a t e discharges f o r t h e various heads on t h e gate.

P l o t a time-gate discharge curve and determine t h e a r e a under t h e

curve. This r e p r e s e n t s t h e t o t a l discharge f o r t h e t i d a l cycle.

Divide t h e t o t a l discharge by t h e t o t a l time of t h e c y c l e t o ob-

t a i n t h e average r a t e of discharge f o r t h e g a t e s i z e selected.

I f t h e s e l e c t e d g a t e s i z e does n o t meet t h e discharge require-

ments determined i n item 1, r e c a l c u l a t e f o r other g a t e s i z e s or
use of multiple gates.

Canplex o r l a r g e i n s t a l l a t i o n s r e q u i r e t h e a s s i s t a n c e of an engineer.

18. IRRIGATION STRUCTURES

S t r u c t u r e s play an important p a r t i n t h e use and management of irri-

g a t i o n water, whether by open d i t c h or pipeline. Various kinds of s t r u c -
t u r e s a r e used f o r t h e s t o r a g e , diversion, d i s t r i b u t i o n and conveyance of
water, and f o r erosion and grade control. For more d e t a i l e d information
on i r r i g a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s r e f e r t o Chapter 3 -
Planning Farm I r r i g a t i o n
Systems, Section 15, N.E.H. and Standard plans developed by t h e S t a t e s .
Most l a r g e s t o r a g e , d i v e r s i o n , and conveyance s t r u c t u r e s r e q u i r e t h e
a s s i s t a n c e of an engineer.

S t r u c t u r e s f o r s t o r i n g i r r i g a t i o n water a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s r e s e r v o i r s
f o r runoff s t o r a g e , offstream s t o r a g e , seepage storage and r e g u l a t i n g
storage.

Runoff Storage

Reservoirs f o r s t o r i n g runoff water g e n e r a l l y a r e made by c o n s t r u c t -

ing an e a r t h dam a c r o s s a watercourse. (See Figure 6-37) They w i l l vary
i n s i z e from small excavated farm ponds t o l a r g e impounding main stream
r e s e r v o i r s . Usually l a r g e r e s e r v o i r s a r e b u i l t t o f u r n i s h water t o a
group o r groups of farmers through a l e g a l organization, such a s an irri-
g a t i o n or conservancy d i s t r i c t . Small farm ponds u s u a l l y a r e b u i l t f o r
use on s i n g l e farms or f i e l d s .
Gate 8i.e - Ioeher
Gate Area - Sq. I t .
Hydr. llud - Ieet

.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0

Bared an Q = .6 A - Pipa ?loring hll w i t h Outlet &&merged

I i w r e 6-46 Capacity of circular gate*
Off stream Storage

Offstream storage should be considered i f streamflow i s not enough t o

provide the required amount of i r r i g a t i o n water or i f damning a stream i s
d
not f e a s i b l e . Floodflow i n the stream may be diverted through a pipe or
open d i t c h or pumped i n t o an offstream reservoir. The r e s e r v o i r i s made
by constructing an e a r t h dam across a draw or small v a l l e y or by building
a levee around an area of land.

Seepage Storage

Excavated r e s e r v o i r s f o r i n t e r c e p t i n g and s t o r i n g underground seepage

water may be used i n some l o c a l i t i e s a s a water supply f o r i r r i g a t i n g small
areas. The storage basin usually i s excavated i n a low-lying l e v e l area
where the l a t e r a l mwement of water underground replenishes the supply. A
dependable excavated r e s e r v o i r r e q u i r e s a high n a t u r a l water t a b l e under
adjacent lands and a highly pervious layer permitting t h e rapid l a t e r a l
movement of water within p r a c t i c a l excavated depths, usually 12 t o 20 f e e t .
The success of such a r e s e r v o i r depends upon t h e r a t e of recharge because
i t s capacity generally i s small.

Regulating Storage

Regulating r e s e r v o i r s a r e used where t h e stream i s too small f o r con-

tinuous i r r i g a t i o n . They a r e b u i l t e i t h e r by excavating a p i t and using
t h e s p o i l material t o build a levee around i t , or by building an earthen
dam across a low area. Size i s generally determined by t h e amount of wa-
t e r needed f o r one day's operation. The r e s e r v o i r should be l a r g e enough
t o s t o r e a l l inflow while the i r r i g a t i o n system i s not i n operation. Irri-
d
gation water may be supplied by pumping from a low-producing well, d i v e r t -
ing flow from a spring, or continuous small d e l i v e r i e s from canals and
l a t e r a l s . Often it i s c a l l e d an overnight-storage reservoir.

DIVERSION STRUCTURES
Where surface i r r i g a t i o n i s practiced, the source of water i s o f t e n
t h e d i r e c t diversion of flow from a n a t u r a l stream i n t o a conveyance
canal or ditch. Although temporary measures may be used t o d i v e r t t h e
water, a good system w i l l use a permanent s t r u c t u r e t o r a i s e the water
l e v e l i n t h e stream and force p a r t of t h e flow i n t o t h e i r r i g a t i o n ditch.
Many types of s t r u c t u r e s a r e used f o r t h i s purpose. The most carrmon i s
one t h a t uses stoplogs t o a d j u s t water l e v e l s and the diversion of flow.

Figure 6-47 shows a stoplog type of concrete s t r u c t u r e used on creeks

and small streams. Many s t a t e s use various versions of standard plans f o r
t h i s type of s t r u c t u r e . Some stoplog s t r u c t u r e s have provisions f o r a pump
i n s t a l l a t i o n . These a r e used where water must be r a i s e d above t h e l e v e l of
t h e stream or where the water i s mwed d i r e c t l y i n t o a s p r i n k l e r system.
Diversion s t r u c t u r e s used on wide stream subject t o high floodflows may
r e q u i r e provisions f o r the collapse of s e c t i o n s of t h e s t r u c t u r e during
-$he periods of high water t o s a f e l y pass t h e floodflows.
 Figure 6-47 Stoplog type concrete d i v e r s i o n s t r u c t u r e

DITCH CO#VePANCE STRUCTURES

Conveyance s t r u c t u r e s a r e used t o t r a n s p o r t water a c r o s s o r under ob-
s t r u c t i o n s , such a s swales, draws, or roads, and t o convey i t along s t e e p
h i l l s i d e s . They include f l m e s , inverted siphons, road c u l v e r t s , and
bridges.

Flumes

Flumes a r e a r t i f i c i a l channels, supported by a s u b s t r u c t u r e , f o r carry-

ing water a c r o s s a r e a s where d i t c h e s a r e not p r a c t i c a l . They a r e used t o
c a r r y t h e water a c r o s s draws or swales o r t o convey i t along s t e e p or rocky
h i l l s i d e s . These s t r u c t u r e s must have t h e c a p a c i t y t o c a r r y t h e f u l l d i s -
charge of t h e d i t c h , and t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e must be strong enough t o support
t h e flume when flowing f u l l . Timber, metal, o r concrete a r e o r d i n a r i l y t h e
m a t e r i a l s used f o r open flumes. Long span s t e e l pipes may be used a s a
closed flume.

Inverted Siphons

An inverted siphon i s a closed conduit with each end r a i s e d t o form

a U-shaped s t r u c t u r e f o r c a r r y i n g water under streams and d r a i n s or under
roads and o t h e r o b s t r u c t i o n s . Inverted siphons u s u a l l y a r e constructed of
L corrugated or smooth metal pipe, concrete pipe or reinforced concrete
poured i n place. They a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y adapted f o r conveying water under
roads where t h e water l e v e l i n t h e i r r i g a t i o n d i t c h i s c a r r i e d above t h e
ground. The inverted siphon i s d i f f e r e n t from a c u l v e r t i n t h a t t h e top
of t h e pipe i s lower than t h e water r u r f a c e a t e i t h e r end, and t h e pipe
always flows under pressure. See Figure 6-48

Figure 6-48 Crorr rectim of an inverted riphoo

Ditch Crossinns

Ditch c r o s s i n g s t r u c t u r e r f o r farm roadr f r e q u e n t l y a r e necessary f o r

access t o t h e f i e l d s . C u l v e r t r a r e moat o f t e n used for t h i s purpose. Cor-
rugated metal, smooth metal or ccmcrete a r e moat commonly ueed f o r c u l v e r t s .
Inverted siphons a r e adapted for c r o s r i n g r where t h e u a t e r s u r f a c e i n t h e
d i t c h i s a t a higher e l e v a t i o n than t h e road. Bridge8 a r e more o f t e n used
on l a r g e d i t c h e s . They can be b u i l t 80 t h e r e i r l i t t l e o r no head l o s e
through t h e s t r u c t u r e .

EROSION C-OL STRUCTURES

I r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s a r e rometfmer located where t h e d i t c h w i l l have

s u f f i c i e n t grade t o produce e r o r i v e v e l o c i t i e s . The eroded m a t e r i a l w i l l
be deposited downstream, thereby reducing t h e d i t c h capacity. Drops,
chutes, and p i p e l i n e s a r e used t o prevent such damages.

Drop S t r u c t u r e s

The drop s t r u c t u r e i s ured t o c o n t r o l t h e d i t c h v e l o c i t y by lowering

t h e water a b r u p t l y fram one l e v e l t o another. This may be accomplished by
using a drop spillway o r a p i p e drop s t r u c t u r e . Figure 6-49 i s an example
of a standard plan f o r a concrete drop and Figure 6-50 showe a concrete
block drop. Figure 6-51 i s an example of a corrugated metal pipe drop.

Chutes

Chutes a r e paved or l i n e d high-velocity open channels. They a r e

adapted t o s h o r t d i t c h s e c t i o n s on s t e e p slopes or where drop s t r u c t u r e s
would be s o c l o s e together t h a t a paved o r l i n e d d i t c h would be more prac-
t i c a l . The paving or l i n i n g m a t e r i a l for t h e chute must be able t o with-
stand t h e high v e l o c i t i e s . Chutes a r e most o f t e n constructed of concrete.
They a r e complex i n design and r e q u i r e t h e a s s i s t a n c e of an engineer. A
combination of a drop and c h u t e , Figure 6-52, can ecmetimes be used where
 (UM* End SIY
(So. W l

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SECTIONAL ELEVATION A-A

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(DCTAIL OT SLDT IN EN0 SILL)
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FOO COHESIVE sa
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Figure 6-49 Plan for a concrete drop

 Mocha
on
mortar bbdding

w
SECTKNAL ELEVATW A-A

R E I I F M C D O T STEEL I N W R E T E FLOW TONALL AN0 CUTOFF WALL TO 8E 318' O l u E K R

MS I PLACEO LT CENTER OF SLAB DAI SPACEO AWUT'IZ. c-c w n wa. ALL L a a l r r P l u r
M R S TO BE tR1 I I T O CUTOFF WALL AND T0EW.lI 6' X 6' NO. 6 WELDEO WIRE WSW I U Y 8E
M I T I N T E D F M BARS.
W C R C T E HOCK WALLS TO BE REINFORCED BY PLAC116 HIOH TEISlDY STEEL WIRE W S N M. S
WIRE, S I W I U R TO CARTER-UTERS B L O K Y S H I N ALL WOllZfflTAL B L K K JOINTS. LAP WIRE
YMI 6 INCHES AT ALL SPLICES. THE kESH S M L L BE LAPPED S I X INCHES AT J W l C T l D l OF
CLEVAWN S I O W L L S WITH HEAD WALL SO AS TO EFFECTIVELY T I E THESE PARTS TOEETWER.
TYE JOINT THICKIESS BENEEN CONCRETE BLOCKS S M L L I E AWUT 114 INCH. THC COlCRETC
W T A Y OF SLOT IN EM0 U C K S S W L L BE U I D WITH STAMERE0 VERTICAL JOINTS AS S W l l ON W E PUNS. N E
O M l l N U I N T I E BLOCKS $MALL BE A L I I E D VERTICALLY AND FILLED WITH CONCRETE W T .
T I E COICRETE CUTOFF WALL U O TOWALL ARE TO M PORED A M I N S T CONSOLIOATE0 WTEII~L.

Q.&Ooh
GONCR~TE
BLOCK VERWAL DROP
FOR OOHESIVE SOILS
&=lo'
U. 8. UYPARTYRNT OF AORICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
7

. . .*. 8".
I- I
Figure 6-50 Plan for a concrete block drop
 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
GONCRETE SLAB
(8.0 noC m. 5)

x
1- 01 Ditc), I)&,
Wotrr Surfocr:,

La
I
SECTIONAL ELEVATIW ON CENTER LINE

. . - . - - ,
MOTES
I. SELECT A PIPE SIZE N U T WILL PROVIDE A PIEATER CAPACITY TWAN I S REWIRED TO DISCYRBE
THE W Y I L STREAM USED I(R IRRlUT11(. TRY TO KEEP T I E VELDCITY Ill THE PIPE BELO*
3 FPS U S E D 01 l M Y L I R R l U T l M STREY.
2. IYI THE CORRUBITED YTAL PIPE MW IS USED AT A DITCH CROSSIM, INCREASE w o r n or
TOP OF DAM A m O l Y N S l 0 1 L* BY 8 ' 4 " .
3. n E DROP ( n ) FOR rrr SPECI~IC STRUCTURE CAI BE INCREASED 3 IMHES BY n r c w o r w r TW
OF THE RISER PIPE 3 lwtnm IELOI THE TW w TIE CONCRETE FLW OF WE INLET. THE
THICKNESS OF THE F L SLAB ~ ADJACENT TO TW PIPE SWWLDE I~CREASEO 3 I n c n E s TO WKE
A WATERTlSHl CQNECTION WITH THE PIPE. THE INLET TO TllL PIPE fWWLD BE RWMDED TO A

1. THE DROP STRUCTURE I S F Q Y O BY W T T l M A STAPARO LEI6TH OF CORRUUTED Y T A L PIPE.

m t t n IS WNUFACTWEDIN MULTIPLES OF 2 FT. Ir L m t m . on A 150 AISLE AID WELDIM THE
CUT JOINTS TOGETHER TO FORM A SIPB r m . rln TO BE 1 8 or. CORRUGATED METAL. JOINT

-
---
d DEPTH OF WATER I N DITCH
F FEIBOARO IN o m n
D D I A Y T E R OF PIPE
R LElWTH OF VERTICAL PIPE A L M 6 CENTER L l K
L2- LEWTH OF IIORIZ01TAL P I E A L O M CENTER LINE
V --
VELOCITY Y PIPE - FPS
-
Q
H - Mdl
DIXYROE Tnnousn PIPE
OF WATER SURFACE
C.F.S.

I TABLE OF
CONCRETE O U A N T I T I E S

I CORRUGATED METAL PIPE DROP

Figure 6-51 Plan for a corrugated metal pipe drop

fa-

~ I n E d S I

SECTIONAL ELEVATION 0-0

mWre 6-s2 Plan for a trapezoidal chute drop

 i t i s necessary t o take up grade i n a s h o r t d i s t a n c e l i k e t h e drop between
benches.
L
D i s t r i b u t i o n c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s a r e required f o r easy and accurate
d i s t r i b u t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n water t o t h e various f i e l d s on t h e farm. Good
c o n t r o l of t h e water permits e f f i c i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n and
reduces t h e labor requirements, D i s t r i b u t i o n c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s include
headgates, d i v i s i o n boxes, checks, and turnouts.

Farm Headnates

The farm headgate i s a gate-type s t r u c t u r e used t o d i v e r t t h e required

amount of i r r i g a t i o n water from t h e farm source of supply i n t o the farm
f i e l d ditches. The headgate i s generally equipped with some type of
water-measuring device t o determine the flow i n t o t h e f i e l d d i t c h .
Figure 6-53 i s an exemple of a plan f o r a concrete headgate.

Division Boxes

A d i v i s i o n box i s a s t r u c t u r e used t o divide o r d i r e c t t h e flow of

water i n t o two or more ditches. It i s a box s t r u c t u r e with t h e supply
flow e n t e r i n g through an opening on one side. The other s i d e s have open-
ings equipped with g a t e s of t h e required s i z e t o f u r n i s h t h e necessary flow
t o t h e f i e l d ditches. See Figure 6-54. Division boxes a r e used a l s o with
p m p i n s t a l l a t i o n s t o c o n t r o l t h e flow £ran t h e pump i n t o one of two or
L more f i e l d ditches. Figure 6-55 shows a combination pmp o u t l e t and d i v i -
sion box.

Checks

A check i s a s t r u c t u r e placed i n a d i t c h t o c o n t r o l t h e e l e v a t i o n of
t h e water surface above t h e s t r u c t u r e . The water l e v e l i s r a i s e d a s neces-
sary so t h a t i t can be diverted from t h e d i t c h . Checks a r e e i t h e r portable
or permanent. Portable checks a r e remwed a f t e r they have served t h e i r
purpose for i r r i g a t i n g a given a r e a and a r e r e s e t f o r i r r i g a t i n g another
area. The portable check i s a v a i l a b l e coamercially and i s generally made
of canvas, p l a s t i c , rubber, or metal. A permanent check i s a headwall with
a weir-type opening equipped with stoplogs or s l i d e g a t e s f o r adjusting t h e
upstream e l e v a t i o n of t h e water surface, Figure 6-56 i s a standard plan
f o r one type of concrete check.

Turnouts

The turnout i s a box or o r i f i c e - t y p e s t r u c t u r e located i n t h e bank of

t h e head d i t c h f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e flow of water from t h e head d i t c h i n t o
border s t r i p s , contour levee a r e a s , and contour ditches. The s t r u c t u r e i s
equipped with a simple s l i d e g a t e f o r r e g u l a t i n g t h e flow. Wooden or con-
c r e t e boxes and concrete or metal pipe a r e generally used for turnouts.
An example of a plan f o r a concrete turnout i s shown i n Figure 6-57.
I 8+/U-
e J
PLAN
M L A O W L NOT SHOWN

. .
B*//2"
. .
Fj 6""

ELEVATION A-A SECTIONAL ELEVATION B -8

snow
HEADBATE NOT MEAOGATE NOT SHOWN

I CONCRETE
, Bv ~';~' ,
HEADGATE STRUCTURE
41
U. H. 1)C:PARTMENT OF AORICI'I.TCRK
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

Figure 6-53 Plan for a concrete headgate

 PLAN

I4
SECTIONAL ELEWTW C-C

W
SECTIWAL ELEVATION 8-8

MTAlL Of GATE SLOT

I CONCRETE RECTANGULAR
DIVISION BOX

Figure 6-54 Plan for a concrete rectangular

division box
 ISOMETRIC

DETAIL OF WOOD BAFFLE

DETAIL Of GATE SLOT

AND BAFFLE SLOT 1- I
TABLE OF QUANTITIES
LUMBER L. FT. WIRE MESH CONCRETE

I It Without ooronn I

*In cohosivo soil, when outlets or0

on opoositr sidos, oprons moy be
omitted

d ' D l p t h of flow in ditch

f * F f r r b o o r d from r o t o r surfocr to
t w of ditch bonb

( COMBINATION PUMP OUTLET

AND DIVISION BOX
-
SECTION A-A I.. s.l ~ b : l ' . \ l ~ r ~ l l . :\ ~
s;rl~
t l~
~~'l'l:rl'lt~~
Figure 6-55 W I I. ~ X ~ S S K l ~ \ ~bS, ~sl-:lt\~l(:l.: I ~ l t
Plan for a combination p m p
outlet and division box
 SECTION A-A

PLAN

GATE SLOT DETAIL

SECTIONAL ELEVATION 8 8

Figure 6-56 Plan for a concrete check

 6-80

ISOMETRIC VIEW

Bottom of form l o l w o l water

Y
rurfoce-

L s*-e I
SECTION A-A

k
PLAN

DETAIL OF GATE SLOT

Concrete quontity = 0.44 cu. yd.

1'-7- ( &8' 1 l'-7' NOMENCLATURE

SECTIONAL ELEVATION 8-8 B * gono111 width of structure
b =Dotton wid* of ditch
d =Depth d wotu In dltch

CONCRETE TURNOUT

U. #UKPARTNKNT
I. OF ACIRICNIXCRK
BOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

I ..
-8. .,. .
SECTIONAL ELEVATW C-C
I 1-1
Hgure 6 3 7 Plan for a concrete turnout
 PIPELINE STRUCTURES

The d i s t r i b u t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n water by means of low-head underground

L pipelines has many advantages i n conserving s o i l , water and labor. On
sloping lands, erosion t h a t could occur i n open d i t c h e s i s eliminated. I n
a properly designed system with sealed j o i n t s , the l o s s of water by seepage
i s reduced t o minor amounts. Labor can be saved by means of t h e c o n t r o l s
t h a t a r e used t o quickly t u r n water on and o f f or t o s h i f t t h e delivery t o
other points.

Some t y p i c a l exemples of t h e s t r u c t u r e s camonly used i n p i p e l i n e

systems a r e described i n t h e following paragraphs.

Inlets

I n l e t s t o move water from a supply source i n t o the pipe a r e f i r s t

s t r u c t u r e s i n a system. Where water i s obtained by ptnping, a pump i n l e t
stand such a s i n Figures 6-58 or 6-59 may be used. I f c l e a n water i s t o
be taken d i r e c t l y from an i r r i g a t i o n d i t c h , a simple i n l e t such a s t h a t i n
Figure 6-60 can be used. Sometimes, water from an open d i t c h contains sedi-
ment, small d e b r i s , or weed seeds t h a t could c r e a t e problems. I n t h i s
event, s t r u c t u r e s such a s those i n Figure 6-61 a r e used t o s e t t l e and screen
out t h e objectionable m a t e r i a l s a t the i n l e t . Or, i n cases of sand only, a
t r a p such a s t h a t i n Figure 6-62 may be placed i n the system.

-
Vents

A i r trapped i n p i p e l i n e s can cause e r r a t i c flow conditions. To pre-

L vent t h i s , vents a r e used a t high points i n t h e l i n e s and where the l i n e
makes abrupt changes i n grade. A simple type of vent i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
Figure 6-63.

Outlets

I n any pipeline.system, o u t l e t s a r e used t o control t h e discharge of wa-

t e r a t selected points i n t h e area t o be i r r i g a t e d . The two most conmon
valves a r e t h e A l f a l f a Valve, Figure 6-64, and t h e Orchard Valve, Figure 6-65.

Further discussion and examples of p i p e l i n e s t r u c t u r e s can be found i n

Chapter 3 , Section 15, N.E.H. Also, l o c a l l y adopted standard plans may be
available.

19. STRUCTURE DESIGN

After information needed f o r a s t r u c t u r e design has been obtained by
a f i e l d survey, i t and other p e r t i n e n t information should be recorded on a
s t r u c t u r e data sheet or plan. A l l recorded information, c a l c u l a t i o n s , and
design data should be checked f o r accuracy.

The d e t a i l e d s t r u c t u r e design develops t h e o v e r a l l plan f o r t h e s t r u c -

t u r e a s indicated on t h e s t r u c t u r e d a t a sheet. Such items a s dimensions of
t h e various p a r t s of t h e s t r u c t u r e , spacing of s t e e l r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s i n
 PLAN

Removable cover
(Optionol)7

I
-L.
I
Concrete bow
&on indicoird in
( CROSS SECTION tobk kk.. ELEVATION

NOMENCLATURE

0 - Diometer ot vrrticol pipa

Dl - Diometrr of underground pip.
Dt-Diomrtw of pump dirchorga pipe
t - Thlcknorr of coacrete b o w
W - ot v r r l k o l pipe okrr
copotcaKnk bar.
0 -0irchar~t w rlruc(wr in r(r on4 q.pm

HIOH HEAD N O N - T A P E R E D
PUMP STAIlO FOR CONCRETE PIPE
Figure 6-58 Plan for h i g h head non- I-. N. IBKI-ANTMIST cw A(IRHTI.TI.RK
tapered pump stand for mlr. C~)SHKR\'ATI~S OKRVICK
7

..,
concrete p i p e I
 CROSS SECTION

HIGH HEAD STEEL TAPERED PUMP

Figure 6-59 - head s t e e l
Plan for a high
tapered pump stand for
concrete ~ i ~ e
I STAwD FOR CONCRETE PIPE
U. a D.PMTMEJJT OF mmcu~mae
%OIL CONSERVATION SERVICX
 ELEVATION

NOMENCLATURE

B(llL mNLlLRVATION gSCRVKa

Figure 6-60 Plan for a gravity i n l e t f o r concrete pipe

Figure 6-61 Plan for a water desilting
box and trash screen
 NOMENCLATURE
0 Diawkr d mtW conenk plpo

I I 1
Figure 6-62 Plan for a concrete pipe sand trap for concrete p i p e
 6 -88

Owning kokon out

w+

WOMENCLATUllE
0-Diamrter of r i w r pip. and
nominal diamotw of altdfa gate
01- Diametr of underground concrrtr
PLAN pip*

- 0 0 1 a # n h ~k o h r n out

Alfalfa valve or Altalfo valve or

c CROSS SECTON
ROcocllmUMOd when vobcity in r*r
CROSS SECTION
Recommond~d whrn velocity
rncoods 3.5 feet por rcand and hy&an)s in riser 18 leas than 3.5 t a r t
o n not uood. per srcond or whrn hydrants
a r r usad.
TYPE I TYPE X t

ALFALFA mLVE or MODIFIED ALFALFA

Figure 6-64 Plan for an a l f a l f a VALVE OUTLET tor CONCAETE PIPE LINES
I'.IC UKPAlll'YKST (IF A(IIICXT.TI'RK
valve outlet on a O I L CI)NIER\'ATION 86RVICE
concrete pipeline
I_
 Notch broken NOMENCLATURE
-. D - Diometer of concrete riser pipe
0, - Diometer of underground concrete pipe
D2 - Diameter of valve outlet
h - Height of hydraulic grode line above
PLAN field rurtoce

pipe with
notch
side
rHydroulic grode line -,
A
Design
"Oter rurfOce 7 Orchord valve-,

TYPE I TYPE H

% CROSS SECTION CROSS SECTION

I ORCHARD VALVE OUTLET

Figure 6-65 Plan f o r an orchard FOR CONCRETE PIPE LINFS
U. (I.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
valve o u t l e t on a SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
concrete p i p e l i n e
reinforced concrete, and location of construction joints are examples of
required detail. Detailed designs are the responsibility of the engineer.

In the Soil Conservation Service two types of structure designs are

used :

. Standard designs. These are designs prepared in advance to fit

various combinations of conditions. Some standard designs or
plans have blank spaces for fill-in dimensions and quantities,
thus they can be adapted to a given location. Modifications in
standard structure designs should be made only by an engineer
having that authority.

2. Special designs. These are prepared to fit the site when stand-
ard designs are not applicable. They are "tailor-made" designs,
made after properly prepared and approved data sheets have been
submitted to the design engineer.

20. CONSTRUCTION

Adequate structure designs and plans will not make a good structure
unless sound construction techniques are used during its installation.
Chapter 17 of this manual provides these techniques. It is also necessary
to follow all specifications accompanying the structure plans.

Good quality construction can be promoted by laying the proper ground-

work with the farmer. This involves:

1. Emphasizing the need for using construction materials of accepta-

ble quality.

2. Emphasizing the importance of building the structure as planned

and designed.

Timely technical assistance should be given both before and during the
actual construction by:

1. Providing sufficient stakes for construction purposes, and check-

ing the staking.

2. Explaining the stakes to the farmer and the contractor, making

sure they understand their purpose and the need for protecting
them.

3. Providing the farmer and contractor with plans and specifications

prior to construction.

4. Explaining the construction details to the farmer or contractor.

5. Providing timely supervision and checking during the construction

period.
 21. MAINTENANCE

All structures need maintenance for satisfactory operation and to

prolong their life, thereby reducing replacement cost. Owners should be
urged to inspect structures at least once annually and at other opportune
times. Cracks that develop should be sealed, protective coatings applied
where needed, and modifications, riprap, or repairs made where and when
they are necessary. Often a small repair job will prevent a large repair
job, or even complete failure, later on. Debris or obstructions at the
inlet or outlet of structures should be removed immediately. Check for
destructive action of burrowing rodents under the structure and through ad-
jacent earth embankments.

For preventative maintenance protect the structure from livestock.

Maintain all earthfills and channels in good sod by mowing, reseeding and
fertilizing.