Huge Reference Collection - M025 - 2012 - IMP - Anisotropic Material Properties Measurements

Rapid Prototyping Journal
Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS

Sung‐Hoon Ahn, Michael Montero, Dan Odell, Shad Roundy, Paul K. Wright,
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Sung‐Hoon Ahn, Michael Montero, Dan Odell, Shad Roundy, Paul K. Wright, (2002) "Anisotropic material
properties of fused deposition modeling ABS", Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 8 Issue: 4, pp.248-257, https://
doi.org/10.1108/13552540210441166
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1. Introduction
Anisotropic material
Recent advances in the fields of Computer
properties of fused Aided Design (CAD) and Rapid Prototyping
deposition modeling (RP) have given designers the tools to rapidly
generate an initial prototype from concept.
ABS There are currently several different RP
technologies available, each with its own
Sung-Hoon Ahn unique set of competencies and limitations.
Michael Montero The Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
process from Stratasys produces prototype
Dan Odell parts out of ABS plastic. FDM deposits a
Shad Roundy and molten filament of ABS in a criss-cross
manner resulting in direction dependant, or
Paul K. Wright
anisotropic, material properties. This paper
seeks to characterize some of the anisotropic
The authors
properties of ABS parts produced by the
Sung-Hoon Ahn is at the Gyeongsang National FDM process.

University, Jinju, Korea 660-701 The FDM process works as follows. First,
Michael Montero, Dan Odell, Shad Roundy and a three dimensional solid model must be
Paul K. Wright are at the University of California, created. This can be accomplished in many
Berkeley, California 94710, USA of the commonly available CAD packages.
The model is then exported to the FDM
Keywords Quickslicee software using the
Rapid prototyping, Anisotropy, Fused deposition modeling stereolithography (STL) format. This format
tessellates the part into a set of triangles. The
Abstract advantage of the STL format is that most
Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies provide the ability to
CAD systems support it, and it simplifies the
fabricate initial prototypes from various model materials. part geometry by reducing it to its most basic
Stratasys Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a typical RP components. The disadvantage is that the part
process that can fabricate prototypes out of ABS plastic. To loses some resolution, because only triangles,
predict the mechanical behavior of FDM parts, it is critical to
understand the material properties of the raw FDM process and not true arcs, splines, etc., now represent
material, and the effect that FDM build parameters have on the geometry (Wright, 2001). However, the
anisotropic material properties. This paper characterizes the errors introduced by these approximations are
properties of ABS parts fabricated by the FDM 1650. Using a
acceptable as long as they are less than the
Design of Experiment (DOE) approach, the process
parameters of FDM, such as raster orientation, air gap, bead inaccuracy inherent in the manufacturing
width, color, and model temperature were examined. Tensile process.
strengths and compressive strengths of directionally Once the STL file has been exported to
fabricated specimens were measured and compared with
injection molded FDM ABS P400 material. For the FDM parts
Quickslicee, it is horizontally sliced into
made with a 0.003 inch overlap between roads, the typical many thin sections. These sections represent
tensile strength ranged between 65 and 72 percent of the the two-dimensional contours that the FDM
strength of injection molded ABS P400. The compressive
process will generate which, when stacked
strength ranged from 80 to 90 percent of the injection molded
FDM ABS. Several build rules for designing FDM parts were upon one another, will closely resemble the
formulated based on experimental results. original three-dimensional part. This
sectioning approach is common to all
Electronic access currently available RP processes. The
The research register for this journal is available at software then uses this information to
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregisters generate the process plan that controls the
FDM machine’s hardware (Figure 1).
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is In the physical process of fabrication, an
available at ABS filament is fed through a heating element
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/1355-2546.htm and becomes semi-molten. The filament is
Authors thank Seunghwa Kim, Hongkyung Lee,

Rapid Prototyping
Volume 8 · Number 4 · 2002 · pp. 248 –257
and Jaeil Lee for their assistance in the experiment.
q MCB UP Limited · ISSN 1355-2546 This work was partially supported by the Brain
DOI 10.1108/13552540210441166 Korea 21 Project.
248
Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS Rapid Prototyping
Sung-Hoon Ahn et al. Volume 8 · Number 4 · 2002 · 248–257
Figure 1 Fused deposition modeling process inch) to 1 mm (0.0396 inch) for the FDM
1650 machine.
Air gap: air gap is the space between the
beads of FDM material. The default is zero,
meaning that the beads just touch. It can be
modified to leave a positive gap, which means
that the beads of material do not touch. The
positive gap results in a loosely packed
structure that builds rapidly. The air gap value
can also be modified to leave a negative gap,
meaning that two beads partially occupy the
same space. This results in a dense structure,
which requires a longer build time.
Model build temperature: this parameter
refers to the temperature of the heating
then fed through a nozzle and deposited onto element for the model material. It controls the
viscosity of molten material that is extruded
the partially constructed part. Since the

material is extruded in a semi-molten state, from the nozzle.
the newly deposited material fuses with Raster orientation: refers to the direction of
the beads of material (roads) relative to the
adjacent material that has already been
loading of the part.
deposited. The head then moves around in
Color: FDM P400 ABS material is available
the X – Y plane and deposits material
in a variety of colors: white, blue, black,
according to the part geometry. The platform
yellow, green, and red.
holding the part then moves vertically in the
The following process parameters were
Z plane to begin depositing a new layer on top
neglected: envelope temperature (the
of the previous one. After a period of time,
temperature of the air around the part), slice
usually several hours, the head will have
height (which is similar to bead width in the
deposited a full physical representation of the
vertical direction), and nozzle diameter (the
original CAD file.
width of the hole through which the material
The FDM machine possesses a second
extrudes). These parameters seemed to be
nozzle that extrudes support material and
either duplicates of the selected parameters,
builds support for any structure that has an
or did not seem to have a relevant connection
overhang angle of less than 458 from
to the final material properties.
horizontal as a default. If the angle is less than
The envelope temperature appeared to
458, more than one-half of one bead is
have an insignificant effect on past parts
overhanging the contour below it, and
prototyped with the FDM machine.
therefore is likely to fall.
Furthermore, the temperature in the envelope
The FDM process produces parts with
tends to fluctuate several degree Celsius
unique characteristics. The machine deposits
during a build, making precise control of this
material in a directional way that results in
variable difficult. The temperature may also
parts with anisotropic behavior. Experiments
vary in different locations in the build volume,
were performed in which the effect of several
increasing the control difficulty.
process parameters on the mechanical
Slice height is the thickness of each layer
behavior of FDM parts was examined.
measured in the vertical or Z direction.
Varying the slice height would most likely have
the same effect as varying the bead width of
2. Build parameter considerations the ABS plastic. Since an individual bead of
the material is homogenous, varying the
The first step in the experiment was to identify geometry of the bead in one dimension should
the process control parameters that were likely have the same effect as modifying it in the
to affect the properties of FDM parts. The other dimension, causing a redundancy
selected parameters are listed below. between this parameter and bead width. One
Bead width: bead width is the thickness of factor that could affect this assumption is the
the bead (or road) that the FDM nozzle fact that material is likely to have cooled more
deposits. It can vary from 0.3 mm (0.012 thoroughly between layers than between
249
roads, potentially affecting the fusion of the Figure 3 Premature shear failure of ASTM D638 standard test specimens
plastic. with longitudinal roads
Similarly, the nozzle diameter was assumed
to primarily affect the geometry of the bead.
Since bead geometry was already being
altered via road width (which is controlled by
the flow rate of material through the nozzle),
altering the nozzle diameter seemed to
duplicate the testing. Effecting a nozzle
change, which requires a physical transfer and
re-calibration for every change, is much more
time consuming than changing road width,
which is easily modified in software.
3. Experiment setup
A trial run was performed in which a series of

samples were built on the FDM machine by
modifying the toolpaths in the Quickslice
software (FDM, 1998). Views of parts with remained intact (Figure 3). As an attempt to
the toolpaths (or roads) from Quickslice are remedy this, offset contours that followed the
shown in Figure 2. An Instronw 8872 load perimeter of the sample were used to relieve
frame with 25 kN load cell was used to load
the stress concentrations. However, this
the test samples in tension.
approach caused stress-concentrating gaps in
The trial run samples were made according
the center of the sample, as well as areas where
to the ASTM D638 (ASTM, 1997), type I
the roads were no longer in pure tension,
standard. However, the geometry of these
defeating the intent of the D638 standard.
specimens revealed problems. As shown in
These samples tended to fail prematurely at
Figures 3 and 4, the ASTM D638 shape
these areas of multi-state stress (Figure 4).
added complications to the loading of the
parts that caused them to fail prematurely. In response to these complications, another
These complications included large stress specimen geometry, ASTM D3039 (ASTM,
concentrations caused by the termination of 1976) was adapted for the tensile test coupon.
the longitudinal roads used to approximate The specimen had size of 229 mm £
the large radii. These specimens failed 25:4 mm £ 3:3 mm: The loading rate of the
prematurely by shearing at the stress test was 2 mm/min. The load and strain data
concentrations, while the rest of the sample for each sample was collected as it was loaded.
Figure 2 Quickslice SML file showing samples with bead width, air gap, and
raster orientation variation Figure 4 Premature shear failure of ASTM D638 standard test specimens
with offset contours
250
4. Design of experiment Table I Variable symbols and level settings

Levels
The goal of the experiment was to determine
Variable Symbol Low(2) High(1 )
the effect of changing selected design and
process variables on the tensile strength of the Air gap (inch/mm) A 0.0/0.0 2 0.002/20.0508
FDM test specimens. As mentioned earlier, Road width (inch/mm) B 0.02/0.508 0.0396/1.00
the variables selected for this experiment were Model temperature (8C) C 270 280
chosen from a larger set based on the ABS color D Blue White
experience and knowledge of the researchers. Orientation of rasters E Transverse Axial
Figure 5 shows a more complete set of
variables and the domain or classification
under which each one falls. derive the effect estimates, but they also help
The five variables selected came from three in setting the appropriate test conditions or
different classifications: unprocessed ABS treatments for the design matrix. Since the
material, FDM build specifications, and generator is E ¼ ABCD; the coded levels for
FDM environment. The five variables are air parameter E, or column E will be defined by
gap, bead width, model temperature, ABS the product of coded units (þ 1 and 2 1) of
color, and raster orientation. Among the five columns A, B, C, and D (See Figure 6a). With
variables, one variable is qualitative (ABS only 16 test conditions, it was decided to
color) whereas the remaining four are replicate each one in order to calculate an
quantitative parameters. The next step in estimate of the standard error within the
setting up the DOE was to determine the experiment. The final design contains a total
resolution for the experiment and the number of 32 test specimens, which is an advantage
of levels for each variable (Wu and Hamada, over a full factorial design (25) that contains
2000 and Box et al., 1978). the same number of runs but lacks the
A linear relationship between the response estimate of error. Figure 6b shows that
variables A (air gap) and E (raster) had a
(tensile strength) and the five experiment
significant effect on the tensile strength
variables was expected (see Table I). For this
response. More details of the experimental
reason, each parameter requires only two
design and analysis of the build parameters of
levels, one set high (þ 1), and one set low
FDM material can be found in the authors’
(2 1). In order to set the appropriate levels,
earlier work (Montero et al., 2001).
preliminary tests were conducted for each
variable to define its range. Each variable was
varied independently, and the tensile strength
was measured. The results of these 5. Injection molded ABS
preliminary tests provided the settings for the
In order to measure the reference strength of
levels of each parameter.
the ABS P400 material, tensile and
All main effects and multi-factor
compression specimens were fabricated by
interaction effects were multiplied by the
injection molding. This process yields much
defining relation to reveal the confounding
more isotropic parts than the FDM process.
terms within each effect estimate. Not only
The same material was used for specimens
does the generator and defining relation help
produced by both FDM and injection molding.
First, aluminum molds for tensile and
Figure 5 Fishbone diagram of potential factors influencing tensile strength
compression specimens were milled on a
three-axis CNC machine. The dimensions of
the mold cavity for the tensile specimen were
the same as those of the specimen described
in the Experiment Setup section ð229 mm £
25:4 mm £ 3:3 mmÞ: The shrinkage of the
molded ABS was not considered because the
reduced cross section would be normalized to
the actual cross sectional area for strength
values. The dimensions of the compression
specimens were 25.4 mm (1 inch) in length
and 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) in diameter according
to ASTM D695 (ASTM, 1996).
251
Figure 6 Test matrix and plot of tensile strength (MPa) versus main effects (Montero et al., 2001)
The injection molded samples were created by specimen, three to five replications were
cutting strands of ABS P400 into 3– 5 mm fabricated and tested. The DOE showed that
long pieces for use in the Morgan Press G- air gap and raster orientation were the only
100T injection molding machine (Figure 7). significant effects. Therefore, the effect of
The nozzle temperature of the injection press these two variables on the tensile strength of
was 2708C, the mold preheat temperature was specimens was considered more closely.
1208C, the clamping force was 16,000 lbf
(71 kN), and the injection pressure was
6.1 Tensile tests
6,000 psi (41 MPa). These injection
Each FDM specimen consisted of 12 layers
parameters for injection molding were the
with various raster orientations. For example,
typical values applied for ABS plastic using
the axial specimen had 12 layers in the zero
this machine.
(loading) direction [08]12, and the criss-cross
specimen had six repetitions of a 458 layer
6. Results followed by a 2 458 layer [458/2 458]6.
Default FDM parts were made with a criss-
Dozens of specimens were produced by FDM cross raster in which the orientation of the
for comparison with the samples produced by beads alternates from þ 458 to 2 458 from
injection molding. For each type of the layer to layer. Some criss-cross raster
Figure 7 Process of fabricating tensile and compression specimens by injection molding of chopped FDM material
252
specimens were built and tested in addition to The [458/2 458] raster orientation is of
the main factorial experiment. particular interest as the Quickslice software
Figure 8 shows the resulting tensile defaults to this raster. This orientation
strength values for the specimens with zero air could be looked at as a [08/908] orientation if
gap. The injection molded ABS P400 failed at the part were rotated 458. For these two
26 MPa, and the four FDM specimens failed general cases, the strength ranged between
between 10 and 73 percent of the injection 65 and 72 percent of the injection molded
molded P400’s strength, depending on raster P400.
orientation. The failure modes of these specimens are
Figure 9 shows the effect of a negative shown in Figure 10. All specimens failed in
(2 0.003) air gap, which makes the specimen transverse direction except the criss-cross
more dense and strong. Although the strength specimen, which failed along the 458 line. The
of the axial specimens was not increased much failure modes for specimens with zero air gap
with a negative air gap, other FDM specimens were identical to those with 2 0.003 air gap.
exhibited a large increase in tensile strength. The relationship between failure loads and
Figure 8 Tensile strength of specimens with various raster (zero air gap) compared with injection molded ABS P400
Figure 9 Tensile strength specimens with various raster (20.003 inch air gap) compared with injection molded ABS P400
253
Figure 10 Failure modes of the specimens with various raster orientations loads were taken only by the bonding between
(2 0.003 air gap) compared with injection molded ABS P400 fibers, and not the fibers themselves. The Cross
specimen ([08/908]6) consisted of a layer of
fibers oriented in the 08 direction, followed by a
layer in the 908 direction. The resulting failure
load for this pattern, as might be expected, fell
between the [08]12 and [908]12 specimens. The
Criss-cross ([458/2 458]6) specimen showed
shear failure along the 458 line in the
macroscopic view (Figure 10), but the
microscopic view revealed the repeated failures
of individual fibers by shearing and tension
(Figure 11b). Note that the oval shape of the
fibers is determined by the Quickslice software
settings for road width and slice height.
6.2 Compression tests

For the compression tests, build direction was

the only examined parameter. Because the
failure modes required microscopic complexity of test increases with more
observations. parameters, other possible control parameters
Figure 11 shows magnified views of the such as raster angle and air gap were not
fractured surfaces of the specimens. The Axial considered in this experiment. “Axial”
([08]12) specimens (Figure 11a) showed (horizontal) and “Transverse” (vertical)
tensile failure of individual fibers resulting in directions were defined as shown in Figure 12.
the highest tensile strength among the FDM With a fixed raster angle of [458/2 458] and
specimens (Figure 9). However, this strength zero air gap, the effect of build direction on
was lower than that of the injection molded compression strength could be measured.
ABS partially because the gaps between fibers This effect would be difficult to measure in a
reduced the effective cross sectional area. The tension specimen because the slender and
Transverse ([908]12) specimens resulted in the long geometries involved would result in a
lowest tensile strength because the tensile high probability of buckling.
Figure 11 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the fracture surfaces of (a) a [08]12 specimen and (b) a
[458/2458]6 specimen both with 2 0.003 inch air gap
254
Figure 12 Compression specimens with two different are intended to aid designers in improving the
build directions strength and accuracy of their parts made on
the FDM machine. These rules are listed with
a few illustrative examples of how a rule might
apply to a given situation.
Rule 1: Build parts such that tensile loads

will be carried axially along the fibers
Figure 14 shows a boss along with two cross
sections. Two possible orientations for the
roads are shown. In the first cross section, the
roads follow the contour of the boss. If a screw
were threaded into the boss, the maximum
stress (the hoop stress) would be carried
axially by the fibers going around the contour
of the boss. The second cross section is the
default orientation that the FDM software
Figure 13 shows higher compressive strengths

would choose. The maximum stress would be
compared to the tensile strengths shown in
carried across the bonds in this case, resulting
Figure 8. Higher compressive strengths are
in a higher probability of failure.
often observed in polymers, and for bulk ABS
Figure 15 shows a cantilever snap fit. Again
materials. For example, tensile strengths of
two different possible build orientations are
typical bulk ABS range from 32 to 45 MPa shown. In the first cross section, the
while their compressive strengths range from maximum stress (a bending stress in this case)
65 to 90 MPa (ASM, 1988). The Transverse occurs along the roads, while in the second,
specimen had 15 percent lower compressive the maximum stress is carried across the
strength than the axial specimen. In general, roads. Of course, the cantilever built in the
the compressive strengths of FDM specimens first orientation will be significantly stronger.
ranged from 80 to 90 percent of those for
injection molded ABS
Rule 2: Be aware that stress
concentrations occur at radiused
corners. This is because the FDM roads
7. Build rules exhibit discontinuities at such transitions
Figure 16 shows a standard ASTM D3039
Build rules have been formulated based on the tensile specimen that was not used for these
results of the experiments. These guidelines tests for reasons already mentioned.
Figure 13 Compressive strength of specimens with different build direction compared with injection molded ABS P400.
Specimens were built with raster angle of [458/2458] and 0 air gap
255
Figure 14 Two different road orientations for boss design
Figure 15 Two different road orientations for snap-fit design

Notice that although the radius is large, there through the radiused part of the specimen.
are extreme stress concentrations in the first In general, when a radiused area will be
cross section where the vertical roads carrying a load, it is best to build that radius
terminate. All the parts that were built and with contours to alleviate the extreme stress
tested in this configuration fractured on the concentrations that can occur due to
radius where these stress concentrations rasterization.
occur. Cross section 2 shows a better
alternative. However, although the stress
concentrations along the surface of the Rule 3: Use a negative air gap to increase
radius have been removed, stress both strength and stiffness
concentrations in the center of the part have If strength is of primary concern, a negative
been created. An additional problem is that air gap can be used to create a stronger part.
the roads are no longer loaded in pure tension However, an air gap less than 2 0.003 inches
Figure 16 Two different road orientations for ASTM D3039 design
256
should not be used. It was found that parts Following build rules were obtained from
with an air gap smaller than this simply did this study.
not build well due to excess material build up
(1) Build parts such that tensile loads will be
on the nozzle and the part itself. It should be
carried axially along the fibers.
noted that for relatively thick parts, a negative
(2) Be aware that stress concentrations occur
air gap can degrade surface quality and
at radiused corners. This is because the
dimensional tolerances.
FDM roads exhibit discontinuities at
such transitions.
Rule 4: Consider the following issues on
(3) Use a negative air gap to increase both
bead width
strength and stiffness.
.
Small bead width increases build time.
(4) Consider the following issues on bead
.
Small bead width improves surface
width.
quality.
.
Wall thickness of the part should be an .
Small bead width increases build time.
integer multiple of the bead width to .
Small bead width increases surface
avoid gaps. quality.
.
Wall thickness of the part should be an
Rule 5: Consider the effect of build integer multiple of the bead width.
orientation on part accuracy (5) Consider the effect of build orientation on
.
Two-dimension slices closely reproduce part accuracy.
geometry. (6) Be aware that tensile loaded area tends to
. Three-dimension layer stacking creates fail easier than compression loaded area.
linear approximations.
By applying these build rules, the strength and
Rule 6: Be aware that tensile loaded area quality of FDM parts can be improved.
tends to fail easier than compression
loaded area
Maximum compression strengths of FDM
specimens are approximately double of tensile References
strengths.
ASM (1988), Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 2,
Engineering Plastic, ASM International.
ASTM (1976), ASTM D3039-76, Test Method for Tensile
8. Conclusions Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials,
ASTM.
From the Design of Experiment for FDM ASTM (1996), ASTM D695-96, Test Method for
ABS (P400), it was found that the air gap and Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics, ASTM.
ASTM (1997), ASTM D638-97, Test Method for Tensile
raster orientation affect the tensile strength of Properties of Plastics, ASTM.
an FDM part greatly. Bead width, model Box, G., Hunter, W. and Hunter, J. (1978), Statistics for
temperature, and color have little effect. The Experimenters: An Introduction to Design, Data
measured material properties showed that Analysis, and Model Building, John Wiley & Sons,
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Inc.
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Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS

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Sung-Hoon Ahn is at the Gyeongsang National FDM process.

Authors thank Seunghwa Kim, Hongkyung Lee,

the partially constructed part. Since the

A trial run was performed in which a series of

4. Design of experiment Table I Variable symbols and level settings

6.2 Compression tests

For the compression tests, build direction was

Rule 1: Build parts such that tensile loads

Figure 13 shows higher compressive strengths

Figure 14 Two different road orientations for boss design

Figure 15 Two different road orientations for snap-fit design

Figure 16 Two different road orientations for ASTM D3039 design

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