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Energy
EnergyProcedia 158
Procedia 00(2019)
(2017)3988–3993
000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
10th International Conference on Applied Energy
China(ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
China
Demand-responsive virtual power plant optimization scheduling
Demand-responsive
The 15th Internationalvirtual power on
Symposium plant optimization
District Heating and Cooling scheduling
method based on competitive bidding equilibrium
method based on competitive bidding equilibrium
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Bowei Sunaa, Xiangyu Kong a,a, *, Fang Zhang aa, Ye Libb, Yanan Qiaobb, Qun Yangaa
Bowei Sun , Xiangyu
temperature function Kong for *,a Fang
long-term Zhang ,district
Ye Li , Yanan heat Qiao demand , Qun forecast
Yang
Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072,China;
a
b
TianjinaKey Laboratory
Electric of Smart Grid
Power Research Institute，State Grid
of Ministry of Education, TianjinPower
Tianjin Electric University,
Company ，Tianjin
Tianjin 300384，China
300072,China;
a,b,c Power Researcha Institute，State Grid
I. Andrić
b
Tianjin Electric *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc
a Tianjin ElectricbPower Company，Tianjin c 300384，China

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Residential load has been considered as demand side resources with a huge potential. It has been a hot issue that how to reduce the
Residential load hasconsumption
cost of electricity been considered for as
thedemand side resources
users considering with acomfort.
user’s huge potential.
A new Itmethod
has beenbased
a hot on
issue
thethat how to reduce
combination the
of the
cost of electricity
characteristics of theconsumption for the users
family load modeling considering
was proposed in theuser’s
paper.comfort.
The workingA new method based
characteristics on the combination
of different of the
controllable devices
inAbstract
characteristics
the home areofextracted,
the familyand loadthemodeling was proposed
mathematical model ofinthe thedevice
paper.isThe working by
constructed characteristics of different
the combination controllable
of different devices
characteristics.
in the home
Then, are extracted,
the objective functionandconsidering
the mathematical
both ofmodel of the
the cost device
of the is constructed
economy by the
and the cost of combination of different
comfort is proposed, andcharacteristics.
the improved
District
Then,
genetic theheating
objective
algorithm networks
used toare
isfunction commonly
considering
solve addressed
both
the problem. of the in the
cost literature
of the
Simulation economy
analysis as one on
and
based of MATLAB,
the the
costmost effective
of comfort solutions
whichis using
proposed, for decreasing
and the improved
the improved geneticthe
greenhouse
genetic
algorithm gas emissions
algorithm
to solve is used
the from
to
electricity the the
solve
cost building
optimization sector.
problem. Theseproved
Simulation
problem, systems
analysisrequire
that based
the high
on investments
proposed MATLAB,
model andwhichwhich are returned
using
optimization the through
improved
algorithm the heat
genetic
is effective.
sales. Due
algorithm to thethechanged
to solve climate
electricity conditions problem,
cost optimization and building
proved renovation policies,model
that the proposed heat and
demand in the future
optimization algorithmcould decrease,
is effective.
prolonging the investment return period.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
©The2019 Thescope
main Authors.
of Published
this paper is by
to Elsevier
assess Ltd.
the feasibility
Copyright
Selection © 2018
and Elsevier
peer-review Ltd.
underAll rights of theofscientific
reserved.
responsibility using the committee
heat demand of –the
outdoor temperature function
10th International Conference for heat demand
on Applied
This is an open
forecast. The access article
district of under the
Alvalade, CC BY-NC-ND
located in Lisbon license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
Energy and peer-review under responsibility
(ICAE2018). of the(Portugal),
scientific was used as
committee of athecase
10thstudy. The district
International is consisted
Conference of 665
on Applied
Peer-review
buildings under
that varyresponsibility
in both of the scientific
construction period committee
and of ICAE2018
typology. Three – The 10th
weather International
scenarios (low, Conference
medium, high)on Applied
and Energy.
three district
Energy (ICAE2018).
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate
Keywords: virtual power plant; energy management; demand response; electricity price; costs optimization； the error, obtained heat demand values were
comparedvirtual
Keywords: with power
resultsplant;
fromenergy
a dynamic heat demand
management; demandmodel,
response;previously
electricitydeveloped
price; costsand validated by the authors.
optimization；
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
1.(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Introduction
scenarios,
1. Introduction the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
With the
decrease
gradual
in the number
deployment
of heating of
of smart
hours
power consumption
of 22-139h during the heating
strategy,
season
some progressonhas
(depending
been
thebeen
made inofthe
combination
demand
weather and
With the
response for gradual
large deployment
industrial and smart
commercialpowerconsumers,
consumption yet strategy,
little hassome
been progress
made has
in the areamadeof in the demand
residents. Two
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
response
following for largecaused
factors industrial and commercial
this situation. consumers,in yet little has been made are in the area
andof residents. Two
coupled scenarios). The values suggestedFirstly,
could equipments
be used to modify residential households
the function parameters variable large
for the scenarios in quantities.
considered, and
following factors caused this situation. Firstly, equipments in residential households are variable and large in quantities.
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© *2017 The Authors.

Corresponding Published
author. by Elsevier Ltd.
Tel.: +13163036153
* Corresponding
Peer-review
E-mail under
address: author. Tel.: +13163036153
responsibility
sunbw@tju.edu.cn of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
E-mail address: sunbw@tju.edu.cn

Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1876-6102
Selection Copyright ©under
and peer-review 2018responsibility
Elsevier Ltd. of
Allthe
rights reserved.
scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.842
 Bowei Sun et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3988–3993 3989
2 Bowei Sun, Xiangyu Kong, Fang Zhang, Ye Li, Yanan Qiao, Qun Yang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Secondly, it is hard to estimate residents’ power consuming behavior and plan scheduling. In contrast with the
traditional domestic appliances, intellectualization of home appliances gradually increased, including the function to
communicate with upper control terminal and improvements in controllability, which provides possibillities for
automatic demand response of load in smart home appliances. According to the United States Department of Energy
(DOE), the Distributed Resourse (DR) under power markets can be classified into two types according to consumers’
different response modes: priced-based DR and incentive-based DR[2]. DR is a technology that concerns power
consumption comfort and plans the operation of user-side loads via different methods and strategies, while users can
change their power consumption habbits, thus consumers can save electricity bills and peak-valley difference is
reduced or social benefits are maximized.
Right now, demand response technology for family load dispatch has been discussed at home and abroad. It has
been pointed out in [3] that a smart home energy management system is presented based on an intelligent electric two-
way interaction technology, aiming at DR that residential users participate in and for satisfying power consumption
comfort. A issue is discussed in [4] that on the basis of spot price combined with price consumers can plan and
administrate loads beforehand to predict power prices in a short period in the future. A novel appliance commitment
algorithm is presented in [5] that Lu Ning and some other people controlled and planned loads at home using EWH
as an example. A dynamical physical model on Heater and a random hot water use statistical model are established.
These models are utilized to predict the operation status in a planning cycle. User comforts are restricted to a series of
constraints, thus creating a linear continuous optimization problem in general. Existing literatures classify home
equipments into four types, 1) Temperature control load; 2) Specified end time load; 3) The load that must be switched
in a certain time; 4) Commercial loads, researches on loads of different types. It has been considered in [6] that load
types that can be interrupted. For those loads which don’t have requests of energy consumption, a negative efficiency
function model is established to express users’ dissatisfaction [7-8].
Based on the above analysis, there are still some disadvantages in the research on the demand response of household
loads[10-14], such as 1) the equipment model description is too rough, or the simulation example has a single device
type, which cannot effectively simulate the actual electricity consumption in the home and make the model too simple
and idealized, or the chaos of classification will further influence the optimization strategy as well as the practicality
and scalability of the algorithm. 2) The number of types of demand response and the number of devices are large.
When considering user behaviors or power consumption habits, and optimizing strategies that take into account
multiple goals such as user comfort and economy, the algorithms used are often limited and often unavailable or
difficult to get a satisfactory solution. This paper first proposes a home load classification and modeling method based
on feature combination. Based on this, it proposes a home load demand response optimization algorithm considering
economic cost and comfort cost, and presents a corresponding improved genetic algorithm solution process.

2. Establishments of household electrical equipment

2.1. basic models of equipment

In the process of demand response, an optimized

interval (for example,24 hours) is chosen, we can choose
corresponding optimized steps according to the time zone,
indicating as T  [1, 2, , i, , T ] . Supposed that all
electrical equipments inside users’ homes are A,
equipment n is identified as An. Under actual
circumstances, the equipment runs a whole working
process which needs a time period of t , a household
electric appliance shows in Fig.1 that after discrete
equivalents, a household electric appliance is shown in
Fig.1.
From the figure above, the time step chosen is 15
minutes, namely t =1/4 h ， T=96.A whole working Fig. 1 Figure Title in English
process needs 7 t s, namely I=7. This period is considered
3990 Bowei Sun et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3988–3993
Bowei Sun, Xiangyu Kong, Zhang Fang, Ye Li, Yanan Qiao, Qun Yang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

as a single virtual device, noted as I=[1, 2,.., i,…I]. Each virtual device works an optimized time step. A binary code
(0 or 1) is used to illustrate the operation status of eve
 Xi [ xi1 ,xi2 , , xit , , xiT ] i  I (1)
In the equation (1), i illustrates the number of virtual devices, t in the upper hand corner is a number of the optimized
step size. x ti in the vector is 1, illustrating ith virtual equipment in tth time period is in an open position, or 0 illustrates
turning off. Right now, a basic model of the family household electric appliances has been set up by us with a set of
vectors or two-dimensional matrixes.
From the description above, this set of vectors needs to satisfy following constraints:
Firstly, every virtual equipment works only a time period of t , namely, only one element in the vector of every
virtual equipment can be 1,namely:
T

 x
t 1
t
i 1 i  I (2)

Secondly, as we describe a working process of an equipment, the working sequence is fixed, only one works in the
time period of t ,and the last virtual equipment has to work before its virtual equipment. For virtual equipment:
xit11 xit22 xt1 1,
xit22 1
, , i1 if i1  i2 ，then t1  t2 ，namely:
T
T
t
i 1
t 1 t 1
x  t   xit  t  1 i  I (3)

2.2. Characteristic models of controllable models

Because users’behaviors and habits and working principles vary from people to people, in the process, we have
different types of control modes and constraints. We can conclude load characteristics as: transferability, time
constraint property, interruptible property, and mode switchable, and so on.
(1) Transferability
The DR method gives some electrical equipments an order to work before or delay the original work plan. For
example, washing machines are supposed to work after dinner, but because the power price at this time of the year is
high, DR programs can finish the washing work advance the time period of afternoons, in order to lower the user
power cost, we can call this kind of loads has its transferability. For transferable intelligent appliances An, users can
define the ideal starting working time as tideal , the highest transferable is tm . Then An satisfies: if x ti =1, then
t  tideal  tm (4)
(2) Time constraint characteristic
For some equipments, users hope to finish their work in a specific time, users hope to set parameters at the DR
controllable terminal beforehand, for this kind of working time artifitially limited, we can call it has a characteristic
of time limitation. We can use t s and te to illustrate time limited equipments, or we can have only one. For example,
motor cars, on weekdays, charging process has to be finished before the time when users go to work, in case of going
out in the second day, so for electrical cars, t s =18,(18:00, t =1 h)、te=8(the second day 8:00， t =1h)；For heaters,
users have to use showers before sleeping at night, the temperature in the heater has to arrive at the requested
temperature before users take shower, as to when the heater started to work. It depends on the power price of the
whole day from DR programs, distributed power supplies and automations of the internal household loads, it can’t be
defined by consumers, so for heaters we can only have te , t s doesn’t exist.
(3) Interruptible properties
Working process of some equipment can be interrupted for a while and started to work, we can call them require
a characteristic of interruptible properties. For this kind of equipment (such as electrical vehicles、heaters, be
expressed as noff max . According to the characteristic of equipment and users’ willing, the maximum turning off time
as toff max can be set, and in a working process we can allow the maximum turning off time noff max , namely：
 Bowei Sun et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3988–3993 3991
4 Bowei Sun, Xiangyu Kong, Fang Zhang, Ye Li, Yanan Qiao, Qun Yang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

toff  toff max

(5)
noff  noff max
If interruptable equipments have limits on working time, then:
toff  te  ts  I (6)
Corresponding equipments such as washing machines, once started to work we can’t interrupt them, or work
can’t be finished on time. For those equipments which can’t be interrupted to work cycle, we need to put toff and noff
two parameters to zero.
(4) mode switching characteristics
Intelligence of electric vehicles is that there are various intelligent modes for users to choose, different modes
bring intelligent switching power shift. For example, washing machines wash different texture、weight cloths of
materials, different modes can be chosen；air purifiers can be aimed at different air qualities. If equipment An consists
of operating modes that include n types, we can use vector k n  1, , kn , , Kn  to describe, we can define its

corresponding energy consumption as e n   en,1 ,  , en, kn , , en, Kn  , namely en, kn showed energy consumption
equipment An runs in the mode of kn ，namely en, kn indicates that the energy consumption equipment An caused in
the mode of kn .

3. Issue of family energy management planning

3.1. measurements of users’ satisfactions

Satisfaction costs of consumption time are changed, different methods of control methods will make working
conditions hurt users’ satisfactions more or less. Thus the actual working conditions will more or less hurt users’
comforts. With the characteristics of transferrable load characteristics, if the ideal using time of An is tideal , the
expression of satisfaction is shown in equation (7):
1  exp( n1 (t  tideal ) 2 ) if t  tideal
ctra [t ]   (7)
1  exp( n (t  tideal ) ) if t  tideal
2 2

In the equation,  n1 and  n2 are constant coefficients, in order to evaluate putting off or how harmful using this kind
of equipment is when advanced using. For equipment that have characteristics of mode switching characteristics, if
the ideal working mode of the equipment An is kideal , then the costs of satisfaction are shown as follow:
1  exp( n1 ( k  kideal ) 2 ) if k  kideal
cmod [t ]   (8)
1  exp( n (k  kideal ) ) if k  kideal
2 2

In the equation,  n1 and  n2 are constant coefficients, in order to measure for saving electrical costs how operation
modes are changed to harm users’ satisfactions. For the characteristics of time limitation, on one hand, we have to
consider that once users finish their work on time, users’ comforts will not be harmed. On the other hand, consumers
can assure comforts by minimizing allowed working sections. Similarly, for interruptible characteristics and
consequent characteristics, on one hand, we consider as long as we finish the work on time, satisfactions of the
consumers will not be harmed. On the other hand, satisfactions of the users can be ensured by minimizing maximum
turn off time and times or index allowable ranges.

3.2. Objective function

Through the establishment of the internal household equipment model and the development of the comfort index,
the objective function of the household load plan is as follows:
N T
min Ctotal   (1c1n [t ]  2 cn2 [t ]) (9)
n 1 t 1

3992 Bowei Sun et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3988–3993
Bowei Sun, Xiangyu Kong, Zhang Fang, Ye Li, Yanan Qiao, Qun Yang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

where c1n [t ] is the user's economic cost; and cn2 [t ] is the cost of satisfaction for the user, according to the
description of the previous section; Similarly, the constant coefficient 1 and 2 in the objective function are the
weight coefficient between the economic cost and the comfort cost, and 1 + 2 =1.Standing on the user's position for
the user service, DR program will set a series of program mode, from the emphasis on "money-saving mode" to the
"balanced model" ,which takes the economy and comfort into account, finally to the "Comfortable mode" focusing on
comfort. So a variety of modes are available for users to choose. The user can set the next optimization cycle mode
before each optimization cycle begins, enabling a more "flexible, interactive" smart power approach.

3.3. Household energy management optimization algorithm

Start
In this paper, a family load optimization scheduling
Update the population
algorithm based on the improved genetic algorithm is Get the price of the
previous ladder
proposed, and is improved mainly in the following Lethal gene present
No

aspects: 1) to keep the optimal individuals in each Forecast the basic load of residents
and output of the photovoltaic
in the population

generation not to participate in the subsequent crossover output Yes

Repair the
and mutation; 2)Add the treatment of lethal (not satisfied Read the home device lethal gene
information
with the constraints) gene, for a small number of genes, to Calculate the fitness of individuals
use penalty function method to avoid the next generation Identify device properties in the population

of genetic process, for a large number of lethal genes Initialize the population and set the
(mostly in the indicators with continuous characteristics genetic parameters
Select

of the load) , to use effective gene replacement method, so Reach the maximum No Cross
Keep the best individual in
the population
that the number of populations can be preserved; 3) in genetic algebra

order to avoid falling into the local optimal solution, to Yes Variation
Output optimization results
gradually increase the probability of mutation. The flow
chart of the family demand response optimization End
Update the
mutation rate
algorithm proposed is shown in Fig 2.
Fig.2 Home load planning based on genetic algorithms
4. Case study

The simulation experiment is carried out by using the electricity data of a smart cell. The data is obtained by
measuring the power consumption once every minute for the smart electricity home in the cell. In addition to including
the user information and the total amount of peak and valley power, the data also includes the information(including
the type of home appliances, power and the using time) collected by three intelligent meters(corresponding to kitchen,
laundry, living room and bedroom). TOU environments are the environmental basis of this research, its power prices
consist of valley time, flat time and peak time. Specific time intervals are divided in Table 1.

Table.1 TOU electricity prices in Guangdong province

Power price types Power price time intervals rate/(Yuan/KW·h)

Valley time 0:00—7:00, 22:00—24:00 0.208
Flat time 7:00—11:00, 14:00—18:00 0.52

Peak time 11:00—14:00, 18:00—19:00, 21:00—22:00 0.832

On different working conditions, besides different power consumption habits and operating parameters of different
equipment, roles of different equipment vary. For example, electrical cars, on weekdays, in order to be used on the
second day, charging missions have to complete before going out in the morning, now electrical cars are used as an
electrical equipment to participate in family load planning plans; on weekends, there are no missions for electrical
cars to go out on the second day, energy storage can work as electrical equipment to participate in household internal
equipment. For heaters, on weekdays, because of going to work, consumers don’t have requests of heater usage. We
only have to heat the water to a specific level, regardless of its characteristics of continuous indicators; on weekends,
because consumers need to use hot water from time to time, it is necessary to estimate the hot water consumption of
 Bowei Sun et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3988–3993 3993
6 Bowei Sun, Xiangyu Kong, Fang Zhang, Ye Li, Yanan Qiao, Qun Yang / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

users and take into account the effects of cold water entering the water heater and natural cooling.. Simulation is
shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4. It is evident that to ensure users’ satisfactions, power costs can be reduced by 30%.

Fig.3 Optimization results in weekday family loads Fig.4 Total optimization results in weekday family total load curves

5. Conclusions

A method about classifications and modelings based on characteristic combinations are presented. It is discussed
that family electrical method and the structure focuses on power costs and comforts, optimized algorithms based on
genetic algorithms are discussed in the conversation, the simulation proves that models and algorithms in this paper
have a remarkable effect in reducing the costs of power consumption.
Although some work has been done in the field of classifications and modelings of loads in home energy
management systems, some problems still exists. (1)It is considered in this article that user satisfactions and
consumption costs should be taken into account, yet the other goals including environmental problems and the life of
appliances are ignored.(2)Only one user is included in the article, yet several users should be considered in the field
of the security and stability of the grid. The work will make progress when the problems above are considered.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Project Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of
China (2016YFB0901104).

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