Merican Ational Tandard: ANSI/ASSE Z117.1-2009 Safety Requirements For Confined Spaces

ANSI/ASSE Z117.
1-2009
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ANSI/ASSE Z117.1-2009
Safety Requirements
for Confined Spaces
ANSI/ASSE Z117.1-2009
A S
S E
The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources believed
to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI
accredited Z117 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the
correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication
of this standard, ASSE or the Z117 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these
recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property.
ANSI®
ANSI Z117.1 – 2009
American National Standard
Safety Requirements
for Confined Spaces
Secretariat
American Society of Safety Engineers

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187
Approved July 27, 2009
Effective November 2, 2009
American National Standards Institute, Inc.

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Published August 2009 by:
American Society of Safety Engineers

1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187
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Copyright ©2009 by American Society of Safety Engineers

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Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard Z117.1 – 2009.)
This standard was developed by an American National Standards Committee, national in scope,
functioning under the procedures of the American National Standards Institute with the American Society
of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as Secretariat. This standard provides minimum safety requirements to be
followed while entering, exiting and working in confined spaces at normal atmospheric pressure.
It is intended that the procedures and performance requirements detailed herein will be adopted by every
employer whose operations fall within the scope and purpose of the standard.
Neither the standards committee, nor the secretariat, feel that this standard is perfect or in its ultimate
form. It is recognized that new developments are to be expected, and that revisions of the standard will
be necessary as the art progresses and further experience is gained. It is felt, however, that uniform
requirements are very much needed and that the standard in its present form provides for the minimum
performance requirements necessary in developing and implementing a comprehensive confined space
program for the protection of personnel.
In 1993 OSHA estimated that 238,000 establishments had permit required confined spaces. These
establishments employed approximately 1.6 million workers, including contractors, who entered 4.8
million permit-required confined spaces annually. OSHA further estimated that 63 fatalities and 13,000
lost workdays and non-lost workday cases involving confined spaces entry occurred annually.
OSHA and NIOSH data during the period 1980-1993 indicates atmospheric conditions were the leading
cause of death associated with confined space entry. The data indicates that oxygen deficiency,
hydrogen sulfide, methane, and inert gases ranked as the leading specific atmospheric hazardous
conditions. Engulfment was found to be second in terms of occurrence. Mechanical asphyxiation from
loose materials such as grain, agricultural products, sand, cement, and gravel was dominant. Evidence
suggests that the cause of death associated with confined space entry has not changed appreciably
during recent years.
During revision of the 2003 version of the standard, the Z117 ASC reviewed current data and information
addressing confined space incidents. A review of 200 confined space fatality cases from the Federal
OSHA database occurring between 1993 and 2004 confirms that the distribution of causes has not
changed to any significant degree. Approximately 65% of incidents with fatalities involved atmospheric
contamination. Engulfment accounted for less than 10% of the identified causes.
It should be understood that the fatality cases in this sampling do not represent all U.S. confined space
incidents resulting in fatalities. The mining, agriculture, and maritime sectors as well as various states with
their own primary jurisdiction for safety and health enforcement are likely to be the source of many more
cases not discussed within the Foreword of the Z117.1 Standard. Upon review of this data, much remains
to be done, particularly in regards to verification of atmospheres for entrants prior to and during confined
space activity.
The Z117 Committee acknowledges the critical role of design in influencing the safe entry of confined
spaces. The failure to incorporate safety during the design process and overlooked design deficiencies
can often increase the risk for entrants: examples are (1) means of entry (portals, hatchways, etc.) which
are too small, improperly located, or that complicate/inhibit escape; (2) spaces which are convoluted,
unnecessarily obstructed, or hazardously configured; (3) internal clearances which are too tight for safe
passage; (4) space penetration distances which are excessive without alternative means of access or
escape; (5) absence of appropriate devices to isolate all energy sources from the space; (6) no provision
for vessel mechanisms/devices to prevent loose materials from bridging, compacting, etc. (7) lack of
features that would enhance space ventilation effectiveness; (8) structural weaknesses in walls, floors,
ceilings, or pipes containing gases, liquids, or steam, or which increase hazard risk to entrants while
working or coming in contact with stated structures in confined spaces; (9) absence of anchor points for
retrieval devices.
The standard does not attempt to address these issues. It is believed they are best dealt with by the
purchaser, employer, or owner during a project's design, acquisition, or construction. However, it is
recommended that designers, manufacturers, and users make confined space design issues a priority
when new or modified machinery, equipment, processes or facilities are contemplated.
For existing confined spaces, which have recognized design deficiencies, it should be the responsibility of
those authorizing entry to either:
• modify or correct the deficiencies when possible, or
• employ alternate means to accomplish the work without exposing personnel, or
• develop and implement specific safe entry procedures for each confined space, or
• dismantle, open, remove, etc. the equipment/process rather than enter if the risk is deemed
unacceptable.
The Z117 Committee solicits public input that may suggest revisions to the Standard. Such input should
be sent to the Secretariat, American Society of Safety Engineers, 1800 East Oakton Street, Des Plaines,
IL 60018-2187.
This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards
Committee on Confined Spaces Z117. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply
that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved that standard, the Z117
Committee had the following members:
Edward V. Grund, CSP, P.E., Chair

Terry Krug, CIH, CSP, Vice-Chair
Timothy R. Fisher, CSP, CHMM, ARM, CPEA, Secretary
Jennie Dalesandro, Administrative Technical Support
Organization Represented Name of Representative
Alcoa, Inc. Paul T. Woerz

Aluminum Association Mark Eliopulos
American Association of Occupational Health Carol A. Santee, RN, COHN-S, CCM
Nurses, Inc. Dean Burgess
American Industrial Hygiene Association Terry Krug, CIH, CSP
Neil McManus, MS, CIH, ROH, CSP
American Petroleum Institute Scott Wozniak, P.E.
Kendall C. Crawford, P.E., CSP
American Society of Safety Engineers Edward V. Grund, CSP, P.E.
Linda Moquet
American Welding Society Gus Manz
Stephen Hedrick
Bayer MaterialScience LLC Terry Ketchum
Beacon Safety Consulting, LLC Ronald Miller, CSP
Beer Institute, The Lester Jones
Bret M. Clausen Bret M. Clausen, CIH, CSP, CHMM,
CHCM, ARM
Edison Electric Institute Janet Fox
Charles J. Kelly
Ellis Fall Safety Solutions, LLC Dr. J. Nigel Ellis, P.E., CSP, CPE
John Whitty, P.E.
FIRECON R. Craig Schroll, CSP
Hartford Steam Boiler Timothy C. Healey
Jerome Kucharski
International Safety Equipment Association Janice C. Bradley, CSP
Cristine Z. Fargo
LJB, Inc. Craig J. Galecka, P.E., CSP
Thomas Kramer, P.E., CSP
MRE Consulting Michael R. Roop
McCulley, Eastham & Associates L. Todd Eastham, CSHM, CIHM,
RIHT, WSO-CSM
Matt McCulley, ASP
Mine Safety Appliances Company Bob Apel
Rebecca Schulz
National Fire Protection Association Guy R. Colonna, P.E.
David Trebisacci, CSP
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health Stephen Berardinelli, Jr., MS, CIH
Virgil Casini
National Stone, Sand & Gravel Association Ron McHaney, CSP
Michelle Copeland, CIH
Property Casualty Insurers Association of America Charles Boone, CIH
Derek Boyd
Safe Tran, LLC Daniel John O’Connell, CHST, REA
Ana Isabel Garcia
Safety Management Inc. Dennis R. Howard
Safety Through Engineering Mike C. Wright, P.E., CPE, CSP
Moniqua Suits
San Diego, City of Joe Wong
Shell Chemical LP Lloyd Schexnayder
Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators Association Wilson Frazier, CSP, CUSA
Randy Hynek
United Automobile Workers of America Mike Lee
Sherrod Elledge
U.S. Department of Labor - OSHA Sherman Williamson
William B. Zettler
U.S. Department of the Navy Douglas L. Craddock
Lyrita E. Gochenouer
Westar Energy, Inc. Patrick E. Bush, CUSA
Randy Bickford, CUSA
Contents SECTION................................................................................................ PAGE
1. General................................................................................................ 10
1.1 Scope.......................................................................................... 10
1.2 Exceptions .................................................................................. 10
1.3 Purpose ...................................................................................... 10
1.4 Application .................................................................................. 10
2. Definitions............................................................................................ 10
3. Identification and Evaluation................................................................ 15
3.1 Confined Space Survey .............................................................. 15
3.2 Hazard Identification ................................................................... 15
3.3 Hazard Evaluation ...................................................................... 16
3.4 Confined Space Classification .................................................... 17
3.5 Hazard Re-Evaluation................................................................. 18
3.6 Written Program.......................................................................... 18
4. Non-Permit Confined Spaces (NPCS)................................................. 18
4.1 Controls ...................................................................................... 18
4.2 Training....................................................................................... 19
4.3 Re-Evaluation ............................................................................. 19
4.4 Atmospheric Testing ................................................................... 19
5. Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS) ......................................... 19
5.1 Entry Permits .............................................................................. 19
5.2 Permit Implementation................................................................ 20
5.3 Duration of Permits ..................................................................... 20
5.4 Revoking Permits........................................................................ 20
5.5 Changing Work Conditions ......................................................... 21
6. Atmospheric Testing............................................................................ 21
6.1 General Criteria .......................................................................... 21
6.2 Testing Considerations ............................................................... 23
6.3 Acceptable Limits........................................................................ 24
7. Entry Team .......................................................................................... 25
7.1 Attendant .................................................................................... 25
7.2 Entrant ........................................................................................ 26
7.3 Attendant(s)/Entrant(s) Communication ..................................... 27
7.4 Entry Supervisor/Leader ............................................................. 27
8. Isolation and Lockout/Tagout .............................................................. 28
8.1 General ....................................................................................... 28
8.2 Isolation ...................................................................................... 28
8.3 Lockout/Tagout ........................................................................... 30
9. Ventilation............................................................................................ 30
9.1 Requirements ............................................................................. 30
10. Cleaning/Decontamination .................................................................. 31
11. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)................................................. 32
11.1 General ....................................................................................... 32
11.2 Selection ..................................................................................... 32
11.3 Inspection ................................................................................... 34
12. Auxiliary Equipment............................................................................. 35
12.1 Entry and Exit ............................................................................. 35
12.2 Retrieval Equipment ................................................................... 35
12.3 Fall Prevention............................................................................ 35
12.4 Electrical Equipment ................................................................... 36
13. Warning Signs and Symbols ............................................................... 36
13.1 Identification................................................................................ 36
14. Emergency Response, Evacuation, and Rescue ................................ 36
14.1 Emergency Response Plan ........................................................ 36
14.2 Atmospheric Monitoring .............................................................. 38
14.3 Respiratory Protection Equipment .............................................. 38
14.4 Rescue Equipment Inspection ..................................................... 38
15. Training................................................................................................ 38
15.1 General Requirements................................................................ 38
15.2 Training for Atmospheric Monitoring Personnel.......................... 39
15.3 Training for Attendants ............................................................... 40
15.4 Training for Emergency Response Personnel ............................ 40
15.5 Verification of Training ................................................................ 41
16. Medical Suitability................................................................................ 42
17. Contractors .......................................................................................... 42
17.1 Hazard Appraisal ........................................................................ 42
17.2 Identification of Rescue Responder............................................ 43
17.3 Permit System ............................................................................ 43
17.4 Coordination ............................................................................... 44
17.5 Ongoing Dialogue ....................................................................... 44
Appendices:
Appendix A Logic Diagram for Confined Space Entry.............................. 45

Appendix B References............................................................................ 46
Appendix C Examples of Confined Space Surveys and Permits ............. 52
Explanation of Standard
American National Standard Z117.1 uses a two-column format to provide both specific requirements and
supporting information.
The left column, designated "Standard Requirements," is confined solely to these requirements. The right
column, designated "Explanatory Information," contains only information that is intended to clarify the
standard. This column is not a part of the standard.
Operating rules (safe practices) are not included in either column, unless they are of such a nature as to
be vital safety requirements, equal in weight to other requirements, or guides to assist in compliance with
the standard.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z117.1 – 2009
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z117.1

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR CONFINED SPACES
STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

(Not part of
American National Standard Z117.1)
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope. This standard provides E1.1 The scope of this standard does
minimum safety requirements to be followed not address confined space design issues.
while entering, exiting and working in Please see the Foreword of this standard for
confined spaces at normal atmospheric additional general information addressing
pressure. confined space design.
1.2 Exceptions. This standard does

not pertain to underground mining,
tunneling, caisson work, intentionally inert
confined spaces, or other similar tasks that
have established national consensus
standards.
1.3 Purpose. The purpose of this E1.3 This standard is a performance

standard is to establish minimum standard and, as such, is not intended to
requirements and procedures for the safety replace existing specific standards and
and health of employees who work in, and in procedures, but rather to support those that
connection with, confined spaces. meet the performance objectives defined in
this standard.
1.4 Application. This standard is

designed for voluntary application
immediately upon approval as an American
National Standard.
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Attendant. Person assigned to

monitor a confined space process or
operation and provide support or react as
required for the safety of the entrants.
2.2 Biological Hazards. Microbial E2.2 Microorganisms may cause toxic

agents presenting a risk or potential risk to release or an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
the well-being of humans through inhalation, Biological hazards may include, but are not
ingestion, skin absorption, or injection. limited to: infectious or parasitic agents;
microorganisms such as some fungi, mold,
yeasts and algae; plants and plant products,
and animals and animal products, which
cause occupational disease.
10
2.3 Blinding/Blanking. Inserting a E2.3 A blank is designed as a flat plate

solid barrier across the open end of a pipe, between two flanges typically inside the
or in between two flanges, leading into or flange bolt pattern (ASME B31.3 Paragraph
out of the confined space, and securing the 304.5.3). The blank must be sized for full
barrier in such a way to prevent leakage of design pressure (maximum non-shock
material into the confined space. pressure rating) of the line.
A blind is designed as a bolted flat plate,

which can be used to terminate a pipe line
(ASME B31.3 paragraph 304.5.2b). When a
blind is required, use the geometry specified
in ANSI/ASME B16.5.
2.4 Confined Space. Enclosed area E2.4 Examples of confined spaces

large enough and configured to allow a include but are not limited to tanks, silos,
person to bodily enter and has the following vessels, pits, sewers, pipelines, boilers,
characteristics: septic tanks, utility vaults, tank cars and
other mobile containers.
• Its primary function is other
than human occupancy. Temporary structures may meet the criteria
of this definition.
• Has restricted entry and exit.
(Restricted entry and exit is a Tanks and other structures being
physical configuration, which constructed may or may not be considered
requires the use of the hands confined spaces until completely closed.
for support or contortion of the
body to enter into or exit from a
confined space.)
2.5 Double Block and Bleed. A E2.5 Bleed means that pressure will
method used to isolate a confined space vent and not build against the secondary
from a line, duct or pipe by physically valve while material coming out the bleeder
closing two main valves on a piping system, will indicate leakage past the primary block
and opening a "vented-to-atmosphere" valve valve and the need for remedial action.
between them.
2.6 Emergency. Any occurrence

inside or outside of the confined space that
could endanger the entry team.
2.7 Engulfment. The surrounding and

effective capture of a person by a liquid or
flowable solid substance.
2.8 Entrant. A person who enters a

confined space to perform an assigned task.
2.9 Entry. Ingress by persons into a

confined space, which occurs upon breaking
the plane of the confined space portal with
11
any part of the body. Entry includes all

periods of time in which the confined space
is occupied.
2.10 Entry Supervisor/Leader. An

individual who has been assigned the
responsibility for directing all aspects of the
confined space entry.
2.11 Evacuation. An unaided emer- E2.11 This is referred to in OSHA 29

gency exit out of a confined space. This CFR 1910.146 as self-rescue.
action may result from the entrant’s own
decision or by a command from outside the
space.
2.12 Hazard. A condition or changing E2.12 Examples are materials that cause
set of circumstances that presents a oxygen deficiency/enrichment, flammability,
potential for injury, illness, death, or property toxicity, corrosivity, stored product, chemical
damage. The potential or inherent and mechanical energy.
characteristics of an activity, condition, or
circumstance, which can produce adverse
or harmful consequences.
2.13 Hazardous Atmosphere. An

atmosphere that may be, or is injurious to
occupants by reason of: oxygen deficiency
or enrichment; flammability or explosivity; or
toxicity.
2.14 Horizontal Rescue. Methodology

to move the entrant to safety while the
entrant’s weight is supported by the surface
of the space’s floor or other horizontal level
within the space.
2.15 Hot Work. Work that produces E2.15 Hot work may include such things
arcs, sparks, flames, heat, or other sources as electric arc and gas welding, chipping,
of ignition. flaming, grinding, gas cutting, brazing,
soldering, etc. (Appendix D of ANSI/AWS
Z49.1 lists more than 90 welding and allied
processes that qualify as hot work). Hot
work activities may produce contaminants or
toxic materials.
2.16 Isolation. A process of physically

interrupting, or disconnecting, or both, pipes,
lines and energy sources from the confined
space.
2.17 LEL/LFL and UEL/UFL. Abbre- E2.17 The NFPA publication, Fire
viation for lower explosive limit/lower Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials,
12
flammable limit and upper explosive defines these as follows:

limit/upper flammable limit.
In the cases of gases or vapors which form
flammable mixtures with air or oxygen, there
is a minimum concentration of vapor-in-air
or vapor-in-oxygen below which propagation
of flame does not occur on contact with a
source of ignition. There is also a maximum
proportion of vapor or gas in air above
which flame propagation does not occur.
These boundary-line mixtures of vapor or
gas with air, which if ignited will just
propagate flame are known as the 'lower
and upper flammable or explosive limits',
and are usually expressed in terms of
percentage by volume of gas or vapor in air.
No attempt is made to differentiate between
the terms 'flammable' and 'explosive' as
applied to the lower and upper limits of
flammability.
2.18 Lockout/Tagout. The placement E2.18 For more information regarding

of a lock/tag on the energy isolating device lockout/tagout, refer to ANSI/ASSE Z244.1,
in accordance with an established Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/
procedure, indicating that energy isolating Tagout and Alternative Methods. For U.S.
device shall not be operated until removal of federal regulatory requirements see OSHA
the lock/tag in accordance with an 29 CFR 1910.147.
established procedure. (The term lockout/
tagout allows the use of a lockout device, a
tag, or a combination of both.)
2.19 Non-Permit Confined Space

(NPCS). A space, which, by configuration,
meets the definition of a confined space but
which, after evaluaion is unlikely to have
potential hazards or has the hazards
eliminated by engineering controls.
2.20 Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere.

An atmosphere containing less than 19.5%
oxygen by volume.
2.21 Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere.

An atmosphere containing more than 23.5%
oxygen by volume.
2.22 Permissible Exposure Limit E2.22 OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z,

(PEL). PELs are the allowable air Toxic and Hazardous Substances. (Note:
contaminant level established by the U.S. Care should be exercised when using dated
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety PEL criteria.)
and Health Administration.
13
2.23 Permit Required Confined Space

(PRCS). A confined space, which after
evaluation, is found to contain actual or
potential serious hazards. Because of the
severity of the hazards, the confined space
requires written authorization for entry.
2.24 Permit System. A written

procedure for preparing and issuing
authorization (permits) for entry and for
returning the permit required confined space
PRCS to service following termination of
entry.
2.25 Qualified Person A person, who

by reason of training, education and
experience is knowledgeable in the
operation to be performed and is competent
to judge the hazards involved and specify
controls and/or protective measures.
2.26 Rescue. Assistance in exiting the

confined space requiring entry by the
rescuer(s).
2.27 Retrieval. Assistance in exiting the

confined space not requiring entry.
2.28 Serious Hazards. Conditions

which may cause death, temporary or
permanent impairment, functional disorder,
or an inability to exit the space.
2.29 Shall. Denotes a mandatory

requirement.
2.30 Should. A recommendation that is

a sound safety and health practice; it does
not denote a mandatory requirement.
2.31 Threshold Limit Value (TLV®). A

Threshold Limit Value or TLV® is the
recommended worker exposure level of
chemical and physical agents recommended
by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH). This is a registered trademark of
the ACGIH.
2.32 Toxic Atmosphere. An atmos- E2.32 Resources to assist in determining
14
phere containing a concentration of a acceptable levels of air contaminants

substance above the published or otherwise include, but are not limited to the most
known acceptable levels. current editions of:
The American Conference of Governmental

Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values
and Biological Exposure Indices.
In-house standards and vendor material

safety data sheets (MSDS).
NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
AIHA, Workplace Environmental Exposure

Levels (WEEL) Guide
OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and

Hazardous Substances
2.33 Vertical Rescue. Methodology to

move the entrant to safety while all or a
portion of the entrant’s weight is supported
by life-safety rope or wire. This methodology
would include diagonal rescue where a
portion of the entrant’s weight is supported
by a surface within the space.
3. IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUA-

TION
3.1 Confined Space Survey. A E3.1 The purpose of the survey is to

qualified person shall conduct an initial develop an inventory of those locations or
survey of the premises or operations, or equipment, or both, which meet the
both to identify confined spaces as defined definition of a confined space so that
by this standard. A process shall be personnel may be made aware of them and
established to identify the addition or appropriate procedures developed for each
deletion of confined spaces to keep the prior to entry.
documented inventory current.
3.2 Hazard Identification. Confined E3.2 Confined spaces can become

spaces shall be considered hazardous until unsafe as a result of: 1) possible
determined to be otherwise. Hazards shall atmospheric contamination by toxic or
be identified for each confined space prior to flammable vapors, or oxygen deficiency or
entry. The hazard identification process excess; 2) possible physical hazards; 3) the
shall be conducted by a qualified person possibility of liquids, gases, or solids being
and include, but not be limited to, a review introduced to the space during occupancy;
of the following: 4) the isolation of occupants from rescue
personnel; 5) presence of radiation sources.
3.2.1 The past and current uses of the E3.2.1 Review MSDS(s) to determine
confined space which may adversely affect compatibility of current and previous
15
the atmosphere of the confined space. contents. Be aware of protective coatings,

which could trap materials or residue that
may decompose or react with cleaning
agents or heat (from welding or flame
cutting); and/or exhaust gases from engine
powered equipment in or positioned outside
the confined space.
3.2.2 The physical characteristics, E3.2.2 The means of entry and exit, and
configuration, and location of the confined the hazards posed by adjacent spaces and
space. operations should be reviewed.
3.2.3 Existing or potential atmospheric E3.2.3 Examples of reference sources

hazards, such as: which should be consulted to determine
accepted exposure limits for toxic materials
• Oxygen deficient or enriched are: ACGIH, Threshold Limit Values,
atmosphere. NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards,
• Flammable/explosive AIHA, Workplace Environmental Exposure
atmosphere. Levels (WEEL) Guide, and Material Safety
• Toxic atmosphere. Data Sheets (MSDS) and current applicable
regulatory standards.
If there is no potential for a hazardous
atmosphere, the atmospheric testing may be
waived.
3.2.4 Biological hazards.
3.2.5 Mechanical hazards.
3.2.6 Physical hazards. E3.2.6 Examples include, but are not

limited to: electrical, thermal, radiological,
noise, engulfment, structural integrity, etc.
3.2.7 Chemical hazards.
3.3 Hazard Evaluation. Hazards

identified shall be evaluated by a qualified
person. Each hazard shall be examined with
respect to:
3.3.1 Scope of hazard exposure. E3.3.1 Consideration should be given to

how many, or which employees, or both, are
exposed or may be affected.
3.3.2 Magnitude of the hazard. E3.3.2 Consideration should be given to

how much energy may be released; how
toxic are the chemicals; quantity of materials
which could be inadvertently introduced, etc.
3.3.3 Likelihood of hazard occurrence. E3.3.3 Consideration should be given to

the probability for the hazard to occur.
16
3.3.4 Consequences of the hazard E3.3.4 Consideration should be given to

occurrence. the most likely outcome if the hazard
occurs, i.e. explosion, asphyxiation, etc.
3.3.5 Potential for changing conditions or E3.3.5 Examples of changes in

activities. conditions/activities are; introduction of hot
work or cleaning agents into the confined
space that were not previously identified.
The filling/emptying of an adjacent
compartment/tank is an example of changes
in adjacent spaces. Weather changes, such
as thunderstorms, (drop in barometric
pressure, lightning etc.) heat of the day
increasing vaporization and affecting
personnel (heat exhaustions) are examples
of changes in the environment which can
cause problems in confined spaces. The
hazard introduced by portable hand or
power tools should also be considered.
Introduction of exhaust contaminants from
internal combustion engines in or near the
space.
3.3.6 Strategies for controlling the E3.3.6 Hazards should be eliminated or

hazards. controlled to achieve an acceptable level of
risk prior to conducting confined space
entries. The following hierarchy of control
should be followed:
• Eliminate the hazard.

• Engineering controls (substitu-
tion, isolation, etc.).
• Administrative controls (work
practices, procedures, person-
nel assignments, etc.).
• Personal Protective Equip-
ment.
3.3.7 Impact on the need for emergency E3.3.7 Physical conditions that could
response. hinder emergency rescue may include:
manway or manhole size, scaffolding or
pipe structures, or other obstructions. These
special needs should be addressed in
assessment for emergency response.
3.4 Confined Space Classification.

Based on the evaluation of the hazards, a
qualified person shall classify the confined
space as either a permit-required confined
17
space (PRCS) or non-permit confined space

(NPCS). All PRCS shall be identified per
Section 13. All confined spaces shall be
treated as permit spaces until determined to
be otherwise.
3.5 Hazard Re-Evaluation. A qualified

person(s) shall determine the need for
periodic identification and re-evaluation of
the hazards based on possible changes in
activities in the space, or other physical or
environmental conditions, or both, which
could adversely affect the space. When the
need is determined, a qualified person(s)
shall conduct the identification and re-
evaluation process.
3.6 Written Program. If the employer E3.6 The written entry program should
determines that employees will enter include how the key items of this standard
confined spaces, the employer shall develop will be implemented and who is responsible
and implement a written confined space for their execution. Since employers are
entry program. The program shall contain a ultimately responsible for implementation of
requirement for a periodic written per- this standard, management should use the
formance assessment of the requirements method identified for correcting deficiencies
of this standard. An established method, identified during the performance
with action steps and assigned assessments as a fundamental tool for
responsibility, shall be specified for enforcing the requirements of this standard.
correcting deficiencies identified by the Frequency of performance assessment
performance assessment. should be governed by the identified need
for improvement.
3.6.1 The written program shall include a E3.6.1 Procedures that are intended to
requirement to develop specific entry assist in the evaluation of the space are not
procedures for permit required confined a substitute for pre-entry evaluation.
spaces identified during the survey.
Procedures shall identify known hazards as
well as the actions required to eliminate or
control those hazards. Where spaces are
identical with respect to hazards and
required control actions a single procedure
to cover these like spaces is acceptable.
4. NON – PERMIT CONFINED

SPACES (NPCS)
4.1 Controls. The employer shall

specify what conditions and precautions
must be in place to allow for safe entry and
what would constitute a change in
conditions, which would require a re-
evaluation of the confined space. Sections 7
18
through 17 of this standard shall be

considered for NPCS entries to determine
their relevance for safe entry.
4.2 Training. Initial and follow-up E4.2 For more information about
training shall be conducted as needed to general training issues, refer to ANSI/ASSE
maintain competence in entry procedures Z490.1, Accepted Practices in Safety,
and precautions. Health, and Environmental Training.
4.3 Re-Evaluation. NPCS's shall be

periodically re-evaluated to assure proper
classification.
4.3.1 Any change of conditions in the E4.3.1 Any change in conditions such as,
space which introduces new hazards to the but not limited to, atmospheric conditions
space, shall require an immediate re- while in the space may trigger evacuation or
evaluation of the space before entry. removal of personnel and re-evaluation of
the space.
4.4 Atmospheric Testing. A qualified E4.4 If atmospheric test results are not
person shall determine whether atmospheric within acceptable limits, this should indicate
testing is required. If testing indicates that the engineering controls are not
atmospheric levels are not within acceptable adequate or the potential for generation of
limits the entry shall not proceed. hazards is not as minimal as was initially
determined. Consequently, the confined
space would no longer be an NPCS.
5. PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED E5 This section provides the elements

SPACES (PRCS) of a permit system.
5.1 Entry Permits. A permit shall be E5.1 The intent of the permit system is
established for all PRCS entries. This to provide a systematic review for hazards,
document shall include: communicate this information to all those
involved and provide an approval process
for confined space entry.
5.1.1 The date of entry, the location of E5.1.1 Under certain conditions, it may be
entry, the names or identification of entrants necessary to document the entry and exiting
and type of work which will be conducted in of personnel and/or termination of entry.
the confined space.
5.1.2 The hazards to be controlled or

eliminated prior to proceeding with the entry.
5.1.3 Safety equipment required to

perform the job.
5.1.4 Safety precautions required to

perform the job.
5.1.5 The identification of the test
19
instrument, the type of atmospheric tests

required, and the results of those tests.
5.1.6 The type of equipment which will

be necessary for a rescue and how aid will
be summoned in the event of an
emergency.
5.1.7 A duration for the permit. E5.1.7 The duration of the permit should
not exceed the time needed to complete the
assigned work or one work shift, whichever
is less. A system can be established to
allow an original permit to be amended in
order to keep the permit current with entry
team members and their activities.
5.1.8 Space for approval authority.
5.2 Permit Implementation. Before

each entry, an entry permit as defined
above will be completed and signed by a
qualified person and the contents
communicated to the entrants, or posted, or
both.
5.3 Duration of Permits. For a permit

to remain in effect, the following must be
done before each re-entry into the confined
space:
5.3.1 Atmospheric tests results shall be

within acceptable limits per Section 6 of this
standard. If atmospheric test results are not
within acceptable limits, then precautions to
protect entrants against the hazards shall be
addressed on the permit.
5.3.2 A qualified person shall verify that

all precautions and other measures called
for on the permit are still in effect.
5.3.3 Only operations or work originally

approved on the permit shall be conducted
in the confined space.
5.4 Revoking Permits. When con-

ditions or work activities are outside the
limits specified on the permit, or could
introduce a hazard not addressed on the
original permit to the confined space, then
the permit shall be immediately revoked.
20
5.5 Changing Work Conditions. A E5.5 An example of this would be the

new permit shall be issued or the original decision to weld within a confined space
permit re-issued whenever changing work after approved work had already begun.
conditions or work activities introduce Consequently a hot work/welding permit
hazards into the confined space that were must be issued with hot work considered as
not addressed by the original permit. part of the evaluation for precautions on the
permit.
6. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
6.1 General Criteria. E6.1 This will generally include testing

for oxygen, combustible and toxic
atmospheres. It is recommended on a
vertical entry that remote probes be used to
test at various levels of the confined space.
Note: Atmospheric tests will normally be
conducted using direct reading real-time
equipment. The user should ensure that the
electronic test instrument indicates the
appropriate response in clean air, and the
order of the testing should be as follows
unless all are conducted simultaneously:
a) Oxygen
b) Flammability/combustibility
c) Toxicity
Entry team members should be afforded the

opportunity to observe space testing
(structural integrity, thermal, chemical, etc.),
atmospheric monitoring, and the results.
6.1.1 Requirements. Before entry into a E6.1.1 Different evaluation approaches

confined space, necessary testing shall be may be selected to evaluate each specific
conducted for hazardous atmospheres by a outcome mentioned in E6. These
qualified person. The qualified person shall approaches are described in Section 6.2.
possess the knowledge and skills to
understand the test instrument’s use, Testing equipment, accessories, and
limitations, and calibration procedures. The ventilation equipment used in hazardous
qualified person shall understand effective classified areas are listed, approved, or
monitoring techniques and have the ability certified for use in such areas. This listing,
to interpret results. approval, or certification shall be from
nationally recognized laboratories.
6.1.2 Initial testing of the atmospheric E6.1.2 Testing with the ventilation off
conditions shall be completed with the would closely represent the ambient
ventilation systems shut down. atmosphere inside a confined space in the
event of a ventilation system failure When
doing atmospheric evaluations the tester
needs to consider the characteristics of the
21
contaminants (e.g., vapor density), and the

potential for pooling or stratification.
Before the confined space cover is

removed, any known internal or external
conditions potentially exposing personnel to
hazards shall be addressed through
elimination, control of the hazard, or use of
appropriate PPE until the hazards can be
addressed.
6.1.3 Further testing shall be conducted E6.1.3 Testing with the ventilation on can
with ventilation turned on to ensure that the reveal problems such as the suction of
contaminants are removed and that the engine exhaust gases into the confined
ventilation system (makeup air, fan, duct) is space or where pneumatically powered
not a source of contamination. blowers or tools may bring contaminated air
or other gases into the confined space.
6.1.4 If the confined space is vacated, E6.1.4 Defining when re-testing may be
the qualified person shall determine the needed should be determined by a qualified
need for atmospheric retesting prior to re- person based on the hazard assessment
entry. described in the original permit.
6.1.5 Atmospheric testing may be E6.1.5 A documented hazard identifica-

waived by the qualified person for confined tion and evaluation study meeting the
spaces where it has been established requirements contained in Section 3.2
through a current formal hazard identifi- Hazard Identification and Section 3.3
cation and evaluation study that no Hazard Evaluation could be used to
atmospheric hazards exist. If, as a result of establish there are no atmospheric hazards
a current hazard evaluation, there is no resulting from conditions or work activities
potential for a hazardous atmosphere, the performed inside the space.
atmospheric testing may be waived by the
qualified person.
6.1.6 Instrument Reliability Verifica- E6.1.6 Various types of instrument

tion. Calibration of direct reading portable verification methods include the following:
atmospheric testing instruments shall be
conducted according to the manufacturer’s a) Function Check (bump test) –
recommendations, or more often if This involves the passing of a
necessary because of the instruments challenge gas source across the
usage to ensure accuracy is maintained. At sensor to produce a response so
a minimum, a function check (e.g., bump the user knows all sensors,
test or a practice meeting the manu- displays, and alarms are
facturer’s recommendations) shall be done functioning. Typically this is plus or
prior to each days use. minus 10-20% of desired sensor
value when a challenge gas is
applied. This is conducted as often
as necessary throughout the
testing period. If the instrument
has comparable sensor self-
testing features it meets the
22
requirements of Section 6.1.6 as a

function check (bump test).
b) Point Source Calibration

(sensor check) – A means of
verifying or adjusting calibration by
using a known traceable
concentration of a test gas to
demonstrate that an instrument
response to the test gas is within
the instrument manufacturer’s
allowable limits.
c) Full Span Calibration – Should

be done in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
NOTE: Use of very toxic

calibration gases such as, CL2 or
NO2 should be used in a well
ventilated area
d) For detector tube systems a

verification of volume capacity,
leakage, and tube shelf life date is
recommended per manufacturers
instruction.
6.1.6.1 An instrument maintenance record E6.1.6.1 The record should include date of
shall be maintained. purchase, sensor change schedule,
maintenance/repair, history, data logging,
and battery life.
6.2 Testing Considerations. Testing E6.2 Atmospheric testing for the

of confined spaces shall be conducted in a confined space should be based on the
manner that represents the atmosphere configuration and design of the space, the
throughout the confined space where physical and chemical characteristics of
entrants may be present. suspected contaminants that may be
encountered. Continuous monitoring should
be considered in situations when a worker is
present in a space where atmospheric
conditions have the potential to change.
Examples include broken or leaking pipe or
vessels, disturbance of existing materials,
the potential for adjacent work activities that
can create a hazardous environment or any
space that is not capable of being isolated.
When doing atmospheric evaluations the

tester needs to consider the characteristics
of the contaminants (e.g., vapor density),
23
and the potential for pooling or stratification.
6.2.1 Where personnel must enter the E6.2.1 Proper engineering controls, work
confined space to complete atmospheric practices, and personal protective
testing, the space shall be treated as PRCS. equipment (PPE) may be needed to
address the conditions that may be
encountered during testing.
6.3 Acceptable Limits.
6.3.1 The atmosphere of the confined

space shall be considered within acceptable
limits whenever the following conditions are
maintained:
6.3.1.1 Oxygen - 19.5% to 23.5%. E6.3.1.1 Any variation from normal

atmospheric oxygen conditions inside the
confined space as compared to outside the
confined space should be investigated.
6.3.1.2 Flammability less than or equal to E6.3.1.2 Any level above zero should be
ten percent of the Lower Explosive Limit investigated.
(LEL) or Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).
6.3.1.3 Toxicity less than recognized E6.3.1.3 Any level above zero should be
exposure limits. investigated. To determine if excessive toxic
levels exist, references such as the most
current American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Threshold Limit Values document should be
referenced, Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS), NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards, and the AIHA, Workplace
Environmental Exposure Levels (WEEL)
Guide or other pertinent information which
may apply to the toxic material.
Consideration should be given to the use of
continuous monitoring equipment. Appli-
cable exposure limits should not be
exceeded.
6.3.2 Whenever testing of the atmos- E6.3.2 The recommended method of

phere indicates that levels of oxygen, entering confined spaces requires that an
flammability, or toxicity are not within unacceptable atmosphere be corrected and
acceptable limits, entry shall be prohibited controlled prior to entry. In some situations,
until appropriate controls are implemented, this may not be possible or practical and
appropriate work procedures established, revised work procedures and/or equipment
and appropriate personal protective may be required to eliminate potential
equipment is used. ignition sources. The entrants must be
protected by the use of personal protective
equipment that is appropriate for the actual
24
conditions. These atmospheric conditions

need to be considered when developing the
specific work plan and rescue procedures.
Entry under these conditions must be part of
the entry permit or a new permit issued.
6.3.2.1 If the source of the contaminant

cannot be determined, precautions shall be
adequate to deal with the worst possible
condition which the contaminant could
present in the confined space.
6.3.2.2 If there is the possibility that the

confined space atmosphere can become
unacceptable while the work is in progress,
procedures and equipment shall be provided
to allow the employee to safely exit the
confined space.
7. ENTRY TEAM
7.1 Attendant.
7.1.1 Location. The attendant shall be E7.1.1 This may be supplemented visually
stationed immediately outside the point of or verbally through remote means such as
entry/exit of the confined space to observe radio, hardwire, video, camera, etc.
the PRCS and be able to communicate with Communication equipment should be safe
the occupants throughout the entry. for the intended use.
7.1.2 Personnel Requirements. The E7.1.2 The number of attendants should

number of attendants needed shall be be determined by considering the man-
determined by a qualified person who shall power it will take to carry out duties
consider the manpower necessary to carry assigned to the attendant for the entry(ies).
out the duties. If several entry points are within a few feet
of each other, one attendant may be able to
monitor more than one entry directly, or
more than one entry may be monitored
using remote technology such as multiple
radios and/or video monitors. This would be
dependent upon the attendant's ability to
communicate with the entrants and summon
aid in the event of an emergency.
NOTE: Prior to entering any PCRS, all

members on the entry team will receive
initial training per Section 15 and
supplemental training as needed to maintain
competency.
7.1.3 Duties. Attendants shall have the E7.1.3 Ensure no additional duties are
following duties: given to the attendant other than observing
25
the entrant(s) and their duties.
7.1.3.1 Provide standby assistance to E7.1.3.1 Standby assistance may include

entrants entering the confined space. checking breathing air cylinders, or any
ancillary duties that do not require the
attendant to enter the confined space or
leave his/her position, or distract them from
monitoring the entrant(s) in the space(s).
7.1.3.2 Direct entrants to exit the confined E7.1.3.2 Direct entrants to exit the confined
space when any irregularities are observed. space when any of the following is
observed:
a) Whenever unanticipated haz-

ards or other conditions or
operation not allowed by the
permit arise.
b) Whenever entrants exhibit

symptoms of exposure to con-
taminants potentially in the space.
c) Whenever surrounding opera-

tions or conditions create hazards
for entrants, including entry of the
space by unauthorized personnel.
7.1.3.3 Initiate evacuation and emergency E7.1.3.3 Attendants should summon the
procedures. rescue team as soon as the attendant
recognizes there may be a problem.
7.1.3.4 Monitor for any conditions or

changes that could adversely affect the
entry.
7.1.3.5 Remain at the entry point and

maintain communication with the entrant(s)
until relieved by another attendant or the
entry is completed or terminated.
7.1.3.6 Prevent unauthorized entry.
7.2 Entrant.
7.2.1 Duties.
7.2.1.1 An entrant shall: E7.2.1.1 Hazards that may not be

detectable include structural weakness,
1) Recognize potential hazards biological agents, dangerous insects/
that may be encountered during animals, engulfment potential, and low
the entry and proper use and volatility hydrocarbons, (e.g., diesel fuels),
26
limitations of equipment for control or any materials for which direct reading
of these hazards. Inspect for instrumentation is not available.
hazards not identified by
atmospheric monitoring during
entry activities.
2) Respond to emergencies,
which includes method(s) for self-
rescue or evacuation.
3) Recognize symptoms and

warning signs of exposure to
potential hazards or prohibited
conditions.
4) Notify the attendant of any

symptoms of exposure, emer-
gency, or unacceptable condition
in the confined space.
5) Exit the confined space

immediately if symptoms, warning
signs, or unacceptable conditions
occur or if directed by the
attendant or entry supervisor/
leader.
6) Inspect for hazards during

entry activities.
7.3 Attendant(s)/Entrant(s) Commu- E7.3 Communication methods should

nication. Attendant(s) and entrant(s) shall be selected according to hazards and
be able to maintain two-way communication. potential for injury or harm to personnel
entering the space. Signaling, visual contact
and verbal radio communication are
examples of available methods.
7.4 Entry Supervisor/Leader.
7.4.1 Duties.
7.4.1.1 The Entry Supervisor/Leader shall: E7.4.1.1(2) An initial external visual inspec-
tion should be conducted where possible,
1) Know the requirements of the prior to entry to look for hazards not
confined space entry program, identified by the atmospheric monitoring.
including proper execution of
duties of entrants, attendants and
rescue personnel.
2) Verify that all required actions

have been taken prior to endorsing
27
the permit and allowing entry to

begin, and ensure that acceptable
conditions are maintained for the
duration of the entry.
3) Verify that rescue services are

available prior to and throughout
the entry and that the means for
summoning them are operable.
4) Communicate the status and

requirements of the entry to other
Entry Supervisor/Leader(s) when-
ever the Entry Supervisor/Leader
is changed.
5) Terminate entry, assure

removal of personnel and
equipment, and revoke or cancel
the permit when required.
8. ISOLATION AND LOCKOUT/

TAGOUT
8.1 General. All energy sources which E8.1 The objective is the control of any
are potentially hazardous to confined space situation where unexpected energization,
entrants shall be secured, relieved, start-up or release of stored energy would
disconnected and/or restrained before cause injury to workers. Energy sources
personnel are permitted to enter the may include electrical, mechanical,
confined space. hydraulic, pneumatic (air), chemical, ther-
mal, radioactive, and the effects of gravity.
8.2 Isolation. Methods and means E8.2 Before the method(s) of isolation is
shall be selected and used to prevent selected, a qualified person should consider
flammable, toxic, irritating, or oxygen the hazards that may exist or develop to
displacing gases, vapors, and liquids from include temperature, pressure, flammability,
entering the space. All hazardous material, reactivity, corrosiveness or toxicity of
high pressure, high temperature and other material in the piping and reactions that
piping that could be reasonably expected to could occur with cleaning or purging agents,
introduce a hazard shall be isolated by as well as any physical hazards.
utilizing blinding, disconnection, removal, or
double block and bleed as needed to
prevent entry of material(s) and hazardous
contaminant(s).
A confined space shall be isolated to

prevent entry of material(s) and hazardous
contaminants using one or more of the
following methods:
• Inserting a blank between two
28
flanges, sized for the proper

pressure in piping nearest to
the confined space.
• Depressurizing and disconnect-

ing contaminant supply line(s)
and providing a blank or blind
on piping sized for the pressure
leading into the confined
space.
• Misaligning pipe(s) at con-

nections closest to the confined
space and/or capping, blinding,
and/or plugging ends.
• Utilizing two blocking valves

with an open vent or bleed
valve between the blocking
valves. If the bleed valve is not
the same diameter as the line,
then the bleed point should be
monitored periodically during
the work shift.
8.2.1 Pipelines or similar conveyances E8.2.1 Pipelines between the confined

between the confined space and point(s) of space and the first valve, blank or
isolation shall be drained, cleaned, or associated equipment may contain material
flushed of hazardous material and known or hazardous contaminants. A qualified
hazardous contaminants as necessary. person should ensure that such piping has
been flushed, cleaned or purged. If this is
not possible, i.e., a clogged line, special
precautions and procedures necessary to
protect occupants and control the hazards
should be in place.
8.2.2 Precautions shall be taken to E8.2.2 A qualified person should assess

ensure that whenever drains, vents or piping the impact of other equipment in isolating a
are left open that reversal of flows, or air confined space. Interconnected equipment,
contamination from adjacent processing, or vessels or machinery may affect the
chemical handling, cannot enter the isolation method(s) chosen.
confined space.
8.2.3 In confined spaces where complete E8.2.3 A decision to enter these or other
isolation is not possible, provisions shall be similar spaces should be based upon
made to isolate the space to the extent assessing the potential for hazardous
possible and control all other processes so contaminants being present and either
the entry team is not in danger and an devising a plan for protecting personnel
evaluation conducted according to Section entering the space or suspending entry until
3. If an atmospheric hazard potential exists, adequate hazard control and protection of
continuous monitoring shall be conducted occupants can be assured. Use of methods
29
during the entry. such as ventilation or PPE should be

considered.
8.2.4 Special precautions shall be taken E8.2.4 Distillation vessels, boilers, cargo
when entering double walled, jacketed, or tanks, adjoining voids on ships and barges,
internally insulated confined spaces that and similar type equipment may contain
may discharge hazardous material through cracks or leaks that may produce a
the vessel's internal wall. hazardous environment inside the confined
space.
8.3 Lockout/Tagout. Machines, equip- E8.3 For more information on the

ment, or processes shall be locked or lockout/tagout issue overall please review:
tagged or both per ANSI/ASSE Z244.1, ANSI/ASSE Z244.1, Control of Hazardous
Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/ Energy - Lockout/ Tagout and Alternative
Tagout and Alternative Methods. Methods and CFR 1910.147 Control of
Hazardous Energy.
8.3.1 Where there is a need to test, E8.3.1 Equipment start-up may pose
position or activate equipment by entanglement, entrapment or engulfment
temporarily removing the lock or tag or both, hazards to occupants inside the space. A
a procedure shall be developed and qualified person should access the hazard
implemented to control hazards to the of temporarily removing the locks/tags.
occupants.
8.3.2 Any removal of locks, tags, or other

protective measures shall be done in
accordance with ANSI/ASSE Z244.1,
Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/
Tagout and Alternative Methods.
8.3.3 Lockout or tagout, or both, of E8.3.3 Confirming adequate lockout, or

equipment, systems, and processes shall be tagout, or both, of potentially hazardous
verified prior to permitting entry into the stored or residual energy should be included
confined space. as part of confined space entry permit
review.
9. VENTILATION
9.1 Requirements. When ventilation is E9.1 Consideration should be given to

used to control atmospheric contaminants in the volume of the space to be ventilated, the
the confined space, the space shall be output capacity of the ventilating device, and
ventilated until the atmosphere is within the the distribution of air within the confined
acceptable limits. Atmospheric testing shall space. In addition, the air movers should
be done in accordance with Section 6. meet the specifications as outlined in
ANSI/NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust
Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors,
Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible
Particulate Solids, and ANSI/AIHA Z9.2,
Fundamentals Governing the Design and
Operation of Local Exhaust Ventilation
Systems.
30
Ventilation normally consists of a pre-entry

purge of several air changes, then
continuous introduction of fresh air during
occupancy.
Natural ventilation may be acceptable if it

can achieve the same results as the
mechanical ventilation.
Consideration should be given to bonding

and using intrinsically safe air movers when
moving flammable atmospheres. Ventilation
may not be appropriate under conditions
such as the presence of friable or loose
asbestos; significant bird/rodent droppings
presenting a biological risk; gas, vapor, dust
concentrations above UEL, etc.
9.1.1 Air movers or other means of

introducing air into the space shall be placed
in such a manner to minimize the possibility
of introducing air contaminants, which may
create unacceptable limits (e.g., carbon
monoxide).
9.1.2 Ventilation shall be maintained

during the entry if there is a potential for the
atmospheric conditions in the confined
space to become unacceptable.
9.1.3 When ventilation is not possible or

feasible for complete elimination of
atmospheric hazards, other protective
measures or methods to control air
contaminants and protect entrants shall be
determined by the qualified person prior to
authorizing entry.
9.1.4 Ventilation equipment shall be

bonded and grounded to eliminate static
energy, ductwork shall not cause tripping
hazards or blocked exits. A qualified person
shall ensure the ventilation system reflects
sound ventilation principals of supplying
enough clean make-up air and controlling
the exhaust to prevent creating hazards in
other areas.
10. CLEANING/DECONTAMINATION
31
10.1 Confined spaces shall be cleaned E10.1 In some instances, the purpose of
and decontaminated of hazardous materials the entry is to clean the confined space. In
as the preferred method of eliminating or these cases, the confined space should be
reducing exposure. Cleaning and decontam- cleaned and decontaminated as much as
ination shall be done to the extent feasible possible before personnel enter. Proper
before entry. PPE and other precautions should be used
to address any hazards, which will remain
after the pre-entry cleaning. Prior to
commencing cleaning and decontamination,
care should be exercised in the selection of
cleaning compounds to ensure their
compatibility with the environment in which
they will be used.
10.2 Entry team members and E10.2 Run off and decontamination
equipment shall be decontaminated and should be disposed of per appropriate
cleaned as necessary during or after the standards.
confined space activity. Any disposable
material or equipment used shall be properly
discarded per appropriate standards. Entry
team members shall be decontaminated per
specific hazard protocol.
11. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT (PPE)
11.1 General. A qualified person shall E11.1 A hazard evaluation should be

determine personal protective equipment done to determine what PPE should be
needed by all personnel entering the used. Combinations of equipment such as
confined space including rescue teams. respirators, full suits, etc., may be needed.
A guide can be found in OSHA 29 CFR
1910.120, Appendix B. The stress placed on
the entrant by PPE, such as heat and loss
of mobility, should be carefully evaluated.
11.2 Selection. Employees shall wear E11.2 Head Protection. Consideration

personal protective equipment selected in should be given to: 1) falling objects, both
accordance with the requirements of the job from within the confined space and also
to be performed. PPE shall meet the through the entryway, and 2) structures and
specifications of applicable standards and equipment that present hazards to the head.
regulations. PPE that will not exacerbate (Ref. ANSI/ISEA Z89.1.)
present hazards or create additional
hazards shall be selected. Fall Protection. Fall protection systems
should be used by personnel entering
vertical confined spaces and personnel
exposed to falling into the space as
determined by a qualified person. Fall
protection systems should conform to the
ANSI/ASSE Z359, Fall Protection Code or
ANSI/ASSE A1264.1.
32
Eye and Face Protection. Consideration

should be given to irritant dusts, vapors,
mists, abrasive particles and flying objects.
Safety glasses, impact goggles, chemical
goggles, or face shields appropriate to the
conditions in the confined space and the
work to be performed should be provided as
needed. (Ref. ANSI/ISEA Z87.1.)
Hand Protection. Consideration should be

given to mechanical protection (sharp
edges, abrasions, and punctures), chemical
protection (acid, solvents), physical
protection (heat, cold), electrical protection
and handling of slippery tools and materials.
Foot Protection. Consideration should be

given to physical hazards (falling objects,
rolling equipment), chemical hazards (acids,
solvents), slip resistance, electrical
conductivity, and generation of sparks. For
more information, reference the footwear
protection standards published by the
American Society of Testing and Materials
F13 Committee.
Protective Clothing. Consideration should

be given to temperature, moisture, chemical
resistance, vapor, and liquid permeability,
flame retardancy, static resistance and
likelihood of contamination of clothing with
toxic materials. Protective clothing should
be cleaned and decontaminated, or
disposed of, after each use in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.
Additional PPE standards that should be

considered:
NFPA 1951, Standard on Protective

Ensembles for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective

Ensembles for Hazardous Materials
Emergencies
NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-

Protective Clothing for Hazardous Materials
Emergencies
NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective
33
Ensembles for First Responders to CBRN

Terrorism Incidents
Respiratory Protection. Respirators should

be selected and used in conjunction with a
written respiratory protection program as
referenced in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134,
Respiratory Protection. Respirators selected
should be NIOSH approved, and be used in
compliance with the conditions of its
certification. When Open-Circuit Self-
Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is
used for emergencies, NFPA 1981,
Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency
Services should be referenced. This
document specifies the minimum
requirements for the design, performance,
testing, and certification of SCBA for fire and
emergency services personnel. SCBA
compliant to NFPA 1981 will be used if the
potential hazard atmosphere could include
flammable/explosive hazards. Users should
follow manufacturer's instructions and also
requirements and guidance specified in
NFPA 1852, Standard on Selection, Care,
and Maintenance of Open-Circuit Self-
Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
Hearing Protection. If hearing protection is

required, consideration should be given to
how it will affect communications between
the personnel in the confined space and the
attendant. (Ref. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95.)
11.3 Inspection. PPE shall be E11.3 PPE use should follow

inspected prior to each use. manufacturer provided user information to
include:
1) Safety considerations and

limitations of use.
2) Recommended storage
practices.
3) Inspection frequency and

details.
4) Donning/doffing procedures.
5) Maintenance, cleaning, and
34
decontamination procedures.
6) Retirement and disposal

criteria and considerations.
11.4 Discard contaminated and/or single E11.4 See Section E11.3 above and
use PPE per appropriate standards. reference OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025, OSHA
29 CFR 1926.1101, and all applicable
federal, state and local regulations.
12. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT E12 Rescue equipment should be used

in evacuating personnel from confined
spaces as determined by a qualified rescue
person. Rescue components, including
anchorage connectors, mechanical lifting
devices and other components should
conform to ANSI/ASSE Z359.4, Safety
Requirements for Assisted-Rescue and
Self-Rescue Systems, Subsystems and
Components.
12.1 Entry and Exit. Each entry and E12.1 This may involve the use of
exit point shall be evaluated to determine ladders. However, if use of a ladder is
the most effective methods and equipment impractical, another means of lowering and
enabling employees to safely enter and exit raising employees should be selected, i.e.,
the confined space. Means for safe entry bosun chairs, winch/hoist devices, etc.
and exit shall be provided and used as Access winches/hoists, bosun chairs,
prescribed by the entry supervisor harness components, scaffolds, etc., should
throughout the duration of the entry. be compatible with the intended use
according to the manufacturer's instructions
and suitable for confined space applications.
12.2 Retrieval Equipment. Appropriate E12.2 In general, mechanical lifting

retrieval equipment or methods shall be devices should have a mechanical
used whenever a person enters a PRCS. If advantage adequate to safely rescue
the retrieval equipment increases the overall personnel. A manually operated device
risks of entry or does not contribute to the should be used. If a powered (electric,
rescue, it shall not be used. pneumatic, hydraulic) lifting device is used,
then it should be equipped with a slip clutch
or similar device to stop motion against a
preset resistance and a back-up manual
mode of operation. Mechanical lifting
devices should have a mechanical
advantage of at least three to one and the
capacity to lift entrants including any
attached tools and equipment.
12.3 Fall Protection. Where a potential E12.3 While protection is desired to

exists for persons or objects falling into a prevent attendants or others from falling into
confined space, warning systems, a confined space, such protection should
barricades, or other appropriate methods not interfere with ventilation or egress from
35
shall be utilized. See ANSI/ASSE A1264.1 the confined space.

for more information.
12.4 Electrical Equipment. Electrical E12.4 Tools, lighting, communications

equipment used in hazardous locations shall and test equipment which will be used in
meet the appropriate requirements of Article hazardous or classified locations should be
500 of the National Electrical Code (NFPA listed, labeled or otherwise determined to be
70). safe for the class and use by an accredited
nationally recognized testing laboratory
acceptable to the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration or other authority
having jurisdiction.
12.4.1 Where there is potential for E12.4.1 This would include protection such
electrical shock, appropriate electrical as ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI),
equipment or systems shall be used. assured grounding systems, double
insulated tools, and/or low voltage systems.
13. WARNING SIGNS AND

SYMBOLS
13.1 Identification. All permit required E13.1 Permit required confined spaces
confined space openings that can be such as vessels, tanks, silos, ovens,
entered without the use of tools, special reactors, etc. may be identified by signage
equipment, or key(s) shall have a sign in order to supplement the training of
identifying it as a permit required confined personnel regarding confined space
space. identification and hazards.
13.1.1 Signs shall be maintained in a

legible condition.
13.1.2 The sign shall include the wording E13.1.2 For more information refer to the
"Danger-Permit Required Confined Space". ANSI/NEMA Z535 Standards for safety
signs, symbols, and colors, which
addresses symbols and demographic
language variations.
14. EMERGENCY RESPONSE,

EVACUATION, AND RESCUE
14.1 Emergency Response Plan. A E14.1 These rescue provisions will

plan shall be written to address response to normally be present in the form of
identified or potential emergencies and to emergency response procedures.
provide for timely evacuation, retrieval, or
rescue of entrants in a confined space.
Included in these plans shall be:
1) Evacuation when certain

hazards are identified during an
entry.
36
2) Retrieval by trained crew

members using non-entry
methods.
3) Rescue entry by trained emer-

gency response personnel familiar
with confined space hazards as
well as rescue procedures and
equipment.
14.1.1 Determination of what type of

rescue may be necessary to assist entrants.
14.1.1.1 Horizontal Retrieval or Rescue. E14.1.1.1 Hazards should be indentified to

determine what methods/equipment it will
take to accomplish the rescue.
Consideration should be given to the size

and configuration of the confined space,
whether the space would require a vertical
or horizontal rescue, anchor placement,
hazards likely to be encountered, and the
body size of entering personnel.
14.1.1.2 Vertical Retrieval or Rescue. This E14.1.1.2 Consideration should be given to

rescue methodology shall include the use of prevent abrasive injury to the entrant from
fall protection for the entrant as well as the supporting surface he/she is being
suspended rescuers. moved upon. Additionally, entanglement
and obstruction hazards must be negotiated
safely. To avoid further injury, a constant
watch should be utilized anytime an entrant
is being physically moved.
14.1.2 Determine the type and availability

of appropriate equipment needed to rescue
or retrieve entrants.
14.1.3 Designation of trained rescue

personnel that are available where PRCS
entries are conducted.
Identification of trained rescue personnel

that are available where PRCS entries are
conducted or placement of trained rescue
personnel where PRCS entries are
conducted.
14.1.4 An effective means to summon E14.1.4 Effective means include audible

rescuers in a timely manner. and visual alarms. Consideration should be
given to safe communication devices based
on surrounding hazards.
37
Examples of effective means to summon

rescuers in a timely manner may include,
but is not limited to: radio, cell phone, pager,
etc.
14.1.5 Training and drilling attendant(s)

and rescue personnel in preplanning, rescue
and emergency procedures according to
Section 15 of this standard.
14.2 Atmospheric Monitoring. Shall

be conducted to ensure the safety of the
rescue personnel.
14.3 Respiratory Protection Equip-

ment. All rescue personnel shall use NIOSH
approved pressure demand self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) or NIOSH
approved pressure demand Combination
Type C Airline/SCBA breathing equipment
when potential atmospheric hazards exist.
Users shall follow manufacturer's
instructions.
14.4 Rescue Equipment Inspection. E14.4 Selected equipment should meet

All rescue equipment shall be inspected, by recognized consensus standards such as
a qualified person, periodically and prior to the ANSI/ASSE Z359 Fall Protection Code
use, to ensure that it is operable. and NFPA 1983 Standard on Life Safety
Rope and Equipment for Emergency
Services.
15. TRAINING
15.1 General Requirements. Supple- E15.1 Training, whether basic or advanced,

mental training may be required to maintain formal or informal, should be commensurate
competency when introducing changes in with the complexity of the confined space
conditions, procedures, or equipment. entry requirements. For general require-
Personnel responsible for supervising, ments regarding training, refer to
planning, entering or participating in ANSI/ASSE Z490.1 Accepted Practices in
confined space entry and rescue shall be Safety, Health, and Environmental Training.
adequately trained in their functional duties
prior to any confined space entry. Training
shall include:
15.1.1 An explanation of the general

hazards associated with confined spaces.
15.1.2 An explanation of the specific

hazards associated with the confined space
to be encountered.
38
15.1.3 The hazard for which the PPE was

selected, and the proper use, inspection,
care and maintenance, and limitations of
PPE and other safety equipment.
15.1.4 An explanation of the permit

system and other procedural requirements
for conducting a confined space entry.
15.1.5 How to respond to emergencies. E15.1.5 Consideration should be given to

rescue strategies and techniques.
Additionally, crisis decision making including
a scene evaluation and risk vs. reward
(some rescues should not be attempted)
should be taught and practiced. Rescue
team access and patient extraction should
include packaging which considers type and
degree of injury and/or nature of incapacity.
The entry team should be taught an incident
management system stressing team
member task assignments.
15.1.6 Duties and responsibilities as a

member of the confined space entry team.
15.1.7 A description of how to recognize

probable air contaminant overexposure
symptoms to themselves and co-workers,
and method(s) for alerting attendants.
15.1.8 Supplemental training, information,

or a briefing is required to maintain
competency when there are changes in
procedures or equipment.
15.2 Training for Atmospheric Moni- E15.2 It is important for individuals

toring Personnel. Training shall include the conducting atmospheric tests to possess
selection and proper use of appropriate adequate knowledge of the proper operation
atmospheric monitoring instruments based of monitoring equipment as well as its
on a current hazard assessment. limitations associated with anticipated
conditions (such as inaccurate measure-
ment readings for flammable gas when the
oxygen level is below 16% for certain
equipment). Similarly, these individuals
should have information about the related
process to anticipate potential atmospheric
contaminants, such as a nearby reactor
containing a highly toxic substance which
could endanger the entry team in the event
of a leak or release.
39
15.3 Training for Attendants. Training

shall include the following:
15.3.1 Duties, responsibilities and

procedures for both routine and emergency
operations.
15.3.2 Hazards that may be encountered

by entrants and the signs and symptoms of
overexposure.
15.3.3 Procedures for summoning rescue

or other emergency services.
15.3.4 The proper use of equipment used E15.3.4 Entry by an attendant for rescue
for communicating with entry and may only be accomplished if the attendant
emergency/rescue personnel. has been trained in rescue procedures, is
properly equipped, and only if the attendant
is relieved by another trained attendant.
15.3.5 Performance of non-entry E15.3.5 Attendants should understand that

retrievals. not all retrievals should be attempted or are
possible. Line entanglement is common
and entrants that sustained a traumatic
injury should be properly packaged
(possibly including spinal immobilization)
before being moved.
15.4 Training for Emergency E15.4 Guidance as to qualifications and

Response Personnel. Shall include: training requirements for rescue providers
may be found in NFPA 1670, Standard on
Operations and Training for Technical
Rescue Incidents and NFPA 1006, Standard
for Rescue Technician Professional
Qualifications.
15.4.1 The rescue plan and procedures E15.4.1 Emergency response personnel
developed for each type of confined space should simulate actual rescue conditions by
the entry team can encounter. conducting practice drills.
Typical potential rescue problems which

should be addressed are egress restrictions,
ability to lift without injury, problems in using
rescue equipment, and fall hazards.
Such training should not be limited to

internal emergency response personnel.
When possible, outside response agencies
should receive the same type of training to
ensure their effectiveness in a rescue
40
situation.
15.4.1.1 The rescue team shall achieve E15.4.1.1 Performance based standards
proficiency for each type of confined space such as, but not limited to, NFPA 1006,
they may encounter. NFPA 1670, and NFPA 1983 should be
utilized in determining rescuer proficiency.
15.4.2 Use of emergency rescue E15.4.2 Individuals involved in rescues

equipment. should receive training in the use of rescue
equipment including medical equipment
they would be expected to use or operate
during an emergency rescue.
15.4.3 First Responder / Emergency E15.4.3 Persons performing Cardio-

Response training level or equivalent with pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), Automated
confined space specific training. External Defibrillator (AED), and/or first aid
should possess current certification.
15.4.4 Work location and confined space E15.4.4 Rescuers should be able to
configuration to minimize response time. effectively locate the emergency site without
undue delay. Consideration should be given
to notifying onsite emergency rescue
personnel of the location of entries into
PRCSs prior to entry.
15.5 Verification of Training.
15.5.1 Periodic assessment of the E15.5.1 Training effectiveness may be

effectiveness of employee training shall be evaluated by several techniques. Written, as
conducted by a qualified person. well as practical testing is recommended.
Personnel should be questioned or asked to
demonstrate their practical knowledge of
confined space hazards that are in their
work areas; to identify locations of confined
spaces; their role in exercising proper permit
procedures; use and donning of personal
protective equipment such as respirators;
and their role in response to emergency
situations.
15.5.2 Training sessions shall be E15.5.2 Personnel who are routinely

repeated as often as necessary to maintain entering the same confined space on a daily
an acceptable level of personnel basis will require less refresher training than
competence. employees who only occasionally enter a
confined space. Periodic skill evaluation will
determine the frequency of refresher
training.
15.5.3 Written records of training shall be E15.5.3 Documentation should be main-

maintained and include as a minimum: tained in a central location and periodically
41
reviewed to ensure proper follow-up for

a) Employee’s name. refresher training.
b) Trainer's name.
c) Date(s) of training.
d) Training duration.
e) Training content.
16. MEDICAL SUITABILITY E16 Work in confined spaces may

involve a variety of stressors which should
The physical and psychological suitability of be evaluated by a physician or other
persons to adequately perform required licensed Health Care Professional (HCP)
duties of confined space work shall be against an essential job function based job
considered as needed prior to working in description specific to the confined space,
confined spaces. as appropriate.
Examples include, but are not limited to,

thermal extremes (hot or cold), vertigo,
claustrophobia, and physical and
psychological stressors associated with
specific confined space environments.
Observation during field activities asso-

ciated with confined space work or training
may be useful in assessing candidates'
physical or psychological medical suitability
for this type work.
The confined space employer should make

the final decision regarding medical
suitability after reviewing recommendations
and input after reviewing the HCP’s
recommendations and input.
17. CONTRACTORS
17.1 Hazard Appraisal. When an

employer contracts work that involves
confined space entry, the employer shall
inform the contractor about the confined
space including:
• The classification of the space

(e.g., permit or non-permit).
• Hazards and operations within

or near the space.
• The employer's experience with

the space.
42
• Any precautions or procedures

that the host employer had
implemented for the protection
of employees in or near the
confined space where con-
tractor personnel will be
working.
17.1.1 Employers shall evaluate potential E17.1.1 It should be noted that a variety of
contractors to ensure they have appropriate employer/contractor interface scenarios are
qualifications for the full scope of work to be possible. The employer may be on a scene
performed, including a confined space and physically controlling day-to-day
safety program meeting this standard. contractor operation, the contractor may be
working largely independently of employer
oversight, or some other interface may be in
place. The key factor is to ensure
responsibility/authority is clearly delineated
in the project contract to avoid confusion
and/or omission of elements key to safe
confined space entry operations.
17.2 Identification of Rescue E17.2 Pre-entry planning should be

Responder. The employer and contractor conducted between the contractor and the
shall establish who will serve as the rescue employer to establish who will be
responder in an emergency and what responsible to perform rescue and provide
system will be used to notify the responder medical services in the event of an
that an emergency exists. emergency situation. If the contractor
expects to use the employer's rescue
This does not preclude the contractor from capability, this should be agreed upon
performing their own hazard analysis and before the entry and the method of
atmospheric verification. contacting the rescue responder
established.
17.3 Permit System. Contractors shall E17.3 Contractors may submit a copy of
ensure a permit confined space program is their permit entry program with the
being followed, meeting the requirements of contracting entity, or agree by contract to
this standard. If the confined space is a follow the permit program of the contracting
permit space, entry is allowed only through entity. The contractor and host employer
compliance with a permit space program. may arrange for the contractor employees to
adhere to the host employer's permit space
program or to follow the contractor's
program. If the host employer's program will
be used, the contractor must be informed of
the program's requirements and be given a
copy of the completed permit for retention
and review purposes. Likewise, if the
contractor's program will be used, the
contractor must inform the host employer of
the requirements of the contractor's
program.
43
17.4 Coordination. When both em-

ployer and contractor personnel will be
working in or near a permit space, the two
parties must coordinate their activities to
ensure all entry roles are complementary.
17.5 Ongoing Dialogue. The contractor

must inform the host employer immediately
of any hazards encountered or created
during the course of entry. A debriefing must
be held at the conclusion of the entry
operation concerning any additional hazards
or problems encountered and corrective
measures to be taken prior to future entry.
44
Appendix A
45
Appendix B
Standards and Other Referenced and Related Materials

on the Subject of Confined Spaces
United States Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards
29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure
29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection
29 CFR 1910.146, Permit-Required Confined Spaces
29 CFR 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)
29 CFR 1910.252, Welding, Cutting and Brazing: General Requirements
29 CFR 1910.268, Telecommunications
29 CFR 1910.269, Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
29 CFR 1910.272, Grain Handling Facilities
29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances
29 CFR 1910.1025, Toxic and Hazardous Substances: Lead
29 CFR 1915, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment
29 CFR 1915 Subpart B, Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in
Shipyard Employment
29 CFR 1915.76, Scaffolds, Ladders and Other Working Surfaces: Access to Cargo Spaces and
Confined Spaces
29 CFR 1917, Marine Terminals
29 CFR 1918, Safety and Health Regulations for Longshoring
29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
29 CFR 1926.651, Excavations: Specific Excavation Requirements
46
29 CFR 1926.800, Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air:
Underground Construction
29 CFR 1926.1101, Toxic and Hazardous Substances: Asbestos
U.S. Department of Transportation – Office of Pipeline Safety

49 CFR 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety
Standards
American National Standards Institute

ANSI/NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
ANSI/NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
ANSI/NFPA 86C, Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere
ANSI/NFPA 86D, Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using Vacuum as an Atmosphere
ANSI/NFPA 385, Flammable and Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles
ANSI/API 2015, Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks, Planning and Managing
Tank Entry from Decommissioning Through Recommissioning
ANSI/API 2016, Guidelines and Procedures for Entering and Cleaning Petroleum Storage
Tanks
ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, Safety Requirements for Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their
Access; Workplace Floor, Wall and Roof Openings; Stairs and Guardrail Systems
ANSI/ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS 1/2 through 24
ANSI/ASME B31.1, Power Piping
ANSI/AIHA Z9.2, Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust
Ventilation Systems
ANSI/AWS Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes
ANSI/ISEA Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1, Industrial Head Protection
ANSI/ASSE Z244.1, Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/Tagout and Alternative Methods
ANSI/ASSE Z359, Fall Protection Code
ANSI/ASSE Z359.0, Definitions and Nomenclature Used for Fall Protection and Fall Arrest
47
ANSI/ASSE Z359.1, Safety Requirements for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and
Components
ANSI/ASSE Z359.2, Minimum Requirements for a Comprehensive Managed Fall Protection

Program
ANSI/ASSE Z359.3, Safety Requirements for Positioning and Travel Restraint Systems
ANSI/ASSE Z359.4, Safety Requirements for Assisted-Rescue and Self-Rescue Systems,

Subsystems and Components
ANSI/ASSE Z490.1, Accepted Practices for Safety, Health, and Environmental Training
ANSI/NEMA Z535 Series, Safety Signs and Colors
American Petroleum Institute

API RP 1141, Guidelines for Confined Space Entry on Board Tank Ships in the Petroleum
Industry
API 2026, Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum Service
API 2207, Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work
API 2217A, Guidelines for Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum Industry
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B31.3, Process Piping
American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM D4276-02, Standard Practice for Confined Area Entry
ASTM F13, Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear
ASTM F1764-97, Standard Guide for Selection of Hardline Communication Systems for
Confined Space Rescue
National Fire Protection Association Standards

NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work
NFPA 86. Standard for Ovens and Furnaces
NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and
Noncombustible Particulate Solids
NFPA 306, Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels
48
NFPA 326, Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Cleaning, or
Repair
NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling Releases of Flammable and Combustible
Liquids and Gases
NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
NFPA 560, Standard for the Storage, Handling, and Use of Ethylene Oxide for Sterilization and
Fumigation
NFPA 1006, Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1852, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Open-Circuit Self-Contained

Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
NFPA 1951, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for

Emergency Services
NFPA 1983, Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services
NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective Clothing for Hazardous Materials

Emergencies
NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective Ensembles for First Responders to CBRN Terrorism
Incidents
International Standards and Publications

Australian Standard 2865, Safe Working in a Confined Space
S.I. No. 218, Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Confined Spaces) Regulations, Irish Statutory
Instruments
Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1713, The Confined Spaces Regulations, United Kingdom Health
and Safety Executive
Safe Work in Confined Spaces: Confined Spaces Regulations: Approved Code of Practice,
Regulations and Guidance, United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive
49
Related Books and Publications
TLVs® and BEIs®, American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2009
Confined Space Entry an AIHA Protocol Guide (Dr. Jensen’s Health Handbook). American
Industrial Hygiene Association, 1995
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPA) and Workplace Environmental Exposure

Level (WEEL) Handbook. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2008
Chambers, Gary. Confined Space Entry: An AIHA Protocol Guide. American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 2001
Chelton, C.F. (Editor). Manual of Recommended Practice for Combustible Gas Indicators and
Portable Direct-Reading Hydrocarbon Detectors. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1993
Cohen, Beverly S. Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 2001
DHHA (NIOSH), Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health, 2007
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 80-106, Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Working in
Confined Spaces. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1979.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86-110, Alert: Request for Assistance in Preventing
Occupational Fatalities in Confined Spaces. National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1986
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-103, Worker Deaths in Confined Spaces: A Summary of
NIOSH Surveillance and Investigative Findings. National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1994
DiNardi, Salvatore R. (Editor). The Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control, and
Management. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2003
Finkel, Martin H. Guidelines for Hot Work in Confined Spaces: Recommended Practices for
Industrial Hygienists and Safety Professionals. American Society of Safety Engineers, 2000
Grund, Edward V. Lockout/Tagout: The Process of Controlling Hazardous Energy. National

Safety Council, 1995
Harris, Michael K., Lindsay E. Booher and Stephanie Carter. Field Guidelines for Temporary
Ventilation of Confined Spaces. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1996
Kelley, Stephen. Lockout/Tagout: A Practical Approach. American Society of Safety Engineers,

2001
Lack, Richard W. (Editor). The Dictionary of Terms Used in the Safety Profession. American
Society of Safety Engineers, 2001
50
Maslansky, Carol J. and Steven P. Maslansky. Air Monitoring Instrumentation: A Manual for
Emergency, Investigatory, and Remedial Responders. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993
McManus, Neil. Safety and Health in Confined Spaces. NorthWest Occupational Health and
Safety, a division of Training by Design, Inc. Lewis Publishers an imprint of CRC Press, 1999
Ness, Shirley A. Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures an Integrated Approach. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1991
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Certified Equipment List.
Available as an online search at http://www2a.cdc.gov/drds/cel/cel_form_code.asp
Selected Occupational Fatalities Related to Fire and/or Explosion in Confined Work Spaces as
Found in OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe Investigations. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (U.S. DOL/OSHA), 1982
Perper, Janet B. Direct-Reading Colorimetric Indicator Tubes Manual. American Industrial

Hygiene Association, 1993
Rekus, John F. Complete Confined Spaces Handbook. Lewis Publishers an imprint of CRC
Press, 1994
Roop, Michael, Thomas Vines and Richard Wright. Confined Space and Structural Rope
Rescue (Lifeline). Mosby, Inc., 1998
Schroll, R. Craig. Confined Space Safety & Rescue. FIRECON, 1990
Spellman, Frank R. Confined Space Entry: Guide to Compliance. CRC Press, 1998
Spencer, Amy Beasley and Guy R. Colonna. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.
National Fire Protection Association, 2001
51
Appendix C
Examples of
Confined Space Surveys and Permits
Committee Note: These examples are included in the appendices to provide readers with an
example of some survey and permit forms used in business and industry. It is not meant to
constitute in any way that these are the only forms to use, nor does this appendices specify any
specific format or model to follow.
The information and materials contained in this appendix have been developed from
sources believed to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers
(ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI accredited Z117 Committee or individual committee
members accept no legal responsibility for the correctness or completeness of this
material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication of this appendix
material, ASSE or the Z117 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these
recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property.
52
CONTRACTOR CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
INQUIRY
Job Description: Plant:
Potential Confined Space Hazards:
Special Rules/Requirements:
Emergency Procedures:
YES NO
Does Contractor exhibit confined space entry competence, i.e.
experience in this type of work, written procedures, testing
equipment, etc?
Is Contractor aware of requirements of applicable state/federal
standards?
Does Contractor confirm that assigned employees are trained in
confined space entry procedures?
Is Contractor equipped to handle emergencies/rescue?
Authority Contractor
Title Title
Date Date
(PRINT NAME AND SIGN)

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A10 CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION
STANDARDS
ANSI/ASSE A10.3 Powder-Actuated Fastening Systems
ANSI/ASSE A10.4 Personnel Hoists & Employee Elevators on Construction & Demolition Sites
ANSI/ASSE A10.5 Safety Requirements for Material Hoists
ANSI/ASSE A10.6 Safety & Health Program Requirements for Demolition Operations
ANSI/ASSE A10.7 Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage, Handling & Use of Commercial
e Explosives & Blasting Agents
ANSI/ASSE A10.8 Safety Requirements for Scaffolding
ANSI/ASSE A10.9 Safety Requirements for Concrete & Masonry Work
ANSI/ASSE A10.10 Safety Requirements for Temporary & Portable Space-Heating Devices
ANSI/ASSE A10.12 Safety Requirements for Excavation
ANSI/ASSE A10.13 Safety Requirements for Steel Erection
ANSI/ASSE A10.15 Safety Requirements for Dredging
ANSI/ASSE A10.16 Safety Requirements for Tunnels, Shafts, & Caissons
ANSI/ASSE A10.17 Safe Operating Practices for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Construction
ANSI/ASSE A10.18 Safety Requirements for Temporary Floor Holes, Wall Openings, Stairways & Other
Unprotected Edges
ANSI/ASSE A10.19 Safety Requirements for Pile Installation and Extraction Operations
ANSI/ASSE A10.20 Safe Operating Practices for Tile, Terrazzo, & Marble Work
ANSI/ASSE A10.22 Safety Requirements for Rope-Guided & Non-Guided Workers' Hoists
ANSI/ASSE A10.24 Roofing Safety Requirements for Low-Sloped Roofs
ANSI/ASSE A10.27 Safety Requirements for Hot Mix Asphalt Facilities
ANSI/ASSE A10.28 Safety Requirements for Work Platforms Suspended from Cranes or Derricks
ANSI/ASSE A10.31 Safety Requirements, Definitions, & Specifications for Digger Derricks
ANSI/ASSE A10.32 Fall Protection Systems for Construction & Demolition Operations
ANSI/ASSE A10.33 Safety & Health Program Requirements for Multi-Employer Projects
ANSI/ASSE A10.34 Protection of the Public on or Adjacent to Construction Sites
ANSI/ASSE A10.38 Basic Elements of an Employer's Program to Provide a Safe & Healthful Work Environment
ANSI/ASSE A10.39 Construction Safety & Health Audit Program
ANSI/ASSE A10.40 Reduction of Musculoskeletal Problems in Construction
ANSI/ASSE A10.42 Safety Requirements for Rigging Qualifications & Responsibilities
ANSI/ASSE A10.44 Control of Energy Sources (Lockout/Tagout) for Construction & Demolition
o Operations
ANSI/ASSE A10.46 Hearing Loss Prevention for Construction & Demolition Workers
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
Z359 STANDARDS
Z359 Fall Protection Code Package
ANSI/ASSE Z359.0 Definitions and Nomenclature Used for Fall Protection and Fall Arrest
ANSI/ASSE Z359.1 Safety Requirements for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and
o Components
ANSI/ASSE Z359.2 Minimum Requirements for a Comprehensive Managed Fall Protection Program
ANSI/ASSE Z359.3 Safety Requirements for Positioning and Travel Restraint Systems
ANSI/ASSE Z359.4 Safety Requirements for Assisted-Rescue and Self-Rescue Systems, Subsystems and
b Components
A1264 STANDARDS
A1264.1 Safety Requirements for Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces & Their Access; Workplace Floor, Wall
i & Roof Openings; Stairs & Guardrails Systems
ANSI/ASSE A1264.1 Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor & Wall Openings, Stairs & Railing Systems
ANSI/ASSE A1264.2 Standard for the Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces
ANSI/ASSE A1264.3 Technical Report: Using Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement of the Slip
Resistance of Walkway Surfaces
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS
ANSI/PMMI B155.1 Safety Requirements for Packaging Machinery & Packaging-Related Converting Machinery
ANSI/AIHA Z10 Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems
ANSI/ASSE Z15.1 Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations
ANSI/ASSE Z87.1 Occupational & Educational Eye & Face Protection Devices
ANSI/ASSE Z117.1 Safety Requirements for Confined Spaces
ANSI/ASSE Z244.1 Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/Tagout & Alternative Methods
ANSI/ASSE Z390.1 Accepted Practices for Hydrogen Sulfide Safety Training Programs
ANSI/ASSE Z490.1 Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, & Environmental Training
ANSI/ASSE Z590.2 Criteria for Establishing the Scope & Functions of the Professional Safety Position
Standards are available in hard copy or electronic format.
For a full list of standards and historical standards that ASSE has to offer please visit our website at
www.asse.org or contact customer service at 847.699.2929 or customerservice@asse.org.
A S
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ANSI/ASSE Z117.

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

American National Standard

American Society of Safety Engineers

Approved July 27, 2009

Effective November 2, 2009

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Caution Notice: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn

Published August 2009 by:

American Society of Safety Engineers

Copyright ©2009 by American Society of Safety Engineers

No part of this publication may be reproduced

Printed in the United States of America

• modify or correct the deficiencies when possible, or

• employ alternate means to accomplish the work without exposing personnel, or

Edward V. Grund, CSP, P.E., Chair

Organization Represented Name of Representative

Alcoa, Inc. Paul T. Woerz

Appendix A Logic Diagram for Confined Space Entry.............................. 45

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z117.1

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

1.2 Exceptions. This standard does

1.3 Purpose. The purpose of this E1.3 This standard is a performance

1.4 Application. This standard is

2.1 Attendant. Person assigned to

2.2 Biological Hazards. Microbial E2.2 Microorganisms may cause toxic

2.3 Blinding/Blanking. Inserting a E2.3 A blank is designed as a flat plate

A blind is designed as a bolted flat plate,

2.4 Confined Space. Enclosed area E2.4 Examples of confined spaces

2.6 Emergency. Any occurrence

2.7 Engulfment. The surrounding and

2.8 Entrant. A person who enters a

2.9 Entry. Ingress by persons into a

any part of the body. Entry includes all

2.10 Entry Supervisor/Leader. An

2.11 Evacuation. An unaided emer- E2.11 This is referred to in OSHA 29

2.13 Hazardous Atmosphere. An

2.14 Horizontal Rescue. Methodology

2.16 Isolation. A process of physically

flammable limit and upper explosive defines these as follows:

2.18 Lockout/Tagout. The placement E2.18 For more information regarding

2.19 Non-Permit Confined Space

2.20 Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere.

2.21 Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere.

2.22 Permissible Exposure Limit E2.22 OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z,

2.23 Permit Required Confined Space

2.24 Permit System. A written

2.25 Qualified Person A person, who

2.26 Rescue. Assistance in exiting the

2.27 Retrieval. Assistance in exiting the

2.28 Serious Hazards. Conditions

2.29 Shall. Denotes a mandatory

2.30 Should. A recommendation that is

2.31 Threshold Limit Value (TLV®). A

2.32 Toxic Atmosphere. An atmos- E2.32 Resources to assist in determining

phere containing a concentration of a acceptable levels of air contaminants

The American Conference of Governmental

In-house standards and vendor material

NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

AIHA, Workplace Environmental Exposure

OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and

2.33 Vertical Rescue. Methodology to

3. IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUA-