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LECCIÓN 3. DAVID RICARDO Y LA CULMINACIÓN DE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA CLÁSICA .......... 113
Introducción ................................................................................................................................ 113 LECCIÓN 7 KARL MARX Y LA CRíTICA DE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA . ..
· . .. . . . . . . . ... .. .. . ....... . . .. . . .... 305
La época de Ricardo .............. . . .. ...... . ......... .. . .
. . ..... .. . ............ . ........ . .. . .. . ... . ..... . ........ ... . . ..... .. . .. . ... . ... 116 De la filosofía del derecho a la crítica de la economía política . . ............... . .
.. ... .. .... .... ...... . ........ . . . 305
. . .

Algunas notas sobre el método de exposición de Ricardo ............ . .... . ............... . ...... .... . . ... . .. .. . . ... . .. 117 El método de Marx y su vínculo con la economía política clásica .... . .
..... . ............ . .... ..
. . .. ............... 300
Preámbulo de los Principios de economía política y tributación . . ... . . . . . . ......
.. ... . . . ....
.. ... . . . ... . ... . . . . . . .. . ... 123 El análisis de la mercancía ..... ..... . ................................. .. .......... . ........ . .... . ..... ... ... ........ . . .
.. . . .... ... . 321
. ..

Valor de uso y valor de cambio . ... .................. ... ........... ........ .... . ....... .... .... . ... ........ .. ..... ... .. ... ... ... 125
.. . .
El doble carácter del trabajo y el carácter histórico de la mercancía . . .. . ...... . ..
. .... .... . . . .. . . . . ..... ... 339
. . . . . .

La "comprobación" de la determinación del valor por el tiempo trabajo . . ..... .... . .... . . . . ... . . ..
.. . . .. . . .. .... 129 De la tnercancía al dinero ............... . ....... .... .. .
.. . . ......... . ... . . . ..
.. . . .. ........ . .......... ... .. . .... . ........ . . . ... : ..... 348
La renta diferencial de la tierra .. ...... ........ ................................... ................ . ........ ........................ 134 El fetichismo de la mercancía y su secreto ........... .. .
. .. . .. . ........ .. . ... . . ....... . ....... ..
. ...... ..
. .. ..... . ............ 354
Dificultades que Ricardo no consigue resolver .. ..... ................ . . ..... ... ........ . ..... ..... . ..... .. . .. ..... . ... . .. . . 140
.
El origen de la ganancia .... ......... . .
.......... ....... . ..... .. . . .. . . ......... . . . ... ...... .. . . ..
. .. .... . ........... . ..... . .. .... . ..... 358
El dinero en el sistema clásico .. . . .. . .. .
.. . ..... .. .... . . .. ...... ................ .. . .. ....... .. .
. .. ....... . .
.. ............. .. . . . . .... . 144
Los límites de la acumulación de capital en el sistema clásico . .... . . ................ .. . . .. .
.. .. .. . ... . . .
.. .. . .. . . ... 152 BIBLIOGRAFÍA CITADA . .. . .. ... ... ...... . .
.. . ........... ..
. ........ . ...... . ........ . . .. ......... . .... ........... . .... . ........ . ... ......... 367

LECCIÓN 4. LA REVOLUCIÓN MARGINAUSTA . .. . ... .... . . . .. . . . ... .. .. . . . . . . . . ... .. ... . ... . . . . . ... . . . ... .
. .. .. . .... 157
Breve nota histórica: Europa entre 1815 y 1 8 7 5 ............................................................................. 157
Las dificultades de Ricardo, nuevamente ..... .......... . . ... .. ........... .. . ................ ...... . . ... . ....... .. .... . ... . 160
. ..

La declinación de la escuela ricardiana ... . ... . . .... .. ........ . .... ..... . ...... .......................... .. . ....... . .
.. ... ..... 166
El marginalismo revolucionario .... .... . . ..... .... . . ... . ... ............ ........ ...... .. ...... . .
.. .......... .. . . ..... . ... . ......... . 171
.

La fundación del marginalismo ... . . .. .. ... . .. . .. .. ... . ... . .............................. . . . ...... . .. . . ....................... .. . .. 174
El intercambio puro . ..... ....... ................. .............. ..... .................... ... .... ... ........................ ......... . . ... 181
.

Del valor de los bienes de consumo al valor de los medios de producción . ....... . ........... ... . . .. . ... . ...... 200

LECCIÓN 5. EL MARGINALISMO DE MARSHALL . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .

. .. . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . .
. ..... . .... . . .. . .
.. . . . .... 207
El triunfo del marginalismo de la mano de Marshall: lrevolución traicionada? ............ ....... . .......... 207
Los "momentos" de la determinación marshalliana del precio . . ...... . . . ...... .. . ..
.. ... .. ...... . ..... ..
. ...... . . ... 212
La teoría de la distribución de Marshall .... ......... .. .. . ..
. . ... .. . . ..
. .. ........... .. ... . . ........................ . .
.. .... . . .. 226
De la renta de la tierra a la cuasi-renta del capital ............... . ............ . ........ . .... ..... .... . ... . ... . .. .. . .
. . . ... 232
El dinero y la ley de Say en el sistema marshalliano . .... . . ...... ....... . ...... . ...... ....... . ... . . ........ .. ........... . 236
.

La Gran Depresión y la teoría marginalista de la ocupación ...... . ... ........... . . . . .. ...... . .... . ... ...... . .... ..... 247

LECCIÓN 6. LA CONTRIBUCIÓN DE KEYNES . ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .. . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 253

La época de Keynes . .. .. . .. .
.... .. .. . ..... .. .. ............... ... . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..... .... . . ............... ........... . ... . . . ... . 253
. .. . . .

La trayectoria intelectual de Keynes y su vinculación con la historia .. ... .. . ... . . .

.. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . ........... .. 255
La "teoría clásica" según Keynes .. .. ........... . ... .. . ..... ... ......... . ...... . .. .. . ..... . ............................... . .. . . 260
. .. ..

Naturaleza profunda de las críticas de Keynes a la teoría clásica ......... .. .. .

. . . . .. . ... . .. ...... . ....... .. .. ...... 264
Crítica al mercado de trabajo y nueva teoría de la ocupación .. . .... . .. . ......... . .... . ... . . .... . ...... . ....... .. . .. 273
La propensión a consumir y el incentivo para invertir ........ ...... . .... . . . .. ........ .
......... ... . .. ....... . . .
.. ... . . 283
.. .

El sistema completo de Keynes ..... .. ....... .. .. . .. . ..

. . .................... . ........... . ........ ............... .. ... .. ..... . ... . .. 290
Política monetaria y fiscal ...... ... . .. . .... . .
.. ..... . .. . .. ..... . . . .... . .................................. .. ...... . .... . ................ 294
Teorías no marginalistas del capital, del dinero y del valor ........ ......... . . . . ...... . . .......... . ... .. . . ...... . ...... . 298
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11 2 Llección 2 . Ad am Sm ith y la formación del sistem a c l ás i co
..-- ------

abanico de teorías plausibles y, por otro lado, con un grupo de antiguas teorías que han
sido descartadas de plano. No obstante, a la economía política le queda un largo trecho
por recorrer antes de finalizar la construcción de un verdadero sistema teórico consis�
rente capaz de dar cuenta de las conexiones internas entre todos estos variados fenó�
menos. Se ha avanzado mucho, indudablemente, en la preparación del terreno. La
Dav i d R i cardo y l a c u l m i n ac i ó n
historia del pensamiento económico continuó dialogando hasta el presente con los d e l a eco no m ía po l ít i ca c l ás i ca
incisivos, poderosos y múltiples argumentos que de forma pionera proporcionó Adam
Smith en La riqueza de las naciones.
Será David Ricardo, el autor al que se dedica la próxima lección, el encargado de
enderezar muchas de las equivocaciones de Smith y dar un cauce único a los numero�
sos caminos en que se habían bifurcado su exposición original.

Introducción

Debido a una serie de factores que conviene analizar antes de iniciar el trabajo con su
obra, la clase de influencia de David Ricardo en la historia del pensamiento económtco
fue bien distinta de la que obtuvo Adam Smith. En primer lugar, Ricardo consiguió en
vida conformar una verdadera escuela de la cual fue líder indiscutido. En segundo
término, como se sostuvo más arriba, si bien La riqueza contiene numerosas teorías
potentes, novedosas y polémicas, debido a su peculiar método y estilo, que se mueve
con roda naturalidad en la permanente contradicción, el autor no logró construir un
sistema teórico completo y consistente. Así, los adversarios de Smith -las escuelas mer�
cantilista y fisiócrata- fueron indiscutiblemente abatidos y sin embargo, no terminó de
formarse estrictamente hablando una nueva escuela sobre la base de unos tambaleantes
cimientos, caracterizados por la ambigüedad y la multiplicidad de propuestas alternati�
vas para resolver cada problema teórico. En suma: de La riqueza no puede extraerse una
única teoría económica sobre la cual seguir edificando.
Por cierto, la temprana época en la que a Smith le tocó desarrollar su sistema le
Imprime casi por fuerza un carácter "prematuro" que se refleja, por un lado, en e l
intento d e penetrm científicamente e n los procesos económicos pero, por e l otro, e n el
propósiw muc ho más superficial de describir por vez primera ciertos fenómenos y de
proporcion<�r el de nuevas categorías necesario para referirse a ellos. Ese doble
registro ( t�círico v descrÍ i'tivo, profundo y superficial) lo lleva a Smith a deambular de
m<.mer�l , ·, -cilant;.: entre la búsqueda de las conexiones internas que vinculan a los

tenónkT, , \.') ec onómicos y la mera descripción de las apariencias que los reviste, lo que
con:: ! ' : , . , claramente contra la posibilidad de construir un sistema teórico sólido (cfr.
Marx [ 1 859] 1 987b: 55) . Como se dijo, son también estas contradicciones bs que