G12

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUARTER 1: WEEK 1 – 3.1

Capsulized Self-Learning
Empowerment Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City
 CapSLET
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Subject & Grade PR-2 1-
Level QUARTER 1 WEEK DAY
G12 3.1 dd/mm/yyyy
Characteristics, strengths and weaknesses and kinds of quantitative research
CONTENT

MOST ESSENTIAL Describes the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses and kinds of
LEARNING quantitative research (CS_RS12-1a-c-1)
COMPETENCY

IMPORTANT: Do not write on this material. Write your answers on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment
Sheets provided separately.

KNOW AND UNDERSTAND

CONTENT STANDARD:
Characteristics, strengths and weaknesses and kinds of quantitative research

CHECKPOINT: How is quantitative research described in terms of characteristics, strengths and

weaknesses and kinds?

Quantitative research designs employ numbers and statistics in coming up with

generalizations about the problem or inquiry. It has characteristics, strengths and
weaknesses and kinds.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

 Large Sample Size. Quantitative research is done on a large number of audiences to ensure
reliability.
 Structured Research Methods. Structural research methods like questionnaires, polls, and
surveys are used to conduct quantitative research.
 Highly Reliable Outcome. The outcome of quantitative research methods is quite reliable, as
participants of the research face close-ended questions. Moreover, the outcome of
quantitative research is easy to understand and explain.
 Reusable Outcome. The outcome of quantitative research can be used multiple times.
 Close-ended Questions. Close-ended question’s answers are more specific and right to the
question than the open-ended questions. Responses to open-ended questions are more
detailed and scattered.
 Numerical Outcome. The outcome of quantitative research is always in numerical form- in
percentage, range of numbers.
 Generalization of Outcome. The outcome of quantitative research can be generalized easily
for the whole population since it involves a large sample of the population.
  Prior Study. The outcome of quantitative research can be used for a previous study of another
research. The results of quantitative research are more reliable than qualitative research and
can be used easily to deduce conclusions

Quantitative research has also strengths and weaknesses just like the qualitative research.
Strengths of Quantitative Research

 Can be tested and checked. Quantitative research requires careful experimental design and
the ability for anyone to replicate both the test and the results. This makes the data you
gather more reliable and less open to argument.
 Straightforward analysis. The type of results from the data that you gather will tell you which
statistical tests are appropriate to use. Thus, the interpretation and presentation are
straightforward and less open to error.
 Prestige. It is considered valuable and impressive especially if it involves complex statistics
and data analysis; it is also associated with technical advancements .

Other Strengths of Quantitative Research (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017)

 Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of concluding results , giving
way to a new hypothesis or to disproving it.
 Because of a bigger number of the sample of a population, the results or generalizations are
more reliable and valid.
 Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of quantitative
experiments, leading to a final answer, and a narrowing down of possible directions to follow
 It provides an allowance on the formulation of statistically sound .
 Quantitative data provide a macro view with all the required details and comparatively larger
samples.
 Larger sample sizes enable the conclusion to be generalized.
 Evaluation of the multiple data sets can be done at once and that too at a faster pace and
accurately.
 This method is called to be appropriate when there is a need of systematic and standardized
comparisons.
 The manual implementations of ideas can be automated completely which can save time.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

 False focus on numbers. Since it focuses solely on numbers, you run the risk of missing
essential information. overlooking broader themes and relationships.
 Difficulty setting up a research model. There is a need to formulate your hypothesis and set
up a model for collecting and analysing data.
 Can be misleading. The opinions and biases of a researcher are likely to affect the information
gathering. Some people assume that because quantitative research is based on statistics it is
more credible or scientific than observational, qualitative research. However, both kinds of
research can be subjective and misleading.

Other Weaknesses of Quantitative Research (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017)

 Quantitative studies require extensive statistical treatment , requiring stringent standards,

more so with confirmation of results.
 Quantitative research also tends to turn out only proved or unproven results, leaving little
room for uncertainty, or grey areas.
  Quantitative Method reveals what and to what extent but often fails to answer more on why
and how.
 This type of research requires the model performance to be monitored on constant basis in
order to ensure its compliance with the original hypotheses.
 The impression of homogeneity in a sample may turn out to be fake in this method.
 This method involves limited number of Quants supply and also involves complex disciplines
which are hard to master.

Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate the
components of the study. It is the blueprint for the selection, measurement and analysis of data. The
research problem determines the research design you should use.

Four Kinds of Quantitative Research.

 Historical research studies events after the fact. It examines previous experience through
documentation and is especially useful for studying the evolution of a particular characteristic
over time.
 Descriptive research systematically documents current events, lasting products or other
phenomena that can be measured directly by researchers today. It can take the form of
questionnaires, polls, surveys, or case studies. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, range,
variance, and standard deviation) are used to summarize and give order to the measurements
made in descriptive research.
 Correlational research reveal systematic relationships between descriptive parameters
(measurable features of a phenomenon under investigation). A correlation facilitates
prediction of one parameter based on another. Correlations are restricted to prediction; the
identification of causal variables requires an experimental analysis.
 Experimental research reveals a cause and effect relationship by systematically manipulating
one parameter (the independent variable) and observing the influence on another (the
dependent variable).

Quantitative Research designs are generally classified experimental and non-experimental.

Experimental research includes True Experimental, Quasi Experimental and Pre-Experimental.
(Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017)

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. One Shot Case Study
2. One Group Pre-test and Post-test Design
Pre-experimental Types of Research
 Apply to experimental designs with the least internal validity.
 One type of pre-experiment , the single group, pre-test-posttest design, measures the group
2 times, before & after the intervention.
 Instead of comparing the pretest with the posttest within one group, the posttest of the
treated groups is compared with that of untreated group (control group)

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 The researcher can collect more data, either by scheduling more observations of finding more
existing measures
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 Controls for both time-related and group-related threats.
 Employs both treated and control groups to deal with time-related rival explanations.
  A Control Group reflects changes other than those due to the treatment that occur during the
time of the study. Such changes include effects of outside events, maturation by the subjects,
changes in measures and impact of any pre-tests.
 Offers the highest internal validity of all the designs.

Quasi-experimental design differs from true experimental design by the absence of random
assignment of subjects to different conditions. Common in Quasi-experimental design and true
experimental is that some subjects receive an intervention and provide data to reflect its impact.

TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. Non-equivalent control group design –refers to the chance of random assignment to equalize
the conditions by converting a true experiment into the kind of design for purposes of
analysis.
2. Interrupted Time Series Design- employs multiple measures before and after the
experimental intervention.

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

 The researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and no external
variables are introduced.
 The variables are not manipulated nor is the setting controlled. Researchers collect
data without making changes or introducing treatments.
Descriptive research includes: Survey, Correlational, Ex-post Facto Studies, Comparative,
Evaluative
and Methodological research.
Descriptive Research Design
 Its main purpose is to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation as it
naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation
or theory development.
1. Survey- a research design used when the researcher intends to provide a quantitative or
numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of
that population (Creswell, 2003).
2. Correlational Research
3 Types:
1. Bivariate Correlation Studies
2. Prediction Studies
3. Multiple Regression

Bivariate Correlation Studies- Obtain scores from 2 variables for each subject. Then use
them to calculate a correlation coefficient. The 2 variables are correlated
Prediction Studies- Use correlation co-efficient to show how one variable (the predictor
variable) predicts another (the criterion variable)
Multiple Regression Prediction Studies- Variables can contribute to the over-all
prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of each identified
variable.

3. Ex-Post Facto Research Design

 These are non-experimental designs that are used to investigate causal relationships.
 They examine whether one or more pre-existing conditions could possibly have
caused subsequent differences in groups of subjects.
 4. Comparative Design
 Involves comparing and contrasting 2 or more samples of study subjects on one or
more variables, often at a single point of time.
 It is used to compare 2 distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes such as
knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
5. Evaluative Research
 Seeks to assess or judge in some way providing information about something other
than might be gleaned in mere observation or investigation of relationships.
 Is conducted to elicit useful feedback from a variety of respondents from various fields
to aid in decision making or policy formulation investigation of relationships.
6. Methodological
 In this approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms a critical
part of achieving the goal of developing a scale-matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.

BE ABLE TO DO
Home – Based LoT (Individual Activity)
Answer all the questions using the answer sheet
: (Individual Activity)

Let’s Practice!
Activity 1 Describe Me More!
Directions: Using a Venn Diagram, describe the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.
Use words/phrases only.

Activity 2: Describing Researchable Problems

Directions: Identify at least two researchable problems/issues in relation to your field

(track/strand) and describe these problems/issues Decide on suitable kind of quantitative research to
the problems you have described.

No. Researchable Description of problem/issue Kind of quantitative

Problems/Issues research to use
1

3
 Activity 3: Describing Qquantitative Research
Directions: Use any graphic organizer to describe the kinds of quantitative research .

REMEMBER
Key Points

 The major characteristics of Quantitative Research is that conclusions are expressed

in numbers or as results of statistical treatment. Conclusive data are arranged using
tables, graphs, or figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends,
relationships, or differences among variables.

 The major strength of quantitative research is that it is an excellent way of using or of

finalizing results and providing or disproving a hypothesis. Results can be seen as real
or unbiased, because they are numerically expressed after appropriate statistical
treatment.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

 Historical research - studies events after the fact,; examines previous

experience through documentation
 Descriptive research - systematically documents current events, lasting
products or other phenomena that can be measured directly; can take the form
of questionnaires, polls, surveys, or case studies; uses descriptive statistics
(mean, median, range, variance, and standard deviation)
 Correlational research - reveals systematic relationships between descriptive
parameters (measurable features of a phenomenon under investigation);
facilitates prediction of one parameter based on another; and restricted to
prediction; the identification of causal variables requires an experimental
analysis.
 Experimental research - reveals a cause and effect relationship by
systematically manipulating the independent variable and observing the
influence on the dependent variable; requires statistical tests; time and
expense involved with such analyses.

Quantitative Research designs are generally classified experimental and non-

experimental. Experimental research includes True Experimental, Quasi Experimental and
Pre-Experimental. Non-experimental research studies include: Survey, Correlational, Ex-
post Facto Studies, Comparative, Evaluative and Methodological.
 TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!

Directions: Read each item carefully and answer the following questions. Write the letter that
corresponds to the correct answer.
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)
1. Below are the characteristics of quantitative research, EXCEPT…
a. Uses tables, figures or graphs for summary
b. Methods can be repeated for verification
c. Puts emphasis on proof
d. Interprets audio recorded data
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?
a. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem
b. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show
trends,
relationship or differences among variables
c. Method can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus, strengthen
and reinforcing
validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.
d. It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related to
human behavior and
the attributes that rule such behavior.
3. Which of the following describes the characteristics of research where data are in a form
of statistics?
a. Large Sample Size
b. Objective
c. Numerical Data
d. Replication
4. This characteristic of quantitative research refers to its necessity to arrive at a more
reliable data
analysis.
a. Large Sample Size
b. Objective
c. Numerical Data
d. Replication
5. Which of the following describes a quantitative study?
a. attributes to malnutrition in children
b. academic performance of high school students
c. public opinion to the corruption in our country
d. experiences of COVID patients
6. Which of the following describes a weakness of quantitative research?
a. Because of a bigger number of the sample of a population. The results or
generalizations are more reliable and valid.
b. Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of concluding
results , giving way to a new hypothesis or to disproving it.
c. Quantitative studies require extensive statistical treatment , requiring stringent
standards, more so with confirmation of results.
d. It cannot be easily automated completely .
7. Which among the items below describes the weakness of quantitative research?
a. It has a large sample size.
b. It requires extensive statistical treatment.
 c. It requires careful experimental design .
d. Data provide a macro view of details.
8. Gladyz wants to know the relationship between the level of anxiety experienced during
examinations and the exam performance among the grade 12 students in STEM of Baliwasan
Senior High School-Stand Alone. The type of research design to be utilized is:
a. Experimental
b. Quasi-experimental
c. Correlational
d. Causal comparative
9. Ma’am Pia Fritzie randomly grouped the students in P.E. 1 class into two and tested the
effects of her newly discovered strategy towards their endurance. Her study uses this type of
research design:
a. Correlational
b. Survey
c. Experimental
d. Causal –comparative
10. In an event that the STEM students want to know more about the cause and effect
relationship, the type of research design appropriate for this is:
a. Experimental
b. Historical
c .Correlational
d. Causal comparative
11. This is another type of quantitative research design wherein the researcher wants to
assess the reliability of the test papers administered by the teachers in HUMSS and TVL.
a. Evaluative
b. Quasi-experimental
c. Correlational
d. True experimental
12. Wafia wants to conduct a research to determine the effects of stress towards the
academic performance of TVL students during the first grading of academic year 2020-2021.
The type of research design most Suited towards her study would be:
a. Causal-comparative
b. Experimental
c. Quasi-experimental
d. Correlational
13. Fidel conducts a study that will further get to know the frequency of dropouts
among grade 12 students enrolled in GAS of Don Pablo Senior high School Stand-
Alone. What’s the type of research design to be used in his study?
a. Descriptive
b. Correlational
c. Causal-comparative
d. Experimental
14. Sir Mike introduces a new admission system and wishes to study the efficiency of its
implementation as compared to the previous admission system which is still being
practiced in other schools. What type of research design is used?
a. Methodological
b. Causal comparative
c. Comparative
d. Correlational
15. A quantitative research paper is entitled as “Blended Learning Utilized by Senior High
Schools in Zamboanga City and its Association with the Performance of Students
Nurses in their Academic”. What is the research design of this study?
 a. Survey
b. Correlational
c. Causal-comparative
d. Experimental

Nelia G. Prieto, Ph.D, Victoria C. Naval, DEM, Teresita G. Carey, DALL. Practical
Research 2 Quantitative. . Lorimar Publishing Inc. Quezon City,
Philippines,
2017, pages 3-7.
Hitesh Bhasin. What are the Characteristics of Quantitative Research? 2019.
https://www.marketing91.com/characteristics-of-quantitative-research/
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-
research/#Quantitative_Research_Characteristics
REFERENCES https://www.thebalancesmb.com/quantitative-research-advantag
https://www.weetechsolution.com/blog/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-
quantitative-and-qualitative-research
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d38353385225e001f6384cd/quantitative-
research
Copyright © 2011 International Association for Dance Medicine and Science
(IADMS) and Virginia Wilmerding, Ph.D. https://www.iadms.org/page/305
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitativ
Research/#Quantitative_Research_Characteristics
LEARNING
JUDITH C. MUSTAHAM
RESOURCES
WRITER
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 ANSWER SHEET

Name:____________________ Strand/Section:____________ Date:_______

Activity 1. Describe Me More!

Directions: Using a Venn Diagram, describe the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative
research. Use words/phrases only.

Strengths Weaknesses

A
ACTIVITY 2. Describing Researchable Problems

Directions: Identify at least three researchable problems/issues in relation to your field

(track/strand) and describe these problems/issues Decide on suitable kind of quantitative
research to the problems you have described.

No. Researchable Description of problem/issue Kind of quantitative

Problems/Issues research to use
1

ACTIVITY 3. Describing Quantitative Research

Directions: Use any graphic organizer to describe the kinds of quantitative research .
TRY .Directions: Read each item carefully and answer the following questions. Write the letter
that corresponds to the correct answer on the space provided after each number.
1. _____ 7.______ 13. _____
2. _____ 8.______ 14. _____
3. _____ 9.______ 15. ______
4. _____ 10._____
5. _____ 11._____
6. _____ 12._____
ANSWER KEY
Activities 1 & 2 Varied answers from students

TRY
1. D . 9. C
2. D 10. A
3. C 11. B
4. A 12. B
5. C 13. A
6. C 14. C
7. B 15. B
8. C