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Philippine Christian University
Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
S.Y. 2023-2024
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (GRADE 12)

QUARTER 1-WEEK 1 (SEPTEMBER 04 -08, 2023)
LESSON 1: KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND RESEARCH VARIABLES
Overview
Quantitative Research is a type of research that deals with the analysis of various data using
statistical procedures. Its methods are oriented towards the use of numerals and statistics in the analysis
of data collected. This module will help you determine the different kinds of Quantitative Research that can
be used in conducting a study. In making a quantitative research you need to determine the possible factors
that might affect your research result.
Variables are very necessary for accomplishing a result for a quantitative type of research
as it guides the researchers in conducting the study. Moreover, these are the elements that are
greatly present in a quantitative research and it could affect, or it could be affected in a
quantitative research. This module will be able to give you the importance and the use of Research
Variables in Quantitative Research.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Determine the different kinds of quantitative research.

2. Describe the kinds of variables and their uses.
3. Identify the type of research to use in the study.
(https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/ootwj)
Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an
exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for
their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media.
Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited.
Test Yourself
I. Directions: Read the question carefully and give your own idea about it. Write your answers on
the spaces provided below.
1. As a student, why it is necessary to know the different kinds of type of Quantitative Research?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. How can research variables affect the results of the study?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Study these terms
These are the important terms that can help you in this lesson:
 Different–not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality.
https://www.formpl.us/blog/image_serve/descriptive-research
 Descriptive- tests the causality between variables.
 Correlational - attempts to determine to what extent two or more variables are related to each
other.
 Quasi-experimental - establish a causal relationship between two or more variables.
 Experimental - often called “true experimentation”; the independent variable is manipulated to
assess causal relationships.
 https://owl.excelsior.edu/rhetorical-styles/cause-and-effect-essay/
 https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-the-independent-and-dependent-variable
 Cause – a reason for a certain action, condition or result to happen

 Effect - expressing a result or outcome based on a certain cause
 Variables – subject matter of the study, important elements of the research
Discussion
Kinds of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive Research involves with identifying and describing the cause or reason of a particular
phenomenon. It is focusing on independent and dependent variables. This design generally attempts
to test variable relationships or causality between variables.
(https://www.kindpng.com/imgv/TooTxmm_quantitative-descriptive-research-quantitative-research-design-clipart-hd/)
Independent Variable – a variable that affects the dependent variable
Dependent Variable – a variable that receives the effect from the independent variable
Examples:
 Impacts of Social Media Usage on the Communication Skills of Grade 12 STEM students
-On the first example, Social Media Usage affects Communication Skills, so Social Media is the
independent variable and Communication Skills is the dependent variable. There is one independent
variable and one dependent variable that is why it is considered as Descriptive – Causal.
 Impacts of Social Media Usage on the Communication Skills and Interpersonal Skills of Grade 12
STEM students
- On the second example, Social Media Usage affects two variables which are Communication Skills
and Interpersonal Skills. Once there is an independent variable affecting two variables, it is
considered as Descriptive – Causal – Comparative.
2. Correlational Design seeks on analyzing the relationship between variables(positive or negative)
that are involved in a research context.
(https://www.itrcweb.org/gsmc-1/Content/GW%20Stats/5)
Examples:
 Correlational Analysis between Age and Mathematical Ability of Grade 12 students

- On the first example, the variables are age and mathematical ability, it did not focus on how
age affects mathematical ability but it focuses on how they are related. The study wants to find out
that as the age increases, mathematical ability increases.
 Verbal Reasoning Skills as correlated to the Mathematical Reasoning Skills of Grade 12

- With this example, there is always an integrated term of correlation as a signal word, and there
are two variables which are associated with one another. There will be analysis if students are
both good in language and also good in math, or if the student becomes good in one subject,
there might be a possibility that the other subject lacks.
3. Quasi- Experimental Design determines the causality between one or more variables. A lot of
intervening factors are integrated since there are some other major variables that must be
determined and are highly based on time duration and centralized on programs.
(https://scientificinquiryinsocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/12-1-experimental-design-what-is-it-and-when-should-it-be-used/)
Examples:
 Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Research Webinars in Enhancing Research

Competencies of Grade 12 students
This example, illustrates a program which is the Research Webinars, and the program has a goal
which is to enhance the Research Competencies of Grade 12 students. There will be set of topics per
time duration and it takes action by means of implementing it.
 Creative Writing Program: Basis for Developed Writing Proficiency of Grade 12 students
With the study, it centralizes on the Creative Writing Program that caters the improvement of the
Grade 12 students' writing proficiency; it also takes time scheduling and remedial.
4. Experimental Design- this is one of the highest forms of quantitative research wherein independent
variables are manipulated and various statistical techniques are involved in order to formulate a
product.
Examples:
 Effectiveness of the Use of Lemon – based Insecticide in Decreasing Mosquito Activities and
Inhabitation in Barangay Pagbangon
The research study focused on a product which is Lemon - based Insecticide, the effectiveness of the
said product depends on the number of trials to be done.
 Apple Scented Sanitizer and its efficient agents used for cleansing
This research study wants to determine the efficiency of the components of Apple Scented Sanitizer
to be used in cleaning and disinfecting hands and skin.
https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-non-experimental-research
In this part, you will learn the two basic types of research variables that are common for a
quantitative research.
 Variable- is the object, characteristic, category, attribute, case, event, which had been
regarded measurable once it is assisted by statistical treatments. Furthermore, it can change
to change, alter, improve, or be modified.
Types of Variable
1. Independent Variable(IV)– variable that stands alone and the variable that causes an
effect to the dependent variable/s. It is the one that researcher/s manipulate/control in
order to produce the necessary context in processing and determining the results of the
study. (Cause)
- Cannot be altered by other variables
- It is often referred as the input variable.
2. Dependent Variable (DV) - the one that is assumed to be affected by an independent
variable and some other mediating variables. (Effect)
- referred as the output variable
To clearly understand the two types of variables, study and analyze the given examples below.
Examples:
Impacts of Various Learning Environments on the Effectivity of Study Habits of
selected SHS students
Learning
environment refers to
the diverse physical
locations, contexts,
and cultures in which
students learn.
Study Habits are the

behaviors used when
preparing for tests or
learning academic Various Learning Environments Study Habits
material.
IV DV
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/e-learning-concept-illustration-gm610454902-104795237
https://www.locusassignments.com/8-effective-study-habits-for-college-students/
In this example, various learning environments is the IV and the study habits is the DV. The
learning environment could refer to a classroom/online classes having appropriate environment or
having proper ventilation. It could also mean that a classroom may have sufficient resources to
supply the needs of the students in terms of learning. If the students are in a well-ventilated and
conducive classroom, the students may feel motivated and comfortable. As a result, students can
learn more and can participate to the lesson actively. To simplify, the study habits of the students
depend on the various learning environment they are in; various learning environments can affect
the study habits of the students.
Factors affecting thecareer choice of SHS students in

Philippine Christian University – Dasmariñas
Factors Career choice

IV DV
https://www.clipartmax.com/middle/m2i8K9N4Z5G6m2H7_target-clipart-student-evaluation-critical-success-factors-icon/
https://comps.gograph.com/ggb/95938979
The example above shows that the career choice of the SHS students depends on different factors,
that is why the career choice becomes the DV and the factorsare the IV. This means that the
student’s preference in choosing a course in college may be affected by various factors such as
academicinterest, financial stability, parent’s choice, peer pressure, courses offered in a
college/university, etc. In this case, there is no specified factor indicated in the title regarding the
choice of the students. The word “factor” is used because the title intends to identify what are the
possible causes that may affect the students’ career choice by conducting a research study.
Examples:
Learning Comprehension of
Subject Discussion in the Learning
Modules Grade 12 Students
(Independent) (Dependent)
Complexity of Research subject Learning Interest of students
Efficiency of Internet Students' Participation in Online

Connectivity Classes
Comprehensive Reading Materials Communicative Skills of students

in Language (Dependent)
(Independent)
Examples:
1. Online Learning Environments and its effect to Socio – Cognitive Skills of Grade 12 students
2. Impacts of Modular Distance Teaching Approach on students' learning retention in English
3. Effectiveness of Mathematics Online Remedial Program to the Analytical Thinking Skills of
Grade 11 students
4. Familiarity in Online Classes and its effects to students' participation in class discussion
5. Implications of Innovative Teaching Techniques to the Research Competency of Grade 12
Students
(Ideas that are underlined in the examples are the INDEPENDENT Variables)
(Ideas that are italicized in the examples are the DEPENDENT Variables)
Guidelines in Structuring and Identifying Research Variables
1. The independent variable is stated first before the dependent variable.
2. Research Variables are always specific in structure.
3. Research Variables are the subject matter of the study, thus, it is always present in the research title
structure.
4. The specific category of the independent variable and the dependent variable is always included.
5. To identify variables in a research structure, using a concept diagram can help determine the two variables.
Important Things to Ponder:
Quantitative Research has four types.
Descriptive Research focuses on the cause and effect.
Correlational Research focuses on relationship and association of variables.
Quasi – Experimental Research deals on proposing a program on a given time period.
Experimental Research formulates new product and ideas.
Variables- are things that can change and are measured and studied in research to
understand its impacts or relationship.
Independent Variable- stand-alone variable/ causes an effect.
Dependent Variable- assumed to be affected.
Activity # 1 (Written Work 1)
Name _________________________________________ Date/Week No. _______________

Strand and Section _______________ Score: /30
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Identify the kinds of Quantitative Study for each given item. Write
your answers on spaces provided below. (2 points each)
1. "Effects of Good Reviewing Techniques on Students' Learning Attention Span"

a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Quasi – Experimental d. Experimental
Answer:
2. "Implications of Business Enterprise Program to the Financial
Competencies of Grade 12 STEM students”

Answer:
3."Correlational Analysis between sleep patterns and stress levels among working students of
Grade 12 students.”
Answer:
4. "Research subject Interest and Learning Concentration of Grade 11 and Grade 12 students"
Answer:
5 . " Viability of Banana leaves as a Renewable Replacement for Plastic Wraps"

Answer:
II. IDENTIFICATION: Read and analyze the given research title structures. Identify the independent
variable and the dependent variable. Write your answers on the table provided below.
(2 points each)
1. Effects of Study Habits to the Academic Readiness of Grade 11 students
2. Correlational Analysis on the Length of Study Period and the School Productivity of Grade 12 students
3. Correlational Analysis between Mathematical Ability and Scientific Ability of Engineering students
4. Cognitive Factors affecting the Learning Outputs of Grade 12 students in Practical Research 2
5. Sustainability Awareness Seminar for Aspiring Architecture Students
6. RFID Integrated Monitoring on the Library Use of Grade 11 students
7. Efficiency of Canva Application on the Technological Skills of 21st century learners
8. Implications of Social Media Use on the Information Accuracy Skills of SHS students
9. Proposability of Vertical City in Cavite for Sustainable Housing
10. Struggles and Successes of Grade 12 students in Dealing with Academic Requirements
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Activity # 2 (Performance Task 1)
Name _________________________________________ Date/Week No. _______________

Strand and Section _______________ Score: /20
I.ANALYSIS: Apply all the given guidelines in terms of the types of quantitative research. Formulate
research topic for each given type of research based on a specific discipline related to your strand.
Write your answers on the table provided below.
(5 points each)
Specific Discipline:
Strand:
Descriptive Correlational Quasi – Experimental
Research Topic Research Topic Experimental Research Topic
Research Topic
Rubrics for Grading the Analysis
5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
Original ideas are Ideas are Research topics Ideas are lacking Understanding of
formulated with formulated are mostly substance based the topic and
unique sense of keenly with common and had on the relevance instruction is not
observation and observation been existing in of the research fully observed.
relevance, past references topics.
brilliant and
comprehensive
understanding of and there is a
the four types of good yet still
quantitative comprehension of significant.
research related the lesson:
to the strand:
References
Books
Uy, Cabauatan, De Castro &Grajo. Practical Research 2." Research Designs".Vibal Publishing, Inc. 2016,
pp. 11 -13.
Melegrito , M. & Mendoza, D. Applied Research:An Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and
Report Writing. "Definition, Characteristics, and Types of Quantitative Research."
Phoenix Publishing, Inc. 2016, .pp. 8 -34.
Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by:
Carmela B. Ramelo Justine Mar F. Mina Mario S. Mecate, Ph.D.

Roberto E. dela Rosa Subject Lead Teacher- Research 12 AVP for Basic Education/Principal
Wyea Nicole P. Glorioso
Vina Angela G. Dumalagan
Jahzeel B. Barredo
Ardin A. Susana
Jeanelle M. Relacion
Jandy P. Ayson
Joy Marie T. Añonuevo
Mariane B. Gonzales
Zharina Mae Mendoza
Christine Suzette Cordero
Pauline Jan S. Mantele
Angelica F. Mendoza
Dianne Joyce G. Critica
Clarence Mae D. Maliksi
Subject Teacher/s

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Philippine Christian University

Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114

MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (GRADE 12)

LESSON 1: KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND RESEARCH VARIABLES

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Determine the different kinds of quantitative research.

2. How can research variables affect the results of the study?

Study these terms

 Descriptive- tests the causality between variables.

 Quasi-experimental - establish a causal relationship between two or more variables.

 Experimental - often called “true experimentation”; the independent variable is manipulated to

assess causal relationships.

 Cause – a reason for a certain action, condition or result to happen

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Independent Variable – a variable that affects the dependent variable

 Correlational Analysis between Age and Mathematical Ability of Grade 12 students

 Verbal Reasoning Skills as correlated to the Mathematical Reasoning Skills of Grade 12

 Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Research Webinars in Enhancing Research

Study Habits are the

Factors affecting thecareer choice of SHS students in

Factors Career choice

Complexity of Research subject Learning Interest of students

Efficiency of Internet Students' Participation in Online

Comprehensive Reading Materials Communicative Skills of students

Important Things to Ponder:

Quantitative Research has four types.

Descriptive Research focuses on the cause and effect.

Correlational Research focuses on relationship and association of variables.

Quasi – Experimental Research deals on proposing a program on a given time period.

Experimental Research formulates new product and ideas.

Independent Variable- stand-alone variable/ causes an effect.

Dependent Variable- assumed to be affected.

Name _________________________________________ Date/Week No. _______________

1. "Effects of Good Reviewing Techniques on Students' Learning Attention Span"

Competencies of Grade 12 STEM students”

a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Quasi – Experimental d. Experimental

5 . " Viability of Banana leaves as a Renewable Replacement for Plastic Wraps"

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Name _________________________________________ Date/Week No. _______________

Descriptive Correlational Quasi – Experimental

Research Topic Research Topic Experimental Research Topic

Rubrics for Grading the Analysis

5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

observation and observation been existing in of the research fully observed.

relevance, past references topics.

understanding of and there is a

the four types of good yet still

quantitative comprehension of significant.

research related the lesson:

Carmela B. Ramelo Justine Mar F. Mina Mario S. Mecate, Ph.D.

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