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    PTS Designation of Human Types

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    Neogen Neogen

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    Pali Cext Society ‘Teaxstartow Sarna, No. 12 DESIGNATION OF HUMAN TYPES (PUGGALA-PANNATTD TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH FOR THE FIRST TIME BY Published by: ‘THE PALI TEXT SOCIETY, LONDON Distritated by ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD Lonpox, Hesty axp Bostox 1979 Repent = 868 Reprined 1950 ie © Pat Tet Socity ‘ented sat Bound in Great Bian hy “Trower Raber w SIR ASUTOSH MOOKERJER, Kr., €.8.1 INTRODUCTION ‘Tue Puggala-Poiviat’ isthe fourth work of the Abhidhamma Pifaka. Dr. Rhys Davids, in hin Buddhist India (p. 188), considers this work to be probably the earliest of the Abhidhamma books. The ttle consists of two words: puggals ‘and palifatti, The word ‘puggala” means an individual or & person, ss opposed to a multitude or clas, « creature, ‘being, © man (Childers’ Pali Dictionary). Buddhism dis- tinguishes altogether twelve classes of intelligent beings oF ‘Puggale—vix., four of the average ordinary class (puthujjani) ‘and cight of the elect class (ariyi).* According to the Buddhists, tho individual has no real existence. ‘The term ‘ puggala” does not mean anything real. Its only sammutisacea (apparent truth) as opposed to oramatthnoacea (real truth). “Just as it is by the con tion precedent of the co-eriatence of ita various part that the ‘word ‘ chariot” ia used, just so ia it that when the khandhas sro there, wo talk of a ‘being’ (The Queations of King Milinda, 8.B.B., vol. xxxv.,p. 45, quoting Sapyute i, 135). in that the penon is known in the imate fact, but he is not known in ‘the same way as other resl and ultimate facts are known? ‘He or she ia known in the sense of areal and ultimate fact, ‘and his material quality is also known in the sense of a real and ultimate fact. But it cannot truly be said that the material quality is one thing and the person another. * Compendium of Philosophy, by 8.2, Aung and Min. Rhys Davids, 2 1h, pp 1s. Introduction nor can it be truly predicated that the person is related or absolute, conditioned or unconditioned, eternal or temporal, for whether the person has external features or whether he is without any. One who has material quality in the sphere of matter is a person, but it cannot be suid that one who ‘experiences desires of sense in the sphere of sense-desire is 8 pervon? The genesis of the perton is apparent, his passing away and duration are also distinctively apparent, but it ‘cannot be said that the person is conditioned ® ‘With reference to this substitation of puggala for atta, Mrs Rhys Davids says in hor Buddhist Peychology,* “Tt would almost appear as if atti had, at least for a time, come to signify merely the personal appearance or visible self.” Paiiiatti—Pafiiatti means ‘notion,’ ‘designation,’ ete. “Tt means what the mind both conceives and renders arti late® Tt is stated in the Compendium of Philosophy that Pafiiatti is twofold according as it is mown (pafii- piyatiti) or as it makes (things) known (padiapetti}® There are ideas such as ‘land,’ ‘ mountain,’ and the like, designated sccondingly and derived from some modo of physical changes in nature, ‘There are ideas as ‘house,’ ‘chariot, ‘ cart,’ and the like (named sccordingly and) derived from various modes of construotion of materials, “Tn the highest sense we do not find thete distinctions to exist, but nevertheless as modes of shadowing forth the ‘meaning (of things), they become objecta of thought-genesis (as our ideas). And the idea is roferred to, derived from, or determined by, this or that (thing), and is called idea of thing ‘because it is conceived and reckoned, named, currently ex- pressed, or made known. hie idea of thing is designated 5 Points of Conroverty, p21. Th p.98,_¥ Io'p. + Quen Series, 14, 150." Of. Miinda p27 1 Beant by Mang Tis a Me Dav oi * Compendium of Philosophy, p. 4. Introduction ix ee or ey kag in his nteouctry Bay, wile ding neh he aged Src be ay pt laine be Pee eee ae ee ere re one ee saat reeren nen enrages pres Bae ee amene sa dr ee ee eee Se ee oy ee cee a ti ee eS ety ola ee ener eS ee td ee a ae nae eee ae “exposition, ‘ establithing,” and deposition of persons; or “ht the outact, theanthorclasifes the ‘peat’ or notion, into group (Khandha), locos (Syatana), element (hit), ruth {eacca), faculty (indriya), and person (puggala). Of these tin, the lat one is the subject-matter ofthis work, Tn the rar ee ne ett apa kp 1 Gf Compenion of Pilon. + foe tati dno x Introduction ‘treatment of the subject, the author first gives a Table of Contenta of the whole work, and then follows the method of the AAgutara Nikaya. That i, he frst gives the grouping ‘under one term, then under two, and so on, up to the grouping under ten terms. Not only in the treatment of the subject- ‘matter, but also as regards materials, the compiler owes good deal to the Sangiti Suanta of the Digh3 Nikdya and to the Atigutara Nikiya. Nevertheless, a3 Dr. Richard ‘Morris! has pointed out, the Puggala-Paitatti throws some light on aeveral obscure Buddhist terms and phrases. Of the several works included in the Canonical literature, there is only one—eg., the Kathivatthu—to which the Commentary ascribes a definite author, and a date of some amount of cerlainty. Of the other works of the Canonical literature, it is not possible to ascribe the authorship to any one, nor is it possible to give a definite ate. In all likelihood, there was not one suthor of any one of these works. They seem to be the combined pro- Auctions of the brotherhood, perhaps at different times, ‘nd the Puggala-Pafiiatti is probably not an exception As regards the date, nothing is known definitely. But it, may be said with some degree of certainty that the work ‘was compiled after the Nikiyas. All the works belonging to the Abhidhammapitaka came into being after the Nikiyas. My friend, Dr. B. M. Barus, of London and Caleutta Universities, suggested the prosent translation of Puggala- PoiiRatti, and I have ventured to put before the public the firnt English rendering of it. I have derived eome help from the Commentary on the Puggala-Pafihath' edited by Mra. Rhys Davids, and published in the Journal of the Pali Text Soviety for 1913-14. Mrs. Rhye Davids kindly drew my ‘attention to a German translation of the present work,? but, ac aie Pogiala Poets (2-T.), edited by the Rev. Rihard Moria * Das Buch der Charaltere, translated by Nyfaatiloka, Brealau, 1911. Introduction xi T could not make use oft, as donot know German, I find ‘that there are some inaccuracies inthe text published by the PTS, In tating thw portions where eh narra ‘cour, I had to proceed very cautiously, and always with due regard to the context. T am grateful to Mr. Ramiprasid Chowdhury, M.A., who thas helped! me much. ‘Mrs. Rhys Davids has laid me under o deep obligation by revising the translation. I am ever grateful to her for her ‘valuable suggettions, which have boon carried out as far at ible in thie work. vom ‘BIMALA CHARAN LAW. 24, Somaas Smaaey, Cascorts ‘Sepenber 8 1922. CONTENTS DIVISION OP HUMAN TYPES BY TWO DIVISION OF HUWAN TYPES BY THREE DIVISION OF HUMAN 4YPES DY FIVE DIVISION OF HUMAN TYPES BY SHYEN DIVISION OF HUMAN 7¥PES BY AOE . DIVISION OF HUMAN TYPES BY TEN ae uv 28 40 55 89 7 99 108 104 107 109 DESIGNATION OF HUMAN TYPES I bend in homage to the Blessed One, the Exalted, the pecfectly Enlightened One, ‘THE TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘The Siz Designations—vie.: (2) The notion of the groups.> (@) The notion of sense-orguna and theit objects, (8) The notion of the elements of cognition.* (4) The notion of truth? (8) The notion of sense-organs.* (6) The notion of human types. ‘One of the 2 hoarding tothe Commentary, the frst two Traths, dukbham and dukkdacamudayo, are “mundane” (belonging to the wore of re-bicth), faed the other two Truths (niodha and nirodhagiminipaipada) are “upramundane (belonging tothe Pasa) "Ot the indsiyan (eons organs), ten belong to tho region of sense. desire, nin to the nert two Worlds, and threo to the rapramundate (Commeriary). Tndriya Uteraly means ‘a controling priasple or foree.” Tn the Sinhala Commentary wo fnd tho following defiiion:— ““Aijhavidhash pl iadriperipem peloaviGispesn Uighdins sabe jarape-pariptlane ca Gdkipacayo gato” "The eight Kinds are cal ndrge-rapam because they regulate (or control) the fie seen, 28 ‘walla tho primary and secondary charctae of either sex, and ep the coceistent qualiin of body trom decay ”(Oompendiem of Philesopy, 2 Designation of Human Types 1, In what ways is there a designation of groups ? So far as the five groups are concerned-—vis. (a) The group of material form, (©) the group of sensation, (6) the group of perception, (@) the group of confections? (©) the group of consciousness, In these ways is there a designation of groups. 2. Ta what ways tht «designation of ene organs and thei ajecte Bo far an the twelve sete-orpune and thee objets are coneemed~vin+ (0) th ape, @) vitble shape, (9) the er, (@ sound, (the noe, the mel, (the tong, () the tate, () the body) tangible things, (2) the min () eae Ta theo ways thee dotgnation of some-orgute au their objects. : cee by Me. 8.2. Ang atl Mr. Rhys David 150 the exer, the peormer of lrdip called soveianty ase and ‘that funtion." "Tho fve (cme organs) ee ee, are Leds sight, stein the Guocion of sags ete” (Compendia Philwophy, p22) "Sustain The word stain the Sake Kanda iso calltive name given to Hy mental properties which go to sao up ota or consusne ‘They ae ase Saas teas, ‘ concomitans, they pron tee fnpectvefueion coon, tion a one wile of atopy or thought” (Compenstm of Pio sophy, p27). ‘Phin word has ben varoualy tranlsted by rere bopeta scholar. prfr fo flow T. W. Inge Dave bean {word “confeotion very nealy approaches the. shows Ie ot hae Saiki means * mental sccompasiment’ (Zudéhion, “Hom Univerty Library Seri . 71) complars® (Boddhin Peyton Ques Serie,p 146); ayncrios Dut Poche Bice nd ck toe) a ‘ebepation’ "matin" Earay’“Shandhaa! 1H inde everything of mish imprmuntace may be pote, ‘which iste sme thing, everything whch pring fronts ene (Ghier’ Pali Dinar, ps3) ben natal es ys, For dete explanation of Sasthir see Compendium of Pulse 2y Me. 82. Aung and Mrs, Rhys Devids,ppeats, 270, According Indias are 10 Ladi Sudave, Sedkbisa x pobbabhinabehae or “provious vlldenal fffort or conation on the part of salt or another” (Compendium af Philosophy, p24). The Table of Contents 3 3. In what ways in there @ designation of the elements of cognition t So far as the eighteen elements of cognition are concerned — vin: (a) the eye, (®) visible shape, (c) visual coguition, (@) tho ear, () sound, (f) auditory cognition, () the nose, (3) odour, (i) olfactory cognition, Gj) the tongue, (8) taste, (® gustatory cognition, (n) the organ of touch, (n) tangible things, (0) tactile cognition, (p) mind, (g) idea, (r) mental cognition Tn. thote ways in there a designation of the elements of cognition. 4, Tn what ways is there a designation of truths ¥ So far as the four truths are concerned—viz.; (a) the truth of suffering, (6) the truth of the genesi of eulfering, (c) the truth of cessation of suflering,(d) the truth of the path leading tothe easation of suffering. Tn theso ways is there a designation of truths 5. Tn what waye is there a designation of functions ? So far as the twonty-two functions (or faculties) are con- coraed—via (2) the function ofthe eye, (@) the function of the ar, (©) the function of the nose, (@) the function of the tongue, (6) the function of the touch, () the fanetion of the mind, {@) the fanotion of life, (j) the function of womanhood, (@) the function of manhood, () the fanetion of pleasure, (d) the fonction of pain, (© the function of gladness, (on) the fanotion of rie (1) the fonction of neutral feeling, (0) the funotion of faith, {@) the fanetion of energy, (@) the fanotion of mindfulness, 4 Designation of Human Types (0) the function of concentration, (@) the fanetion of ight, (© the funetion of will-to know-what-i unknown, (w) the funetion of gnosis, (0) the funetion of having-come-to-know-the-unkmown, ‘In these ways is there designation of functions or faculties). 6. In what ways is there desigaation of human types ¢ L—Grouping of Human Types by One. (1) One who is emaneipated in season.* (2) One who is emancipated out of season (3) One of perturbable nature? (4) One of imperturbable nature. (9) One liable to fall away, (6) One-not linble to fall away. (2) One competent in wil, (8) One competent in watchfulness. (8) Am average man. (10) One become ofthe family of the Ariyas.® ' Semayavimotto apglion to Sotipante (atreaatiainer), wake {giant (once returner) and angi (Dever returner) (Commenary) Sammayavimutto.Ieapplier to. Sokkhavipassla Khndsavas, “ey vsicnedeanta"(Arahaate who do uot practie Jha Commentary) 2” Kuppadhammo is applied to an ordinary person who has attained ‘ight saragpatis (ataininenta) Tes alo applied to astroum attaner fd toe onco-returner Tt mesna a person who i unsteady oF not Army estaliied in the path. Tei ao ealed boone in hit rane the ‘mental conditions which are antagonistic to samadhi (or rapt com ‘entration) and vipssang (or insight) have uot been completely stopped ‘or well-wshed of and itis for this reeaon that thelr attainment ecihes and falls way “Akuppedhammo is applied to an andgimi (neveroturer) who ‘has attained eight) samépatiis (attainments) and to a khiptaav (Ge, a person who hae dotroyed passions) -émesas « pero who doe not go aatray. Ilo in steady or firmly etabliehed inthe path, ‘indranots of satnidh rapt concentration on 40 karmmaithines) snd vipesans (insight in thee signs) i such a person wre completely Aestrosed. “His attainment is not broken or datroyed by Oelee talla, or by axy other unsuitable act committed through angligence (Commentary) © dotrahtsAcconding to the Commentary, this term is applied to & person who has reched the fasly, els, or deignation of Ariyas by ‘Surpassing the family, circle, or designation of ordinary penone rovgh The Table of Contents 5 (11) One restrained through fees.) (12) One unrestrained through fear, (13), Ono eapable of arriving. (14) One incapable of arriving. (15) One with determined destiny. (16) One with undetermined destiny. (17) The path-attainer (18) One established in frition, (18) The equal-headed, (20) The won-arrester 2) The elect. (22) The non-ceet. (23) The leamer (24) The non-learner (adept). 5) Neither # learner not a non-leaener (26) One who has threefold lore 27) The possessor of the six super-knowledges, (28) The perfectly Enlightened One, 1) The one Enlightened for himsell.* the knowledge acquired by moditation on Nirvana (avmmum bonem). The term Cotrabha_ comes from the wor Gotsty meaning lineage, and “bhi? meaning “born of Here the word tiveage refers to the Tineage of the Aryan. "Evolving the lineage’ “ls the uae for the stage when, In a moment of aptitial regeneration, the Kiahip to ‘Kamaloka i ejected for the communion of the Ariyas, ey all who hhnee taken Nibbina ee thei quest” (Compendivm of Pilowrphy, pizo) "The evolution of ‘adoption (gotrabhi), which follows ‘the ‘Adaptation "(analom) alrady deaoribed, cuts off the heritage of the ordinary average person (puthojjana) and erolves the lineage of the Transcendental oupremondane). Tt is followed by x single moment of Path consioutnem, by which the fst ot the Four Noble ‘Truth Slosrly discerned." "Tm the thive Higher Pato, adoption (gota) Focsives the special name of the moment of purieation {vodine), tach of the three Higher Paths being peeile only ta being who has tsned the next lower” (0b pe 68) This erm is applied to th seven earers seldhas) (Commentary). 2 According to Childers, a pestyeka Buddha that i, ne ho ls attained ike « Buddha by’ his unaided powers the knowledge rnoceeary to Nitvina, but doas wot preach w to men.” (Pali Die Tionarg. p. 300). Kern says: Paccel burda t a being who bas stained, ike a Buddha, by his unaided power the knowledge neceoney to Nirvina, but does not preach I.” He's aot onion 6 Designation of Human Types (80) One emancipated in both ways? (G1) One emancipated by insight? (62) The eye-witness! “die in ll repecta inferior to a supreme Buddha. Tela low of fafare that he eannot live at the same time with e Buddha "(Manual of Indian Buddhism pp 1-02) 1 "Ubhato-bbigevimutto: According to the Commentary, by medi tation on formleseess' «person is fred fom epee form) and by going through the rime eight fold path ele feed from natal {ind therefore be is called ubhato-Dhiga-vimatio (ise tie tree) Of. Angutara Nikiya, pt 9 48. i the Sntllectal element which enters into the ‘las of consciousness devcibed ae "connectod ‘with Knowledge,” which take part in such procemes of thought 9= involve comparison and dirimination, notaby inthe reasoning pro tote (Laat) "(Compendium of Philosophy, pp. 401) ‘Paid means inteligence, understanding, Sorght. "80 protean tnd flexible isthe term pas, that tix tod not only for laalive Koved it for any exerci of intelligence, if only thu atligence 1s being iteligentiy exercised, ‘The synonyaa by which i is defined ‘in the Abhidhamma Pitaka embrace nearly every wxpet of cogaition, {rom research and analysis to insight. As a mental complex it classed with the Safkhirn aggregate; ax a cognitive process it i ‘hus distinguished from the more general frm, viitke” (Buddhiet, Pryeholony, (Quest Serie) 130), ‘Palit waa not simply exercise of thooght on matters of general knowledge and practice, nor was it dalstia, nor deeultory reverie Ie wae inteligenoe diverted by-or rather concentrated voiton, from lower practical ists til, a a forion of sympathy, syathess, synergy, it "made to become” that spiritual viion which had not toon Before” (I. 193). "Pasian filles ete Ht omniclence + yet even for the leaner, whenever through coming to know be ‘ongrers natural flings, his knowing has Boome pat "kod ‘whenever ordinary folk by coming to know diapel what ia harmful, induce what is good, their Knowledge too le paBia"” (Ib. pp. 20 202}. * Kayasakkiht— According to the Commentary peeon at i through diferent wages of meditation, then he realises nibbtpash (mare donaon) "There ares clases of yssaihi, commencing from Sotapettiphelttha (ce, who har obtained the feiton of the fist stage of sanctification)" Arahattumaggatths (Le, WhO has reached the fourth stage of sanetieation) (Commentary): (Q)-A person who meditate on fat Jasna ls called kayasakkbt in the Nika (2) A pemon who meditate on wecond, thd, and forth hin ayaa {s) A person who mediator on first, stond, thin! and fourth arSpe- ‘hina called Keyoaakh The Table of Contents 7 (83) He who has won vision (84) One emancipated by faith. (85) One conforming to the Norm? (36) One conforming by faith.* (87) One undergoing re-births (not more than) seven times.+ (98) One transmigtating through a few families (less ‘than soven times) (38) The single-seeded.® (40) The onoe-returner (41) Tho nover-returner. (42) One who dies and attains Nirvana before half the ‘age he should have lived in a Brahma world expires? (43) The term-curtailing passer-away.® (@) A person who rorpssing fourth aripajhina (oevasaiaentsalte _yatanat)aneditatn on eaibdvedayitanirodb (rasution of perception ‘Eed sensation) snd alo by hi srisdom destroys some deaves, i called bya Cf. Mojihima Nekiya voli, Sattant,70,p.478. When a ‘ernon aftr attaining eight vimolichas aud, transonding rips (frm), editor on argpa (formleanes), then Ly wisdom destroys some ‘iavan, he nell kayasaKlbt. Cf. Anputora Np, pp. 451453. T pithipatto—Actording to vhe Commentary, be who thoroughly no that tis is nifering, this the cau of ulfering, this i the ‘emation of sulfering, thie the path Luding thocesstion of uring, iene who baa won vision, "Dhamminnstss Te nppios to one who has reached the ist sage ‘of sanctification, basse he moves by the dhamma called. pant (Commentary) 1 Sudhnnatsl—Tt applies to one who has reached the fst stage ‘of saniieation, becaoe he moves by saddhs or faith (Commentary) ‘Séttakihattam paraino.—Te applies to the streamattainer who pat the soveath birth ue the realisation of the frition of BolSpatt, one isnot reborn ln slow fanily. He i seborn amongat devas and men fix tow only (Commentary) Litt means “from one famly (Kua) te another" (Commentary) e'Eusbijk—Thin term in applicable to e stroamttainer who is shor once only (Commentary Anterkpastasbbayi—Tt applies to « penon who obtains neva before racing the mide ofthe term of le (Commentary). Uyabacce parinibhyi Tt applies to a person who obtain pari aibbane ater paming the middie of the term of Hf, but dow not each tho end (Commentary) 8 Designation of Human Types (44) The automatic passer-away.? (45) The passer-away after strenuous exertions? (46) The stream-ascending Akanittha traveller? (47) The stream-attainor walking in realisation of the fruition stage. (48) The oncesretumer walking in the realisation of the fruition stage. (49) The never-returner walking in the realisation of the fruition stage (60) The Arahont walking in Arabantship.* Grouping of Human Types by Tuo, ‘The wrathful and the vengeful. ‘The hypocrite and the charlatan, ‘The jealous and the avaricious. ‘The crufty and the deceitful ‘The shameless and the impudent, . The disobedient and the astociate of the wicked. One unguarded as to the sense-doors and one im: moderate as to food, 8. The forgetfal and the unmindful 9. The infringer of moral law and the upbolder of wrong. 10. One with internal fetters and one with extemal fetters, 11, The wrathless and thew revengeful. 1 Able pars yt—1 pple toa pron who attain com Hite anit away of etal pits (napa) Wm nom) 2 Salukis prints applies to person who obtains che forgoing with nmtantin, ith rote sil witeerion Commentegy "akanifbagim—Acconding othe Conca, pooon sto the highest Hrahmaiokapasing through four Intermedice Bashan ends namely, vib Mapp, Sands Sash ‘ Arahaat—‘The elect. tn the complete destruction of ies (sin) that has quad the Aruban tobe worty el Kins toe {qu thatthe world am ate The Table of Contents 9 12, ‘The unaffected and the unpretentious. 13, The unenvious and the unavaricious. 14. The not crafty and the undeceiving. 15, The serupulous and the conscientious. 16. The obedient and the associate of the good! 1T. One guarded as to the sense-doors and one moderate 18 to food. 18, The wakeful and the mindful 19. The observer of the moral law and the upholder of right views. 120, ‘Two persons who are rare inthis world. 21, Two persons who are dificult to be satisfied. 22. Two persons who aro oasily satisied. 23. Two persons whose sinful tendencies increase. 24, Two persons whose sinful tendencies do not increase 25. The depraved and the refined ® 26. The gratified and the gratitier. LL —Grouping of Human Types by Three. 1. The despairing. the hopeful, one above aspiration. 2. Three men who are like unto the sick. 3. Tho eyewitness, the person who has won vision, he ‘who is emancipated by faith. 4, The foulmouthed, the flower-speaker, the honey- ‘tongued, 5. A cancerminded man, a lightning-minded man, a ‘thunder-minded msn, 6, The blind, the one-eyed, the two-eyed. 7. A man of inverted intellest, a man of folded intellect, 4 man of wide intellect. '8, A man not dispassionate as to sensual pleasures, as also to the states of rebirth; a man dispassionate as to sonsual * Kalytpamitts~mcimitt, ce good orapritual end (Commentary 2 MfnsdhimuttoTe means low inclination” (Commentary Paok ‘ahimutto.—Tt means “heviog good inclinstion’ (Commentary) * Temeanscabia, etited (Commentary). 10 Designation of Human Types pleasures, but not eo a8 to the states of rebirth; a man

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