Transient Analysis of an Inductive DC Circuit using Euler’s

Method

Abstract--- This paper deals with the

numerical solution of an inductive
circuit ordinary differential equation
using Euler’s Method with the help of
MATLAB R2016a. The study focuses
on the effect of inductance to the Fig 1. DC Circuit with Pure Resistive Load
change of current in RL circuit. Also,
the results are compared to the values
of the ODE’s particular solution.

Keywords---Euler’s Method; ODE;

Inductance; Transient; RL Circuit
I. INTRODUCTION
A direct current (DC) electrical circuit
consists of source of electricity, such as
battery, with conducting wires from one of
the source terminal going to the load and then Fig 2.Wire Current of the Ckt (SIMETRIX )
back to the other terminal. The voltage (V) or
potential difference of a source of electricity The pure resistive circuit above, with
is measured in Volts. The current (I) of V=5V and R=2 ohms, have a steady current
amount of electrons flowing through wires is of 2.5 A shown in figure 2. However, when
measured in Amperes or Amps. The an inductor is inserted in the circuit, the
resistance (R) or electrical friction is current will not be the same with the pure
measured on Ohms. resistive load during starting and turning off.

2
 Fig 5. Inductive DC Circuit

An inductive DC circuit is shown in figure 5.

The applied voltage V at any instant, supply
not only the ohmic drop IR over the resistance
R but must also overcome the e.m.f of self-
inductance Ldi/dt.
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿

𝑑𝑖
𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝐿 Eq.3
𝑑𝑡
Fig 4. Inductor
Equation 3 will be the subject for the
Euler’s iteration. For a given supply voltage,
An inductor is a passive electrical resistance and inductance, the current will be
component consisting of a coil wire wound determine at any instant.
around a central core. Inductance is the
property of an inductor that opposes the
change in current flowing through it. The II. METHODOLOGY
inductance of a coil can be computed from
This paper utilizes Euler’s method to
the formula:
solve the ODE inductive circuit. Euler’s
𝑁2𝐴 Eq.1 method is a numerical tool for approximating
𝐿 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 values for solutions of differential equations.
𝑙
We first rewrite equation 3 on a form so that
where 𝜇𝑟 & 𝜇0 are the relative and
we may use Euler’s method directly:
absolute permeability.
According to Len’s Law, “A coil will
𝑉 − 𝑅 ∙ 𝑖(𝑡) Eq.4
𝑖′(𝑡) =
have an inductance value of one Henry when 𝐿
an electromotive force of one volt is induced 𝑡𝑘+1 = 𝑡𝑘 + 𝑑𝑡
in the coil were the current flowing through
the said coil changes at a rate of one 𝑖 (𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡) = 𝑖 (𝑡) + 𝑖′(𝑡) ∙ 𝑑𝑡 Eq.5
ampere/second.” This can be expressed as:
𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = −𝐿 Eq.2
𝑑𝑡

3
We’ll start at t=0, where the current is zero III. CODE
since the circuit is open. The code uses a step
This study used MATLAB R2016a to
size of dt=0.01 from t=0 to t=10 seconds. solve the ODE numerically. The output of the
Using equation 4 and 5, the table below Initial
code are the values of the current and thevalue
shows how the iteration works with V=5, transient graphs for L=1 H; L=2 H and L=0.1
R=2 and L=1. Henry.

𝑖(0) = 0 V=5 ; % Voltage

Initial R=2 ; % Resistance
𝑖′(0) = 𝑉/𝐿 L=1;L2=2; L3=0.1; %
Value Inductance

tmax=10; % maximum time

iteration t i di/dt n=1000; % steps
dt=tmax/n; % change of t
1 0 0 5
2 0.01 0.05 4.9 t=linspace(0,tmax,n); %domain
i=zeros(n,1); di=zeros(n,1);
3 0.02 0.099 4.802 i2=zeros(n,1); di2=zeros(n,1);
4 0.03 0.147 4.706 i3=zeros(n,1); di3=zeros(n,1);
di(1)=V/L; % initial
5 0.04 0.194 4.612 condition
. . . . di2(1)=V/L;
di3(1)=V/L;
. . . . for j=1:n-1
. . . .
i(j+1)=i(j)+di(j)*dt;
% Euler Method
The resulting currents will be di(j+1)=(V-R*i(j+1))/L;
% Change of current
compared to the current values of the i2(j+1)=i2(j)+di2(j)*dt;
particular solution of Equation 3: di2(j+1)=(V-R*i2(j+1))/L2;
i3(j+1)=i3(j)+di3(j)*dt;
di3(j+1)=(V-R*i3(j+1))/L3;
end
𝑉 𝑅
Eq.6 i
𝑖= (1 − 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 )
𝑅

p=plot(t,di,'g',t,di2,'c',t,di3,'m'
)
legend('i for L=1 H','i for L=2
H','i for L=0.1 H')
p(1).LineWidth = 2;
ylim([0 5])

4
 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
See Appendix for the values of current
from t=0 to t=5.45s with step of 0.01 seconds.

a) L= 1 Henry
b) L= 2 Henry

Fig 5. RL Circuit 1
Fig 7. RL Circuit 2

Fig 6. Current curve for L= 1H

Fig 8. Current curve for L= 2H

The inductor opposes the current

At t= 10 seconds where the current is
from changing from 0 A to 2.5 A at t=0 up
still 2.4999 A, the inductor is not yet finish
to t= 5.36s.
opposing the change in current.

5
 c) L=0.1 H

Fig 9. RL Circuit 3

Fig 11. Current curves for three different

inductance

Fig 10. Current Curve for L=0.1 H

The inductor is already done

opposing the change of current at t= 0.49 Fig 12. Change of current for three different
seconds, see appendix. inductance

Figure 11 and 12 shows the effect of

inductance to the change of current. It implies
that inductor with larger inductance opposes
the change in current for a longer period of
time.

6
 t i(t) Percent V. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Numerical Analytical error
Based from this study, inductor
0 0 0
with larger inductance opposes the
0.01 0.05 0.0496 0.81%
change in current for a longer period
0.02 0.099 0.0981 0.92%
of time. Also, this study conclude that
0.03 0.147 0.1457 0.89%
the DC inductive circuit problem with
0.04 0.1941 0.1924 0.88% ordinary differential equation can be
0.05 0.2402 0.2381 0.88% solved by using Euler’s method with
0.06 0.2854 0.283 0.85% small percentage error relative to the
0.07 0.3297 0.3269 0.86% analytical solution.
0.08 0.3731 0.37 0.84%
0.09 0.4156 0.4122 0.82%
0.1 0.4573 0.4536 0.82%
0.11 0.4982 0.4941 0.83%
0.12 0.5382 0.5339 0.81%
0.13 0.5774 0.5729 0.79% VI. REFERENCES
0.14 0.6159 0.6111 0.79%
0.15 0.6536 0.6485 0.79%
0.16 0.6905 0.6852 0.77% [1] B.L. Theraja, “Electrical Technology”,
0.17 0.7267 0.7212 0.76% Volume 1.
0.18 0.7622 0.7564 0.77%
0.19 0.7969 0.791 0.75% [2] Interactive Mathematics, “Euler’s
0.2 0.831 0.8249 0.74% Method- a Numerical Solution for
Differntial Equations” www.intmath.com
0.21 0.8644 0.8581 0.73%
0.22 0.8971 0.8906 0.73% [3] Electronic Tutorial, “Inductor and the
0.23 0.9291 0.9225 0.72% Effects of Inductance on an Inductor”
0.24 0.9605 0.9538 0.70% www.electronic-tutorial.ws
0.25 0.9913 0.9844 0.70%
[4] Khan Academy, “Euler’s Method |
0.26 1.0215 1.0145 0.69%
Differential Equation” www.youtube.com
0.27 1.0511 1.0439 0.69%
0.28 1.0801 1.0728 0.68%
0.29 1.1085 1.1011 0.67%
0.3 1.1363 1.1288 0.66%

The table above shows that the

numerical solution have a maximum
percentage error of 0.92% only.

7
VII. APPENDIX
Values of I from t=0 to t=5.45s with
steps of 0.01s.
i(t)
t L=1 L=2 L=0.1
0 0 0 0
0.01 0.05 0.025 0.5
0.31 1.1636 0.6692 2.4975
0.02 0.099 0.0498 0.9
0.32 1.1903 0.6875 2.498
0.03 0.147 0.0743 1.22
0.33 1.2165 0.7057 2.4984
0.04 0.1941 0.0985 1.476
0.34 1.2422 0.7236 2.4987
0.05 0.2402 0.1225 1.6808
0.35 1.2673 0.7414 2.499
0.06 0.2854 0.1463 1.8446
0.36 1.292 0.759 2.4992
0.07 0.3297 0.1698 1.9757
0.37 1.3161 0.7764 2.4994
0.08 0.3731 0.1931 2.0806
0.38 1.3398 0.7936 2.4995
0.09 0.4156 0.2162 2.1645
0.39 1.363 0.8107 2.4996
0.1 0.4573 0.239 2.2316
0.4 1.3857 0.8276 2.4997
0.11 0.4982 0.2617 2.2853
0.41 1.408 0.8443 2.4997
0.12 0.5382 0.284 2.3282
0.42 1.4299 0.8609 2.4998
0.13 0.5774 0.3062 2.3626
0.43 1.4513 0.8772 2.4998
0.14 0.6159 0.3281 2.39
0.44 1.4723 0.8935 2.4999
0.15 0.6536 0.3499 2.412
0.45 1.4928 0.9095 2.4999
0.16 0.6905 0.3714 2.4296
0.46 1.5129 0.9254 2.4999
0.17 0.7267 0.3926 2.4437
0.47 1.5327 0.9412 2.4999
0.18 0.7622 0.4137 2.455
0.48 1.552 0.9568 2.4999
0.19 0.7969 0.4346 2.464
0.49 1.571 0.9722 2.5
0.2 0.831 0.4552 2.4712
0.5 1.5896 0.9875 2.5
0.21 0.8644 0.4757 2.4769
0.51 1.6078 1.0026 2.5
0.22 0.8971 0.4959 2.4816
0.52 1.6256 1.0176 2.5
0.23 0.9291 0.516 2.4852
0.53 1.6431 1.0324 2.5
0.24 0.9605 0.5358 2.4882
0.54 1.6603 1.0471 2.5
0.25 0.9913 0.5554 2.4906
0.55 1.677 1.0616 2.5
0.26 1.0215 0.5749 2.4924
0.56 1.6935 1.076 2.5
0.27 1.0511 0.5941 2.494
0.57 1.7096 1.0902 2.5
0.28 1.0801 0.6132 2.4952
0.58 1.7254 1.1043 2.5
0.29 1.1085 0.6321 2.4961
0.59 1.7409 1.1183 2.5
0.3 1.1363 0.6507 2.4969
0.6 1.7561 1.1321 2.5

8
0.61 1.771 1.1458 2.5 1.01 2.1751 1.5941 2.5
0.62 1.7856 1.1593 2.5 1.02 2.1816 1.6031 2.5
0.63 1.7999 1.1727 2.5 1.03 2.1879 1.6121 2.5
0.64 1.8139 1.186 2.5 1.04 2.1942 1.621 2.5
0.65 1.8276 1.1991 2.5 1.05 2.2003 1.6298 2.5
0.66 1.841 1.2122 2.5 1.06 2.2063 1.6385 2.5
0.67 1.8542 1.225 2.5 1.07 2.2122 1.6471 2.5
0.68 1.8671 1.2378 2.5 1.08 2.2179 1.6556 2.5
0.69 1.8798 1.2504 2.5 1.09 2.2236 1.6641 2.5
0.7 1.8922 1.2629 2.5 1.1 2.2291 1.6724 2.5
0.71 1.9043 1.2753 2.5 1.11 2.2345 1.6807 2.5
0.72 1.9163 1.2875 2.5 1.12 2.2398 1.6889 2.5
0.73 1.9279 1.2996 2.5 1.13 2.245 1.697 2.5
0.74 1.9394 1.3116 2.5 1.14 2.2501 1.705 2.5
0.75 1.9506 1.3235 2.5 1.15 2.2551 1.713 2.5
0.76 1.9616 1.3353 2.5 1.16 2.26 1.7208 2.5
0.77 1.9723 1.3469 2.5 1.17 2.2648 1.7286 2.5
0.78 1.9829 1.3585 2.5 1.18 2.2695 1.7364 2.5
0.79 1.9932 1.3699 2.5 1.19 2.2741 1.744 2.5
0.8 2.0034 1.3812 2.5 1.2 2.2787 1.7515 2.5
0.81 2.0133 1.3924 2.5 1.21 2.2831 1.759 2.5
0.82 2.023 1.4035 2.5 1.22 2.2874 1.7664 2.5
0.83 2.0326 1.4144 2.5 1.23 2.2917 1.7738 2.5
0.84 2.0419 1.4253 2.5 1.24 2.2958 1.781 2.5
0.85 2.0511 1.436 2.5 1.25 2.2999 1.7882 2.5
0.86 2.0601 1.4467 2.5 1.26 2.3039 1.7953 2.5
0.87 2.0689 1.4572 2.5 1.27 2.3078 1.8024 2.5
0.88 2.0775 1.4676 2.5 1.28 2.3117 1.8094 2.5
0.89 2.0859 1.4779 2.5 1.29 2.3155 1.8163 2.5
0.9 2.0942 1.4882 2.5 1.3 2.3191 1.8231 2.5
0.91 2.1023 1.4983 2.5 1.31 2.3228 1.8299 2.5
0.92 2.1103 1.5083 2.5 1.32 2.3263 1.8366 2.5
0.93 2.1181 1.5182 2.5 1.33 2.3298 1.8432 2.5
0.94 2.1257 1.528 2.5 1.34 2.3332 1.8498 2.5
0.95 2.1332 1.5378 2.5 1.35 2.3365 1.8563 2.5
0.96 2.1405 1.5474 2.5 1.36 2.3398 1.8627 2.5
0.97 2.1477 1.5569 2.5 1.37 2.343 1.8691 2.5
0.98 2.1548 1.5663 2.5 1.38 2.3461 1.8754 2.5
0.99 2.1617 1.5757 2.5 1.39 2.3492 1.8817 2.5
1 2.1685 1.5849 2.5 1.4 2.3522 1.8878 2.5

9
1.41 2.3552 1.894 2.5 1.81 2.4355 2.0946 2.5
1.42 2.3581 1.9 2.5 1.82 2.4367 2.0986 2.5
1.43 2.3609 1.906 2.5 1.83 2.438 2.1026 2.5
1.44 2.3637 1.912 2.5 1.84 2.4393 2.1066 2.5
1.45 2.3664 1.9178 2.5 1.85 2.4405 2.1106 2.5
1.46 2.3691 1.9237 2.5 1.86 2.4417 2.1144 2.5
1.47 2.3717 1.9294 2.5 1.87 2.4428 2.1183 2.5
1.48 2.3743 1.9351 2.5 1.88 2.444 2.1221 2.5
1.49 2.3768 1.9408 2.5 1.89 2.4451 2.1259 2.5
1.5 2.3793 1.9464 2.5 1.9 2.4462 2.1296 2.5
1.51 2.3817 1.9519 2.5 1.91 2.4473 2.1333 2.5
1.52 2.384 1.9574 2.5 1.92 2.4483 2.137 2.5
1.53 2.3864 1.9628 2.5 1.93 2.4494 2.1406 2.5
1.54 2.3886 1.9682 2.5 1.94 2.4504 2.1442 2.5
1.55 2.3909 1.9735 2.5 1.95 2.4514 2.1478 2.5
1.56 2.393 1.9788 2.5 1.96 2.4523 2.1513 2.5
1.57 2.3952 1.984 2.5 1.97 2.4533 2.1548 2.5
1.58 2.3973 1.9891 2.5 1.98 2.4542 2.1582 2.5
1.59 2.3993 1.9942 2.5 1.99 2.4551 2.1617 2.5
1.6 2.4013 1.9993 2.5 2 2.456 2.1651 2.5
1.61 2.4033 2.0043 2.5 2.01 2.4569 2.1684 2.5
1.62 2.4053 2.0093 2.5 2.02 2.4578 2.1717 2.5
1.63 2.4071 2.0142 2.5 2.03 2.4586 2.175 2.5
1.64 2.409 2.019 2.5 2.04 2.4594 2.1782 2.5
1.65 2.4108 2.0238 2.5 2.05 2.4603 2.1815 2.5
1.66 2.4126 2.0286 2.5 2.06 2.461 2.1847 2.5
1.67 2.4144 2.0333 2.5 2.07 2.4618 2.1878 2.5
1.68 2.4161 2.038 2.5 2.08 2.4626 2.1909 2.5
1.69 2.4177 2.0426 2.5 2.09 2.4633 2.194 2.5
1.7 2.4194 2.0472 2.5 2.1 2.4641 2.1971 2.5
1.71 2.421 2.0517 2.5 2.11 2.4648 2.2001 2.5
1.72 2.4226 2.0562 2.5 2.12 2.4655 2.2031 2.5
1.73 2.4241 2.0606 2.5 2.13 2.4662 2.2061 2.5
1.74 2.4257 2.065 2.5 2.14 2.4669 2.209 2.5
1.75 2.4271 2.0694 2.5 2.15 2.4675 2.2119 2.5
1.76 2.4286 2.0737 2.5 2.16 2.4682 2.2148 2.5
1.77 2.43 2.0779 2.5 2.17 2.4688 2.2177 2.5
1.78 2.4314 2.0822 2.5 2.18 2.4694 2.2205 2.5
1.79 2.4328 2.0863 2.5 2.19 2.47 2.2233 2.5
1.8 2.4341 2.0905 2.5 2.2 2.4706 2.226 2.5

10
2.21 2.4712 2.2288 2.5 2.61 2.4872 2.3186 2.5
2.22 2.4718 2.2315 2.5 2.62 2.4874 2.3204 2.5
2.23 2.4724 2.2342 2.5 2.63 2.4877 2.3222 2.5
2.24 2.4729 2.2368 2.5 2.64 2.4879 2.324 2.5
2.25 2.4735 2.2395 2.5 2.65 2.4882 2.3257 2.5
2.26 2.474 2.2421 2.5 2.66 2.4884 2.3275 2.5
2.27 2.4745 2.2447 2.5 2.67 2.4886 2.3292 2.5
2.28 2.475 2.2472 2.5 2.68 2.4889 2.3309 2.5
2.29 2.4755 2.2497 2.5 2.69 2.4891 2.3326 2.5
2.3 2.476 2.2522 2.5 2.7 2.4893 2.3343 2.5
2.31 2.4765 2.2547 2.5 2.71 2.4895 2.3359 2.5
2.32 2.477 2.2572 2.5 2.72 2.4897 2.3376 2.5
2.33 2.4774 2.2596 2.5 2.73 2.4899 2.3392 2.5
2.34 2.4779 2.262 2.5 2.74 2.4901 2.3408 2.5
2.35 2.4783 2.2644 2.5 2.75 2.4903 2.3424 2.5
2.36 2.4788 2.2667 2.5 2.76 2.4905 2.344 2.5
2.37 2.4792 2.2691 2.5 2.77 2.4907 2.3455 2.5
2.38 2.4796 2.2714 2.5 2.78 2.4909 2.3471 2.5
2.39 2.48 2.2737 2.5 2.79 2.4911 2.3486 2.5
2.4 2.4804 2.2759 2.5 2.8 2.4913 2.3501 2.5
2.41 2.4808 2.2782 2.5 2.81 2.4914 2.3516 2.5
2.42 2.4812 2.2804 2.5 2.82 2.4916 2.3531 2.5
2.43 2.4816 2.2826 2.5 2.83 2.4918 2.3546 2.5
2.44 2.4819 2.2848 2.5 2.84 2.4919 2.356 2.5
2.45 2.4823 2.2869 2.5 2.85 2.4921 2.3574 2.5
2.46 2.4826 2.289 2.5 2.86 2.4923 2.3589 2.5
2.47 2.483 2.2912 2.5 2.87 2.4924 2.3603 2.5
2.48 2.4833 2.2932 2.5 2.88 2.4926 2.3617 2.5
2.49 2.4837 2.2953 2.5 2.89 2.4927 2.3631 2.5
2.5 2.484 2.2974 2.5 2.9 2.4929 2.3644 2.5
2.51 2.4843 2.2994 2.5 2.91 2.493 2.3658 2.5
2.52 2.4846 2.3014 2.5 2.92 2.4931 2.3671 2.5
2.53 2.4849 2.3034 2.5 2.93 2.4933 2.3685 2.5
2.54 2.4852 2.3053 2.5 2.94 2.4934 2.3698 2.5
2.55 2.4855 2.3073 2.5 2.95 2.4935 2.3711 2.5
2.56 2.4858 2.3092 2.5 2.96 2.4937 2.3724 2.5
2.57 2.4861 2.3111 2.5 2.97 2.4938 2.3736 2.5
2.58 2.4864 2.313 2.5 2.98 2.4939 2.3749 2.5
2.59 2.4866 2.3149 2.5 2.99 2.494 2.3762 2.5
2.6 2.4869 2.3167 2.5 3 2.4942 2.3774 2.5

11
3.01 2.4943 2.3786 2.5 3.42 2.4975 2.4196 2.5
3.02 2.4944 2.3798 2.5 3.43 2.4976 2.4204 2.5
3.03 2.4945 2.381 2.5 3.44 2.4976 2.4212 2.5
3.04 2.4946 2.3822 2.5 3.45 2.4977 2.422 2.5
3.05 2.4947 2.3834 2.5 3.46 2.4977 2.4228 2.5
3.06 2.4948 2.3846 2.5 3.47 2.4977 2.4236 2.5
3.07 2.4949 2.3857 2.5 3.48 2.4978 2.4243 2.5
3.08 2.495 2.3869 2.5 3.49 2.4978 2.4251 2.5
3.09 2.4951 2.388 2.5 3.5 2.4979 2.4258 2.5
3.1 2.4952 2.3891 2.5 3.51 2.4979 2.4266 2.5
3.11 2.4953 2.3902 2.5 3.52 2.498 2.4273 2.5
3.12 2.4954 2.3913 2.5 3.53 2.498 2.428 2.5
3.13 2.4955 2.3924 2.5 3.54 2.498 2.4287 2.5
3.14 2.4956 2.3935 2.5 3.55 2.4981 2.4295 2.5
3.15 2.4957 2.3946 2.5 3.56 2.4981 2.4302 2.5
3.16 2.4958 2.3956 2.5 3.57 2.4982 2.4309 2.5
3.17 2.4959 2.3967 2.5 3.58 2.4982 2.4316 2.5
3.18 2.4959 2.3977 2.5 3.59 2.4982 2.4322 2.5
3.19 2.496 2.3987 2.5 3.6 2.4983 2.4329 2.5
3.2 2.4961 2.3997 2.5 3.61 2.4983 2.4336 2.5
3.21 2.4962 2.4007 2.5 3.62 2.4983 2.4343 2.5
3.22 2.4963 2.4017 2.5 3.63 2.4984 2.4349 2.5
3.23 2.4963 2.4027 2.5 3.64 2.4984 2.4356 2.5
3.24 2.4964 2.4037 2.5 3.65 2.4984 2.4362 2.5
3.25 2.4965 2.4046 2.5 3.66 2.4985 2.4368 2.5
3.26 2.4966 2.4056 2.5 3.67 2.4985 2.4375 2.5
3.27 2.4966 2.4065 2.5 3.68 2.4985 2.4381 2.5
3.28 2.4967 2.4075 2.5 3.69 2.4986 2.4387 2.5
3.29 2.4968 2.4084 2.5 3.7 2.4986 2.4393 2.5
3.3 2.4968 2.4093 2.5 3.71 2.4986 2.4399 2.5
3.31 2.4969 2.4102 2.5 3.72 2.4986 2.4405 2.5
3.32 2.4969 2.4111 2.5 3.73 2.4987 2.4411 2.5
3.33 2.497 2.412 2.5 3.74 2.4987 2.4417 2.5
3.34 2.4971 2.4129 2.5 3.75 2.4987 2.4423 2.5
3.35 2.4971 2.4138 2.5 3.76 2.4987 2.4429 2.5
3.36 2.4972 2.4146 2.5 3.77 2.4988 2.4435 2.5
3.37 2.4972 2.4155 2.5 3.78 2.4988 2.444 2.5
3.38 2.4973 2.4163 2.5 3.79 2.4988 2.4446 2.5
3.39 2.4973 2.4172 2.5 3.8 2.4988 2.4451 2.5
3.4 2.4974 2.418 2.5 3.81 2.4989 2.4457 2.5
3.41 2.4975 2.4188 2.5 3.82 2.4989 2.4462 2.5

12
3.83 2.4989 2.4468 2.5 4.24 2.4995 2.4647 2.5
3.84 2.4989 2.4473 2.5 4.25 2.4995 2.4651 2.5
3.85 2.499 2.4478 2.5 4.26 2.4995 2.4654 2.5
3.86 2.499 2.4483 2.5 4.27 2.4996 2.4658 2.5
3.87 2.499 2.4489 2.5 4.28 2.4996 2.4661 2.5
3.88 2.499 2.4494 2.5 4.29 2.4996 2.4665 2.5
3.89 2.499 2.4499 2.5 4.3 2.4996 2.4668 2.5
3.9 2.4991 2.4504 2.5 4.31 2.4996 2.4671 2.5
3.91 2.4991 2.4509 2.5 4.32 2.4996 2.4675 2.5
3.92 2.4991 2.4514 2.5 4.33 2.4996 2.4678 2.5
3.93 2.4991 2.4519 2.5 4.34 2.4996 2.4681 2.5
3.94 2.4991 2.4523 2.5 4.35 2.4996 2.4684 2.5
3.95 2.4991 2.4528 2.5 4.36 2.4996 2.4687 2.5
3.96 2.4992 2.4533 2.5 4.37 2.4996 2.4691 2.5
3.97 2.4992 2.4537 2.5 4.38 2.4996 2.4694 2.5
3.98 2.4992 2.4542 2.5 4.39 2.4996 2.4697 2.5
3.99 2.4992 2.4547 2.5 4.4 2.4997 2.47 2.5
4 2.4992 2.4551 2.5 4.41 2.4997 2.4703 2.5
4.01 2.4992 2.4556 2.5 4.42 2.4997 2.4706 2.5
4.02 2.4993 2.456 2.5 4.43 2.4997 2.4709 2.5
4.03 2.4993 2.4565 2.5 4.44 2.4997 2.4712 2.5
4.04 2.4993 2.4569 2.5 4.45 2.4997 2.4715 2.5
4.05 2.4993 2.4573 2.5 4.46 2.4997 2.4717 2.5
4.06 2.4993 2.4577 2.5 4.47 2.4997 2.472 2.5
4.07 2.4993 2.4582 2.5 4.48 2.4997 2.4723 2.5
4.08 2.4993 2.4586 2.5 4.49 2.4997 2.4726 2.5
4.09 2.4994 2.459 2.5 4.5 2.4997 2.4728 2.5
4.1 2.4994 2.4594 2.5 4.51 2.4997 2.4731 2.5
4.11 2.4994 2.4598 2.5 4.52 2.4997 2.4734 2.5
4.12 2.4994 2.4602 2.5 4.53 2.4997 2.4737 2.5
4.13 2.4994 2.4606 2.5 4.54 2.4997 2.4739 2.5
4.14 2.4994 2.461 2.5 4.55 2.4997 2.4742 2.5
4.15 2.4994 2.4614 2.5 4.56 2.4998 2.4744 2.5
4.16 2.4994 2.4618 2.5 4.57 2.4998 2.4747 2.5
4.17 2.4995 2.4622 2.5 4.58 2.4998 2.4749 2.5
4.18 2.4995 2.4626 2.5 4.59 2.4998 2.4752 2.5
4.19 2.4995 2.4629 2.5 4.6 2.4998 2.4754 2.5
4.2 2.4995 2.4633 2.5 4.61 2.4998 2.4757 2.5
4.21 2.4995 2.4637 2.5 4.62 2.4998 2.4759 2.5
4.22 2.4995 2.464 2.5 4.63 2.4998 2.4762 2.5
4.23 2.4995 2.4644 2.5 4.64 2.4998 2.4764 2.5

13
4.65 2.4998 2.4766 2.5 5.06 2.4999 2.4845 2.5
4.66 2.4998 2.4769 2.5 5.07 2.4999 2.4847 2.5
4.67 2.4998 2.4771 2.5 5.08 2.4999 2.4848 2.5
4.68 2.4998 2.4773 2.5 5.09 2.4999 2.485 2.5
4.69 2.4998 2.4776 2.5 5.1 2.4999 2.4851 2.5
4.7 2.4998 2.4778 2.5 5.11 2.4999 2.4853 2.5
4.71 2.4998 2.478 2.5 5.12 2.4999 2.4854 2.5
4.72 2.4998 2.4782 2.5 5.13 2.4999 2.4856 2.5
4.73 2.4998 2.4785 2.5 5.14 2.4999 2.4857 2.5
4.74 2.4998 2.4787 2.5 5.15 2.4999 2.4859 2.5
4.75 2.4998 2.4789 2.5 5.16 2.4999 2.486 2.5
4.76 2.4998 2.4791 2.5 5.17 2.4999 2.4862 2.5
4.77 2.4998 2.4793 2.5 5.18 2.4999 2.4863 2.5
4.78 2.4998 2.4795 2.5 5.19 2.4999 2.4864 2.5
4.79 2.4998 2.4797 2.5 5.2 2.4999 2.4866 2.5
4.8 2.4998 2.4799 2.5 5.21 2.4999 2.4867 2.5
4.81 2.4998 2.4801 2.5 5.22 2.4999 2.4868 2.5
4.82 2.4999 2.4803 2.5 5.23 2.4999 2.487 2.5
4.83 2.4999 2.4805 2.5 5.24 2.4999 2.4871 2.5
4.84 2.4999 2.4807 2.5 5.25 2.4999 2.4872 2.5
4.85 2.4999 2.4809 2.5 5.26 2.4999 2.4874 2.5
4.86 2.4999 2.4811 2.5 5.27 2.4999 2.4875 2.5
4.87 2.4999 2.4813 2.5 5.28 2.4999 2.4876 2.5
4.88 2.4999 2.4815 2.5 5.29 2.4999 2.4877 2.5
4.89 2.4999 2.4817 2.5 5.3 2.4999 2.4878 2.5
4.9 2.4999 2.4818 2.5 5.31 2.4999 2.488 2.5
4.91 2.4999 2.482 2.5 5.32 2.4999 2.4881 2.5
4.92 2.4999 2.4822 2.5 5.33 2.4999 2.4882 2.5
4.93 2.4999 2.4824 2.5 5.34 2.4999 2.4883 2.5
4.94 2.4999 2.4826 2.5 5.35 2.4999 2.4884 2.5
4.95 2.4999 2.4827 2.5 5.36 2.5 2.4886 2.5
4.96 2.4999 2.4829 2.5 5.37 2.5 2.4887 2.5
4.97 2.4999 2.4831 2.5 5.38 2.5 2.4888 2.5
4.98 2.4999 2.4832 2.5 5.39 2.5 2.4889 2.5
4.99 2.4999 2.4834 2.5 5.4 2.5 2.489 2.5
5 2.4999 2.4836 2.5 5.41 2.5 2.4891 2.5
5.01 2.4999 2.4837 2.5 5.42 2.5 2.4892 2.5
5.02 2.4999 2.4839 2.5 5.43 2.5 2.4893 2.5
5.03 2.4999 2.4841 2.5 5.44 2.5 2.4894 2.5
5.04 2.4999 2.4842 2.5 5.45 2.5 2.4895 2.5
5.05 2.4999 2.4844 2.5

14
15