1. Who is Ivan Petrovich Pavlov? (his background) 5 pts.

 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) - spent most of his life studying physiology
 He won a Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion in 1904.
 He did not begin his study of conditioned reflex until he was fifty years old.
 Pavlov’s method of studying digestion involved a surgical arrangement on a dog that
allowed gastric juices to flow through a fistula to the outside of the body, where it was
collected.
 He studied conditioned reflexes (salivation) of a dog and later on turned to delve deeper
with “psychic reflex” at the age of 50.
 He then started a third career at the age of 80 when he turned to the application of his
work on conditioning to mental illness. This work resulted in a book entitled
Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry (1941), which many consider a significant
contribution in the field of psychiatry.
 He has considerable respect for Thorndike because both of them regard science in their
pursuit towards knowledge and the truth.

2. What is his Learning Theory and what is it all about? 5 pts.

 Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning

through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple
terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or
animal.
 The most famous example of classical conditioning was Pavlov's experiment with dogs,
who salivated in response to a bell tone. Pavlov showed that when a bell was sounded
each time the dog was fed, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of
the food.
 His treatment of the CS as a signal event was unique compared to other learning theorists
who treated stimuli either as causal events in S-R connections or as reinforcing events
that follow responses. If we view habituation and sensitization as the simplest units of
nonassociative learning, it is appropriate to consider the classically conditioned response
as the fundamental unit of associative learning.

3. What are the ingredients necessary to bring about conditioning so the conditioned
response (CR) can be demonstrated? 5 pts.

 The ingredients necessary to bring about conditioning include:

o (1) an unconditioned stimulus (US), which elicits a natural and automatic
response from the organism;
 o (2) an unconditioned response (UR), which is a natural and automatic response
elicited by the US; and
o (3) a conditioned stimulus (CS), which is a neutral stimulus in that it does not
elicit a natural and automatic response from the organism.
 To produce a CR, the CS and the US must be paired a number of times. First the CS
is presented and then the US. The order of presentation is very important. Each time the
US occurs, a UR occurs.

Training procedure: CS —» US —> UR

Demonstration of conditioning: CS —> CR

4. What is Experimental Extinction and when does it occur? 2 pts

 Extinction results when the CS is presented to the organism and is not followed by
reinforcement.
o if after a CR has been developed, the CS is continually presented without the US
following the CS, the CR gradually disappears. When the CS no longer elicits a
CR, experimental extinction is said to have occurred.

5. What is Spontaneous Recovery and when does it occur? 2 pts

 It happens when an animal or a subject performs again the same behavior to which the
reinforcement was designed to do so. 
o if the CS is again presented to the animal, the CR will temporarily reappear. The
CR has “spontaneously recovered” even though there had been no further pairings
between the CS and the US. Again, if there is a delay following extinction and the
CS is presented to the organism, it will tend to elicit a CR.

6. What is Higher-Order Conditioning and when does it occur? 2 pts

 involves the modification of reaction to a neutral stimulus associated with a conditioned

stimulus that was formerly neutral.
o Through its pairing with the US, the CS develops reinforcing properties of its
own, and it can be paired with a second CS to bring about a CR.
o higher-order conditioning must be studied during the extinction process

7. What is Generalization and when does it occur? 2 pts

  occurs when an organism makes the same response to different stimuli. A classically
conditioned response to a slightly different signal will depend on its resemblance to the
original.
o increased capability of producing a CR by stimuli related to the stimulus that
actually preceded reinforcement. With generalization, similarity, not proximity, is
the important thing.
o tendency to respond to a number of stimuli that are related to the one actually
used during training

8. What is Discrimination and when does it occur? 2 pts

 occurs when an organism responds to a very restricted range of stimuli or to only the one
used during training.
o Discrimination can be brought about in two ways: (1) prolonged training and (2)
differential reinforcement.

9. What is his theoretical explanations of Conditioning Phenomena? 5 pts

 brain centers that are repeatedly active together form temporary connections, and the
arousal of one will cause the arousal of the others.
 if a tone is consistently presented to a dog just before it gets fed, the area of the brain
aroused by the tone will form a temporary connection with the area of the brain that
responds to food.
 When this connection is formed, the presentation of the tone will cause the animal to act
as if food was present. At that point we say a conditioned reflex has been developed.
10. What is the educational implication of his theory? Please include 1 research study that
applies his theory in education. 10 pts

 Ivan Pavlov’s theory is an in important foundation in learning and is used by a number of

professionals in the field of education. It has continued to stimulate productive studies in
contemporary psychology and in related educational research. Pavlov created the first
theory concerned with anticipatory learning. Many things of the school-subjects are
learned through this process. Reading writing, spelling, or habits are learned more
effectively through the process of conditioning. Teaching through visual aids implies the
same principle. In addition, teaching a language also applies the same principle. Perhaps
the reason why it is more effective when one lives in a society where the language is
spoken.
 Baharuddin & Suyadi (2020) in their study, “Implementation of The Classical
Conditioning in PAI Learning”, uses the implementation of Classical Conditioning in
PAI learning. Classical conditioning theory is used to transform positive attitudes to
learners to be motivated to learn and train to students to perform positive habits that can
develop their own potential. The application of classical conditioning theory is a teacher
through methods of therapy aimed at changing the behavior of students to be more
profitable. For example, fear of learning physics is transformed into a happy learning
physics. Likewise, students who do not enjoy learning religion become happy to learn
religion. A Classical Conditioning in the learning is a few things that PAI teachers do:
learning design made interesting and continue assignment.