Computers and Electrical Engineering 96 (2021) 107470

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Computers and Electrical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compeleceng

Integrated energy storage systems with the Jordanian electrical

power grid
Fatima Abu Salah, Ahmad Harb *, Mohamad K. Khawaja
Energy Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Advantageous integrated energy storage systems (IESS) can be utilized for power systems’ op­
Charging process erations generating set units with maximum possible efficiency, optimizing of unit commitment,
Discharging process integrating of more renewable energy generators, and utilizing renewable energy generators as
Energy management applications
peak power plants. Additionally, IESS implementation can aid in controlling the Jordanian na­
Frequency stabilization
Power quality and reliability function
tional grid’s frequencies under faults circumstances, maintaining the equilibrium between the
Renewable energy generators (REGs) electric loads and the generating capacities, and utilizing the existence of tie line in feasible
applications, and maintaining the grid’s frequency. This work presents an overall technical and
feasibility studies on IESS implementation in power systems. New algorithms illustrated in flow
charts present detailed mechanism to control the power flow and to store or discharge energy
upon the need and load demand. Different energy storage systems are explored and presented as
well. A study plan followed by recommendations are presented to enhance the grid’s behavior
and transition it into a smart grid.

1. Introduction

Generation efficiency, energy management, and controlling power flow are some of the main concerns for the electrical power
companies which control national and various sizes of electrical grids [1]. In order to achieve the maximum possible efficiency, these
factors can optimized to operate the conventional power plants at the rated output power exploiting all the existing hot reserves and
enhancing the operating schedules according to the loads’ demands and the generation costs [2].
The lack of large energy storage systems prevents conventional power plants from running on maximum generation capacity, any
extra generated power to the Jordanian electric loads will flow to Egypt via the tie line; installing large energy storage systems will
enhance the electrical generation efficiency [3].
The Jordanian grid is connected via tie line with Egypt; due to Egypt’s high contribution of the generated energy and connected
loads, it controls the frequency over the grid, while the Jordanian national grid controls the power flow over the tie line. If the
connected loads in Jordan are higher than the generated energy, the power flows from Egypt to Jordan over the tie line and vice versa
[4]. The power flow over the tie line is metered according to the tariff value accredited; the Jordanian national grid sometimes exports
generated electrical energy with a price lower than cost leading to financial losses. The tie line provides the capability to trade power.
The National Electrical Power Company (NEPCO) can purchase the electric energy from Egypt in the low tariff scheduled time if

This paper is for special section VSI-reg. Reviews processed and recommended for publication by Guest Editor Dr. H. S. Ramadan.
* Prof. Ahmad Harb aharb48@gmail.com
E-mail address: aharb48@gmail.com (A. Harb).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107470
Received 21 November 2020; Received in revised form 10 July 2021; Accepted 20 September 2021
Available online 19 October 2021
0045-7906/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
F. Abu Salah et al. Computers and Electrical Engineering 96 (2021) 107470

Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are utilized. This enables NEPCO to store the purchased energy at lower price until the peak load times -
when the generation costs are higher than the purchasing costs - then selling the stored energy to the grid by discharging the stored
energy [5].
The costs of peak-generated electrical energy in the peak times costs NEPCO higher than the base-generated electrical energy. The
Jordanian national grid needs an economic development by managing the energy generation in order to decrease the generated energy
price [2].
The intermittent nature of output energy from the Renewable Energy Generators (REGs) varies instantaneously with any small
variation in weather conditions [6]. Many new REGs have been connected to the Jordanian national grid; currently, around 7% of the

Fig. 1. Flow chart diagram for smoothing the generation curve, where h is the hour of the day, KBmax is the BES maximum capacity (MWH), KBmin is
the BES minimum capacity (MWH), n is the generation level, P is the generation period, PG is the generated power, PL is the load power, and SOC is
the state of charge.

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total consumed energy is generated by REGs. The continuous variation in the power output from the REGs weakens the national grid’s
reliability and stability, ESS can serve in managing the power flow from the REGs to enhance the reliability and the stability of the
electrical power grid [7].
The Planning Department at NEPCO predicts the load for 24 h; it also optimizes the operating costs by selecting and scheduling the
generating power plants to operate at lowest possible generation costs. Initiating a new load prediction formula and decreasing the unit
commitment schedule for a lower period can enhance the generating units dispatching and help in lowering the levelized cost of
electricity (LCOE) [8].
In Black-shutdown circumstances; the integrated ESS with the national grid can play a significant role in delivering the needed
energy to feed the conventional power plants in milliseconds to restart. In the absence of back-feed of power from the grid, the dis­
charged energy from the ESS is used to run the feeding pumps, air compressors, and other essential components to restart the power
plants [9].
Many researches and studies have recently presented the various applications of renewable energy sources in Micro-grids and
national electrical grids as well [16]. There are also many researches are devoted in solving the problems of the reliability and stability
of different power grids [11].
Beaudin et al. [12] reviewed the most recent developed energy storage system at that moment; it discussed the installations and
some challenges of electrical energy storage systems. It focused on the variable applicable fields of ESS as well as the advantages and
disadvantages of ESS technologies, it presented that each different application requires selected ESS characteristics; it discussed the
factors that may affect the widespread implementation of ESS technologies like the geographic limitations and mineral availability. In
Denholm and Kulcinski [13] research; Life cycle assessment had been expressed for three different ESSs; PHS, CAES, and BES. It
presented that greenhouse gas emissions emitted from PHS when coupled with nuclear and renewable energy systems are lower than
those from BES or CAES. CAES has significantly lower net GHG emissions than PHS or BES, when coupled with conventional power
generators.
Energy management and reducing the generation costs had been presented in many researches; Nottrott et al. [14] aimed to model
an optimal energy dispatch schedules; Linear Programming (LP) was implemented on combined PV-BESS, The financial benefits of the
implemented optimized energy dispatch schedule were compared with charging in base loads scheduled times, and discharging in the
peak load demands scheduled times, without use any forecast information. The results presented that Lithium-ion batteries were a
financially viable energy storage solution in demand side. And Oudalov et al. [15] focused on covering the peak-loads by battery
energy storage system, and maximize the customer’s economic benefit by reducing the power demand payment with a BESS of a
minimum capacity to minimize the initial costs, and secure the peak loads with reasonable prices, an optimal technique based on BESS
optimal operating strategy based on dynamic programming was discussed. While Bahramirad [16] utilized Mixed-integer program­
ming (MIP) to formulate the optimization model of minimizing the investment cost of the ESS; the main uses of ESS were in handling
the intermittency of renewable units and generation shortages. It resulted to satisfy the micro-grid reliability criterion.

2. Battery energy storage system (BESS) applications methodology

Although the BESS could be considered as a power source, like the other conventional sources, it is a finite source of energy and can
only discharge a specific amount of the stored energy [10].

2.1. Smoothing the generation curve

Smoothing the generation curve by increasing the cheap, off-peak generated energy and store it until peak loads when generated
energy is more expensive. The generation curve is lowered at peak-load times and increased at off-peak load times.
The shifting of energy includes financial advantages according to the differences between the cost of purchasing energy (charging
energy) and selling energy (discharging energy). The utilization of ESS reduces the need of operating peak power plants as well as the
transmission and distribution infrastructures. Fig. 1 presents the flow chart methodology for smoothing the generation curve.
By applying different generation levels, including the historical data, and the power plants characteristics; the system will be able to
optimize the minimum size of ESS.
When the generated power is less than the connected electrical loads, the ESS discharges it stored energy; it is important to save the
ESS from over charging or discharging at wrong times. But, when the generated power is higher than the connected electrical loads, the
ESS will be charged by this extra generated energy, the system will check if the SOC of the ESS reaches it is maximum value or if the
generated power is less than the connected loads power.

2.2. Smoothing the renewable energy generations’ power output

Large-scale REG plants have been recently connected to the Jordanian national grid, while it is also expected that Jordan will
double the power capacity of the existed REGs in the near future. The uncertainty and unpredictability are the main challenges to
utilization of REGs with the national grid.
The grid stability can be affected by the power fluctuations and ESS represents one of the suitable solutions to overcome this hurdle.
ESS can be connected directly to the REGs to store the generated power and then to control the discharging process to the grid. ESS can
be connected to the national grid and by employing specific control mechanisms and very high-speed signals transmitters, it can adjust
the REGs to dispatch a specific amount of generated electrical energy. ESS will then store any extra generated power over this specific

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amount and will also compensate any shortages in generation under this previously selected limit.
The photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy (WE) capacities are included in the process as shown in the flowchart in Fig. 2 in order to
prepare the operation schedule. A historical data for PV and WE power generation for a typical day is included. The system can deal
with different percentages of total generated averages of PV and WE generated power to be delivered to the grid, and accordingly the
BESS capacity is optimized to the minimum.

2.3. Photovoltaic power plants as evening peak power plant

This application presents the ability of ESS to store a desired amount of the PV generated power to be used in the evening peak
times. This application can be applied for WE as well to cover morning peak.
Fig. 3 presents the principle work of ESS in order to cover the evening peak loads; it requires calculation of the amount of energy
needed in the evening. A typical day historical data for PV is included to calculate the amount of the generated energy that will either
flow to the grid or to charge the ESS. ESS can be connected directly to PVs or can be connected to the national grid.
The load prediction formula and the operator experiences are needed to modify the expected load, while weather modules can be
integrated with the control system in order expecting the amount of PV generating power.

Fig. 2.. Flowchart diagram for smoothing the renewable energy generations’ power output.

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Fig. 3.. Flowchart diagram for running photovoltaic power plants as evening peak power plant.

2.4. Black start recovery

BESS with high rated power can be used to start-up any electrical system after an electrical fault causes black shutdown for the
electrical power generators. The back-feed power from the BESS to grid to conventional power plants are used to start-up air com­
pressors, feed pumps, control systems, and other essential components; Fig. 4 presents the flowchart of this application.

2.5. Frequency stabilization

Any imbalance between generation and load can lead to disturbances to the system’s frequency; the power system should preserve
a steady frequency to maintain the system’s stability.
BESS can equilibrate the generated power and the system’s connected loads, regulating the system’s frequency dynamically during
the transient states.
BESS with large power rating can inject power in short time to the grid when a generation power plant is suddenly shutdown or
when a huge variation in weather conditions occur in a short period of time. BESS with large power rating will inject power in a
relatively very short time in order to maintain the equilibrium between the connected loads and generation capacities. When a
relatively big load is disconnected, the BESS will store the extra generated power on the grid.

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Fig. 4.. Flowchart diagram for running BESS as black-start power supply.

Fig. 5 shows the control process of the frequency on the grid; it requires the BESS to be initialized with a half-full SOC occupying the
two cases: charging and discharging.

2.6. Controlling the power flow over the tie line

The BESS is employed in order to upgrade the planning and operation of transmission and distribution to the grid.
Nowadays, Egypt accepts to stay connected with the Jordanian electrical grid over the tie line but it claims that the sudden and the
continuous flow of energy over it from Egypt to Jordan weakens their grid stability and forces them to disconnect some of their big
electrical loads to stay connected to the Jordanian grid.
At the same time, the electrical tariffs are not fixed all day. NEPCO purchases electrical energy from local power plants in the
southern province of Jordan, Aqaba, with mostly lower prices than purchasing it from Egypt. BESS can reduce the generation losses of
NEPCO when it is connected via the tie line with Egypt. When big loads, such as the cement plants and iron smelting factories, are
disconnected - which happens every day many times- the extra generated power on the Jordanian national grid will flow directly to
Egypt; this redirected generated power costs NEPCO more than it is selling price to Egypt. BESS will take it is signal from the power
flow meter on the tie line and will start charging in lieu of redirecting it to Egypt.
Jordan and Egypt are connected via the tie line so when the load demands exceed what Jordan can produce at high-peak times,
power will flow from Egypt to Jordan at a predetermined price. That tariff is of a higher cost to NEPCO than if it had purchased power
from local power plants during off-peak hours and stored it for deployment during high-peak periods.
BESS will make the determination to charge or discharge based on the amount of flown power over the tie line. It is possible to
divide the bulk of BESS to two parts in order to decrease charging and discharging cycles and switching between them. However, when
two bulks of batteries are used, one to charge and one to discharge and switching between them, a larger battery capacity is needed
than when the same bulk is used for charging and discharging. Fig. 6 illustrates the control mechanism over the tie line; it is controlled
by the amount of the flown energy either exported or imported.

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Fig. 5.. Flowchart diagram for running BESS to stabilize the grid’s frequency.

2.7. Purchasing and selling the electrical energy via tie line

The tie lines allows NEPCO to purchase the electrical energy at prescheduled times; BESS can store this imported energy to sell
peak-load times.
The feasibility of this project is controlled by the purchasing costs of generated energy from local power plants which are
considered, meanwhile, as a cheaper alternative to importing the energy from the tie line at the current oil prices.
When oil prices raise, economical studies will judge the feasibility of this application. Fig. 7 demonstrates the purchasing and
selling mechanism of electrical energy via tie line.

3. Technical application results and discussion

3.1. Smoothing the generation curve application

For this application, multiple steps of generation levels were performed for studying and analyzing of the generation operating
behaviors with the proposed steps.
The generation Step was the average of the needed energy in the generation period, so at the end of the operation cycle the total
generated energy was equal to the consumed electrical energy.
This energy application technique helped stabilize the system while the ESS followed the continuous changes in the electrical
demand on the national electrical grid. When the generation level was higher than the connected electrical loads, the ESS was being
charged with the excess generated energy. When the generation level was lower than the connected electrical loads, ESS compensated
the shortages instantaneously guaranteeing supply to all the electrical loads.
Six generation levels were examined for this energy application to obtain the optimum operating system for: (i) energy storage

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Fig. 6.. Flowchart diagram of controlling the power flow over the tie line.

system capacity, (ii) maximum generation dispatch, (iii) minimum generation dispatch, (iv) maximum charging/discharging power,
(v) charging/discharging cycles, and (vi) averaged cost of generated energy.
Fig. 8 shows the smoothed generation curve for averaged electrical loads of August 2016 with eight generating levels and 3 h for
each generation level. Five charging and discharging cycles occur every day, the maximum stored energy in ESS was approximately
300 MWh.
The cumulated stored energy in ESS is presented in Fig. 9 for eight generation steps and the power flow (from/into) the energy
storage system. The maximum power flow from/into the ESS was approximately 200 MW The positive power flow indicates that the
ESS was being charged, while the negative power flow indicated that the ESS was being discharged.

3.2. Smoothing the generated energy with renewable energy generators

This application controlled the flow of the generated energy from renewable energy generators. Three different scenarios were
applied to study the different behaviors of this application: 100, 90, and 80% average of the total generated energy by REG. 80% was
the lowest limit to run the combination of wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants.
23 April 2017 presented a typical good day to apply this application, all the generated energy was averaged according to the
aforementioned percentages then the performance was evaluated.
The total generated energy by REGs on 23 April 2017 was 5081.91 MWh, the 100%, 90%, and 80% averages on hourly basis of this
generated energy were 212 MW, 190 MW, and 170 MW, respectively. The generated power by wind turbines in the absence of solar
radiation did not reach the proposed averages, ESS stored a fraction of the total generated energy by REGs throughout the day and
discharged the stored energy at night to compensate for the shortages to reach the proposed levels.
Fig. 10 presents the delivered energy by REGs to the national grid, when the 100% average was applied, a constant line of power

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Fig. 7.. Flowchart diagram of purchasing and selling the electrical energy via tie line.

was delivered to the grid but when a fraction of average was applied, some of the generated energy was used to charge the BESS and the
extra generated energy was directly fed into the national grid. Fig. 11 illustrates the ESS power flow (into/from) through the entire
period of running the system to keep feeding the national grid by 100% of average generated by REGs.

3.3. Operating the photovoltaic power plants as evening peak power plant

Storing part of the generated energy by solar power stations in the ESS helped cover the peak load demand, even in the winter
months, and avoided running the peak power plants.
Fig. 12 depicts the daily load curve for 17 February 2017, while the evening peak load, 17:00 to 22:00, was covered by PV power
plants. The ESS stored 900 MWh throughout the day hours to cover this load, while the maximum rated power through this operating
period was around 368 MW in the discharging process. This was a huge capacity so pumped Fig. 13 presents the cumulative stored
energy through the operation period in the ESS as well as the rated power of charging and discharging processes.

3.4. Frequency stabilization application

One of the power systems’ applications was controlling the grid’s frequency and maintaining it is reliability to counteract any
sudden changes. BESS was the best ESS that can respond in milliseconds to maintain the frequency and stabilize the system. BESS can
play a significant role in maintaining balance between the generated energy and the connected loads.

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Fig. 8.. Smoothing the generation curve with eight generating steps.

Fig. 9.. Cumulated stored energy (MWh) and rated power (MW).

3.5. Purchasing and selling the electrical energy via tie line

The tie line agreement between Jordan and Egypt divides the day into three time intervals as seen in Table 1.
While the generation costs by the different conventional and renewable energy power plants are included in Table 2.
The independent power producers (IPP) 3 and 4 are the most used power plants to cover the peak loads since they consisted of very
fast response dual fuel generators; they use natural gas, light fuel oil, and heavy fuel oil. These power plants can reach their maximum
capacity of 820 MW in 15 min rendering them only suitable power plants to cover the peak load demand.
This energy application allows NEPCO to purchase the energy from Egypt at a prescheduled time in interval T3, and stores this
imported energy in the ESS to resell it in the morning or evening peak-load demand periods.
Fig. 15 presents how the tie line and ESS can cover the morning peak load demand with purchased energy from the tie line while
Fig. 16 shows the cumulated stored energy in the ESS and rated power through the entire period of operation.

4. Conclusion and future work

This work presented different energy systems that were able to enhance the steadiness of the Jordanian national electrical grid. An

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Fig. 10.. Delivered generated energy by the renewable energy generators to the national grid.

Fig. 11.. 100% Average of REGs delivered to the national grid.

alternative solution to lower running and operation costs as well as elimination of the need of new peak power plants was provided.
This research proposed different scenarios to smooth the generation curve and to integrate energy storage systems with the con­
ventional power plants. It was also found the unit commitment schedule to run the Jordanian electrical system in regards to the least
possible generation costs.
Utilizing energy storage systems with the renewable energy generators enhanced the output power and helped in overcoming the
intermittency of weather conditions. Different scenarios were investigated and discussed to evaluate the energy storage systems’
capacity and rated power through changing the minimum limit of operating the system.
Installing large-scale energy storage systems to store the generated electrical energy from renewable energy generators and using
this stored energy in covering the peak load demand is a step ahead in utilizing the renewable energy generators to cover all the
electrical load demand. Thus, it will increase reliance on renewable energy sources and decrease the extensive use of fossil fuels in
generating the electricity.
Stabilization of frequency in power source is important to maintain the grid’s frequency and to avoid black shutdown circum­
stances. Battery energy storage systems can maintain the balance between load and generation capacities, they are able to occupy any
extra generated power on the grid in the load shedding circumstances and can quickly intervene to inject power into the grid when an
electrical generator source is faulty or disconnected.
Deploying tie lines to purchase the electrical energy in low costs and reselling in it at peak electrical demands with higher costs is an
application of utilizing the energy storage system in new energy applications. The feasibility of this solution is not high enough at the
current oil prices and since the Jordanian grid is connected to the Egyptian grid. Yet when the tie line network spreads and Jordan
integrate more renewable energy generators and oil shale power plants, then it will be possible to sell the stored energy at peak times to
different consumers.

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Fig. 12.. Operating the photovoltaic power plants as evening peak power plant.

Fig. 13.. Cumulated stored energy in the ESS and the rated power.

Table 1.
Tariff time schedule, and rated prices according to the current oil prices.
Time interval Day hours Cost JD/MWh

T1 08:00–17:00 78.5
T2 17:00–21:00 89
T3 21:00–08:00 65

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Table 2.
The different generation costs of all the Jordanian power plants.
Station Average Cost (JD/MWh)*

Samra III CC 53.67

QATRANAH CC 58.01
AES CC 57.12
SAMRA I CC 58.44
SAMRA II CC 58.68
REHAB CC 63.54
ATPS 70.63
IPP3 73.29
IPP4 71.31

*JD - Jordanian dinars

.

Fig. 14. Frequency stabilization application.

Fig. 15.. Covering the morning peak by the purchased energy via tie line.

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Fig. 16.. Cumulated stored energy in the ESS and rated power for purchasing and selling the electrical energy via tie line application.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interst.

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Fatima Z. Abu Salah got her Msc degree in the field of Environmental and Renewable Energy Engineering from German Jordanian Uni­
versity, Jordan, 2018. Eng. Abu Salah searched deeply in the integrated energy storage technologies systems by her thesis which was titled:
“Technical and Feasibility Study of Designing Integrated Energy Storage Systems with the National Grid”. Her interests include Renewable
Energy, Power Systems Optimization, and Energy Storage.,

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Ahmad M. Harb receive his Ph.D. degree from Virginia Tech., Virginia, USA, in 1996. Currently, he is a Professor at German Jordanian
University (GJU). Dr. Harb is IEEE senior member. Dr. Harb was the dean of Natural Resources Engineering at German Jordanian University
(2011-2013). Dr. Harb is the founder and Editor-in-Chief for the International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application,
IJMNTA. Dr. Harb has published more than 100 journal articles and conference proceedings. His research interests include power system,
renewable energy, smart power grid, power electronics, modern nonlinear theory (bifurcation & chaos).

Mohamad K. Khawaja received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in 2015 from the University of South Florida. He became a faculty
member at the Department of Energy Engineering, German Jordanian University in 2016 and later become the Chairman of the Department.
His research focuses on electrochemical energy storage systems, mainly supercapacitors, energy policy, electronic waste management, and
power systems with integrated energy storage.

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