Read the following reading passage on “thought”.

There are various

information have been joined in this reading passage. Analyze the
sentences acted as “cause” and the other sentences or information
acted as “effect”. Use the tables in the next page that they have been
provided for you (see table A and table B). Formulate them into a joint
cause and effect sentence.

The study of thinking has a long and respectable tradition in both

philosophy and psychology. William James, the founding personality of a
school of psychology called functionalism, defined psychology as the science
of mental life. And this is close to the commonsense view of psychology. Most
people think of it in this way. It is the science of the mind; and the concept of
the mind includes both our conscious awareness and our ability to think.
Thinking is a mental process characterized by the use of symbols and
concepts to represent both inner and outer reality. A symbol is a word, mark,
sign, drawing, or object that stands for something else. The process of
thinking about thinking is called meta-thought.
A concept is a mental category. Concept is an idea that represents a
class of objects or events. They are powerful tools because they allow us to
think more abstractly, free from distracting details. It is a way in which we
organize and simplify information. Concept formation is the process of
classifying information into meaningful categories. Adults more often acquire
concepts by learning or forming rules. For example, a triangle must be a
closed shape with three sides made of straight lines. Rule learning is
generally more efficient than examples, but examples remain important. It is
unlikely that memorizing a series of rules would allow an uninitiated listener
to accurately categorize punk, new wave, fusion, salsa, heavy metal, and rap
music. Concepts put the world of experience into mental boxes.
There are three basic kinds of concepts: conjunctive, disjunctive and
relational. A conjunctive concept strings together perceived attributes. A
conjunction in grammar has the function of joining words and phrases.
Similarly, a conjunctive concept joins attributes to make a perceptual whole.
It refers to a class of objects having more than one feature in common.
Sometimes called "and" concepts: to belong to the concept class, an item
must have "this feature and this feature and this feature." For example, a
motorcycle must have two wheels and an engine and handle bars. The
concept of a lemon is conjunctive because to most of us a lemon is an object
that has a yellow skin and an elongated shape and a somewhat sour taste.
Concepts are formed by both positive and negative exemplars. A positive
exemplar is an object or an idea that fits the concept that can be contained
within it. A negative exemplar is an object or an idea that does not fit the
concept that cannot be contained within it. A disjunctive concept treats
perceived attributes in either-or terms. It refers to objects that have at least
one of several possible features. These are "either-or concepts." To belong, an
item must have "this feature or that feature or another feature." In the game
of baseball, a strike is either a swing and a miss or a pitch down the middle
or a foul ball. The either-or quality of disjunctive concepts makes them
difficult to learn.
A relational concept treats perceived attributes in terms of some
connection between objects or ideas such as “more than,” “less than,”
“bigger than,” “more beautiful than,” “and so forth. A concept such as
“cheapskate” is a relational concept. Concepts have two types of meaning:
denotative and connotative meaning. The denotative meaning of a word or
concept is its exact definition. Connotative meaning is its emotional or
personal meaning. Connotations of some one thing can differ.

Go on the next page

Table A. Identifying cause and effect sentences
No. Cause Effect
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table B. Joining the cause and effect sentences using “so or such +
that”
No. Joining cause and effect sentences
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10