Read the following passage and choose the correct answer for each of the questions

Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance, and
may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that the judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear
little or no relationship to the adequacy of the job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case,
three in particular stand out.
The first reason is related to an error of judgment known as the halo effect. If a person has one
noticeable good trait , their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual
who dresses smartly and shows self-confidence is likely to be judged capable of doing a job well regardless of
his or her real ability.
Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect called the primacy effect. This error occurs when
interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation,
the interviewer spends most of the interview trying to confirm the impression given by the candidate in the first
few moments. Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the
applicant.
The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgment of interviewers. A suitable candidate
may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent.
Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may be judged as more
suitable than he or she really is.
Since interviews as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection
procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised,
the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal
and spatial tests.
Question 61. The word “they” in line 6 refers to _______.
A. applicants B. judgments C. interviewers D. characteristics
Question 62. The word “ this” in line 20 refers to _______.
A. measure cognitive ability B. devise personnel selection
C. predict candidate suitability D. devise accurate tests
Question 63. This passage mainly discusses the _______.
A. Judgments of interviewers concerning job applicants.
B. Inadequacy of interviewing job applicants.
C. Effects of interviewing on job applicants.
D. Techniques that interviewers use for judging job applicants.
Question 64. According to the passage, the hallo effect _______.
A. exemplifies how one good characteristic color perceptions
B. takes effect only when a candidate is well -dressed
C. stands out as the worst judgmental error
D. helps the interviewer’s capability to judge real ability
Question 65. The word “hindrance” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. assistance B. encouragement C. procedure D. interference
Question 66. According to the passage the first impression _______.
A. can easily be altered B. is unrelated to the interviewer’s prejudices
C. is the one that stays with the interviewer D. has been repeatedly demonstrated to the applicant
Question 77. The word “skews” in line 14 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. improves B. opposes C. biases D. Distinguishes
Question 68. The author mentions all of the following reasons why interviewing is not an accurate way to
predict candidate suitability EXCEPT the _______.
A. primacy effect B. halo effect C. contrast effect D. cognitive effect
Question 69. The word “confirm” in line 11 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. verify B. misrepresent C. recollect D. conclude
Question 70. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which of the following?
A. More information on the kinds of judgmental effects
B. Other reasons for misjudgments of applicants
 C. Other selection procedures included in interviewing
D. More information on cognitive ability tests

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions from 41 to 50.
Today we take electricity for granted and perhaps we do not realize just how useful this discovery has
been. Steam was the first invention that replaced wind power. It was used to drive engines and was passed
through pipes and radiators to warm rooms. Petrol mixed with air was the next invention that provided power.
Exploded in a cylinder, it drove a motor engine. Beyond these simple and direct uses, those forms have not
much adaptability. On the other hand, we make use of electricity in thousands of ways. From the powerful
voltages that drive our electric trains to the tiny current needed to work a simple calculator, and from the huge
electric magnet in steel works that can lift 10 tons to the tiny electric magnet in a doorbell, all are powered by
electricity. An electric current can be made with equal ease to heat a huge mass of molten metal in a furnace, or
to boil a jug for a cup of coffee. Other than atomic energy, which has not as yet been harnessed to the full,
electricity is the greatest power in the world. It is flexible, and so adaptable for any task for which it is wanted.
It travels so easily and with incredible speed along wires or conductors that it can be supplied instantly over vast
distances. To generate electricity, huge turbines or generators must be turned. In Australia they use coal or
water to drive this machinery. When dams are built, falling water is used to drive the turbines without polluting
the atmosphere with smoke from coal. Atomic power is used in several countries but there is always the fear of
an accident. A tragedy once occurred at Chernobyl, in Ukraine, at an atomic power plant used to make
electricity. The reactor leaked, which caused many deaths through radiation. Now scientists are examining new
ways of creating electricity without harmful effects to the environment. They may harness the tides as they flow
in and out of bays. Most importantly, they hope to trap sunlight more efficiently. We do use solar heaters for
swimming pools but as yet improvement in the capacity of the solar cells to create more current is necessary.
When this happens, electric cars will be viable and the world will rid itself of the toxic gases given off by trucks
and cars that burn fossil fuels.
Question 36: The author mentions the sources of energy such as wind, steam, petrol in the first paragraph to
______.
A. suggest that electricity should be alternated with safer sources of energy
B. emphasize the usefulness and adaptability of electricity
C. imply that electricity is not the only useful source of energy
D. discuss which source of energy can be a suitable alternative to electricity
Question 37: Before electricity, what was sometimes passed through pipes to heat rooms?
A. Gas. B. Petrol. C. Steam. D. Hot wind.
Question 38: What does the author mean by saying that electricity is flexible?
A. It is cheap and easy to use. B. It is used to drive motor engines.
C. It can be adapted to various uses. D. It can be made with ease.
Question 39: What do we call machines that make electricity?
A. Voltages. B. Electric magnets.
C. Generators or turbines. D. Pipes and radiators.
Question 40: The main forms of power used to generate electricity in Australia are ______.
A. atomic power and water B. water and coal
C. sunlight and wind power D. wind and gas
Question 41: The word "they" in the last paragraph refers to ______.
A. harmful effects B. the tides C. scientists D. new ways
Question 42: Electric magnets are used in steel works to ______.
A. lift heavy weights up to ten tons B. test the steel for strength
C. heat the molten steel D. boil a jug of water
Question 43: The advantage of harnessing the power of the tides and of sunlight to generate electricity is that
they ______
A. do not pollute the environment B. are more reliable
C. are more adaptable D. do not require attention
Question 44: Which of the following power sources causes pollution by emitting harmful gases?
A. Sunlight. B. Petrol. C. Water. D. Wind.
Question 45: The best title for this passage could be ______.
A. “Types of Power Plants” B. “Electricity: Harmful Effects on Our Life”
C. “How to Produce Electricity” D. “Why Electricity Is So Remarkable”