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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the African American community
throughout the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-
American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and
listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were
influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world,
directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa. Soul music reflected the African-
American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture.
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The term "soul" had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of
being an African-American in the United States. Ray Charles pioneered the soul music genre
during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles. This hybrid produced
a clutch of hits in the R&B market. The phrase "soul music" itself was first attested in 1961. The
"first clear evidence of soul music shows up with the "5" Royales, an ex-gospel group that turned
to R&B and in Faye Adams, whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard".
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The key subgenres of soul include the Motown style, a more pop-friendly and rhythmic style;
deep soul and southern soul, driving, energetic soul styles combining R&B with southern gospel
music sounds; Memphis soul, a shimmering, sultry style; New Orleans soul, which came out of
the rhythm and blues style; Chicago soul, a lighter gospel-influenced sound; Philadelphia soul, a
lush orchestral sound with doo-wop-inspired vocals; as well as psychedelic soul, a blend of
psychedelic rock and soul music.
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Soul music is played with musical instruments such as the bass guitar, electric guitar, drums,
Hammond organ and clarinet.
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Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important
feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and
the chorus and an especially tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational
additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds.
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Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music
included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James.
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James Brown was central progenitor of soul music and a major figure of 20th-century music, he
is often referred to by the the honorific nicknames "Godfather of Soul" and "Soul Brother No. 1".
Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson also are often acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became
popular as the lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, before controversially moving
into secular music. His 1962 recording of "Bring It On Home To Me" has been described as
"perhaps the first record to define the soul experience". Jackie Wilson also achieved crossover
success, especially with his hit "Reet Petite". He even was particularly influential for his
dramatic delivery and performances. The most important female soul singer to emerge was
Aretha Franklin, originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but
whose career was later revitalised by her recordings for Atlantic. She later integrated gospel with
rhythm and blues and very quickly became known as the “queen of soul”.
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Soul music did become popular outside of the African American community as well, with such
songs as “Stand by me” by Ben E King becoming extremely popular. Different types of soul
music were already appearing in the 1960s, with the more pop type soul being played by groups,
such as the Temptations, and singers, such as Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye. In Motown in
the 1960s, such groups as the Supremes can also be considered to be performing soul music.
Another important group that sang soul music was the Jackson 5. Near the time of the civil rights
movement, musicians became more politically conscious and started to integrate political
overtones into their music.
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Today much of soul music still exists in such famous and commercially successful singers as
Beyoncé, Mariah Carey, Adele, Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse, Bruno Mars, Usher and
John Legend. Some believe though that soul music reached its highest success and importance
during the 1960s and that today only elements of soul remain. Nonetheless, the soul music has
formed the essential basis for many music genres today.