Biochemistry Laboratory _ X

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Metabolism
Biochemistry Laboratory
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By :

Name : Chief Squad

Start
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Our Team :

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Baraquil Cabaron Dichos

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Our Team :

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Montayre Sevilla
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Contents :

Activity 01:Effect of Saliva on Starch

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Activity 02: How Bile Emulsifies Fat

Activity 03:How does fat keep us skinnier?

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Effect of Saliva on Starch

Objective: To demonstrate the effect of saliva on starch

Materials:
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❑ Starch ( from any source)
❑ Iodine Solution ( Povidone Iodine will do )
❑ Saliva
❑ 1 Clear glass (medium size)
❑ 2 clear glass (small size)
❑ Stirrer ( spoon)
❑ Marker
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Effect of Saliva on Starch

Make a starch solution by
adding 1 teaspoon of
starch powder to a half
glass of water then mix it
using a stirrer
Place 1/3 of the starch Add some saliva in test
solution on each 2 small tube B then mix and
clear glass and label as A change the label as B-
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Add 4 drops of iodine

After 5 minutes observe solution in both glass A
again the color of both and B then stir, then
glasses A & B. Record observe the color
change. Record.
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How Bile Emulsifies Fat?

Objective: To demonstrate how bile emulsifies fat using a liquid soap.
Materials:
❑ Cooking oil ( from any source)
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❑ Liquid dishwashing soap
❑ Glass of Water
❑ teaspoon
❑ Stirrer ( spoon)
❑ Cotton balls
❑ Food coloring (at least 2 colors)
❑ Milk at least 2% fat
❑ Bowl or a dish
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How Bile Emulsifies Fat?

Observe and record
changes
Using Oil In a glass of water, place
about 1 teaspoon of oil.
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Add a teaspoon of
dishwashing liquid then stir.
Observe.
Emulsifier

Observe and record

changes
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How Bile Emulsifies Fat?

Pour milk into a dish.

Using Milk cs Put a drop of food
coloring in different Observe and record
spots in the milk, far changes
away from each other.
Amphiphilic ADD Squirt a little dish soap onto the
Bioactives
cotton ball and then place it
soapy side down in the dish.
Observe. You will immediately
Hydrophilic Bioactives Hydrophobic notice the food coloring drops
Bioactives MILK start to swirl around
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How does fat keep us skinnier?

Pound Grams
1 454
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Calorie Nutrient
Nutrient Calories/Gram
Fat 9
Glycogen 4
❑ Glycogen is like a sponge. It holds twice its weight in water. That
means that every pound of glycogen stored in body tissue holds 2
pounds of water, for a total weight of 3 pounds.
❑ Fat tissue holds very little water
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How does fat keep us skinnier?
1. How much does the
fat weigh? If a 145
pound person has 24%
body fat, how much
does their fat weigh?
34.8 pounds
15,800 grams
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2. How many calories
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are stored in the
fat? Based on your
calculation above,
how many calories
is the person storing?
142,200 calories
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How does fat keep us skinnier?

3. How much glycogen is

4. How much water would be
needed to provide the
same calorie content? Based cs stored with glycogen? Stored
in body tissue, glycogen holds
on your calculation in
twice its weight in water.
question 2, how much
Based on your calculation in
glycogen would be
question 3, how much water
required to store the same
would be stored with the
number of calories?
glycogen?
35,550 grams of glycogen
156.6 pounds of water
78.3 pounds of glycogen
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How does fat keep us skinnier?

5. How much would the person weigh? Based on

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your calculations above, what would be the total
weight of the person if they stored the same
number of calories, but stored them as glycogen
rather than fat?
145 pounds – 38.4 pounds of fat + 78.3
pounds of glycogen + 156.6 pounds of water
= 345 pounds total
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Check for Understanding:

1. Amino acids are not stored in the body. Describe how excess
amino acids are processed in the cell.
❑ If there are too many amino acids, the body has no capacity or
method to store them; consequently, they are transformed into
glucose or ketones or destroyed.
cs The urea cycle breaks down
nitrogen and aids in its elimination from the body. When there is
an abundance of amino acids, they are digested and stored as
glucose or ketones. The nitrogen waste produced by this process is
transformed to urea in the urea acid cycle and excreted in the
urine. In times of famine, amino acids can be utilized as a source of
energy and metabolized through the Krebs cycle.
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2. Release of trypsin and chymotrypsin in their active form can result in

the digestion of the pancreas or small intestine itself. What mechanism
does the body employ to prevent its self-destruction?

❑ Inactive proenzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin are released.

They are exclusively active in the small intestine, where they react to
cs the pancreas or small intestine from
dietary proteins. This prevents
breaking down unintentionally. Proteolysis enzymes trypsin and
chymotrypsin are involved. The pancreas produces these enzymes, as
well as most other digestive enzymes such as proteases and elastase.
All of these enzymes help break down complicated proteins into
simpler, smaller amino acids. These amino acids can then be
transported through the intestinal mucosa to be employed in the
production of new proteins, the Krebs cycle, or the conversion of acetyl
CoA or lipids.
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3. Discuss how carbohydrates can be stored as fat.

❑ Your digestive system converts sugars and starches into glucose, which is
utilized for energy, when you ingest carbs. Physical activity and
physiological activities such as breathing and regulating body
temperature are fueled by energy. Furthermore, glucose is the brain's,
nervous systems, and growingcs red blood cells' primary source of energy.
Glycogen is the storage form of excess glucose. The body burns down
glycogen to supply glucose as blood glucose levels decline. Because your
glycogen reserves are just adequate to last half a day, you'll need to eat
carbs often. Fat may be used as a source of energy in some sections of
the body, but not in the brain, neurological system, or red blood cells.
Protein in muscles is broken down to create glucose to feed these bodily
components if your carbohydrate intake is too low. When this happens,
the depletion of protein in muscles can result in muscle loss.
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4. If a diabetic’s breath smells like alcohol, what could this mean?

❑ If a person's breath smells like acetone (nail polish remover), it might

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mean that their blood contains a lot of ketones. This might be due to
diabetes, alcohol abuse, or poor eating habits. An acetone-like odor in
the breath, whether a person has type 1 or type 2 diabetes, can suggest
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a potentially life-threatening condition that
requires rapid medical treatment.
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5. Describe how metabolism can be altered.

❑ When you consume, digest, and store food, your metabolism speeds up.
This is known as the thermic impact of food. Protein has a greater
thermic impact than fats and cs
carbs because it takes your body longer to
burn and absorb protein. The total of all chemical processes involved in
catabolism and anabolism is referred to as metabolism. Catabolic
reactions are those that control the breakdown of food to obtain energy.
Anabolic processes, on the other hand, utilize the energy generated by
catabolic reactions to synthesis bigger molecules from smaller ones, such
as when the body assembles proteins by stringing amino acids together.
Both sets of responses are necessary for survival.
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Cont.

❑ Whereas catabolic activities provide energy and anabolic reactions

consume it, energy use should, in theory, balance energy production. If
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the net energy change is positive (catabolic processes release more
energy than anabolic reactions consume), the extra energy is stored by
the body as fat molecules for long-term storage. If the net energy change
is negative (catabolic processes release less energy than anabolic
reactions consume), the body will adjust by using stored energy to make
up for the energy deficit caused by catabolism.