Chap5 First and Second Law in Open System

5.1 Comparison between closed and open system

5.2 Mass conservation in open system
5.3 Flow work or Flow energy
5.4 Energy conservation in open system
5.4.1 Application of energy equation and mass conservation equation
in steady state open system
  
(Ex1) 
(Ex2) The amount of heat supplied to the boiler?
(Ex3) The output of the steam turbine?
(Ex4) Nozzle exit steam velocity and cross-sectional area?
(Ex5) Nozzle outlet air velocity and cross-sectional area?
(Ex6) Required power of air compressor?
(Ex7) Show that the throttling process is an irreversible process.
(Ex8) What is the initial dryness when water vapor passes through an
orifice?
(Ex9) When the 40oC saturated ammonia in the freezer passes
through the expansion valve and becomes -10oC wet vapor, what is
the wet vapor dryness?
(Ex10)Mass of water vapor required for heating in a closed water
heater (heat exchanger)?

5.4.3 Unsteady and Uniform State Uniform Flow in Open System

==> Charging and discharging probs. (Pneumatic, LNG, Refrigerant)
● Energy equation

C.V

∂E c.v
∂t
∂ ․ ․  
              
∂
      

  
  

 
 
  
 
   ,

  
  
              
   

 
        



          

 

  

● Mass equation(연속방정식)

m ė
m i̇ C.V

∂m
∂t


   



 ⇒       




 [Ex 5-11] Find the final steam temperature in the vessel and the
incoming mass of the steam.

    
   ℃ Q = 0
Neglecting K.E & P.E
⇒      
  
         
   (Valve closed)

<Sol>

      

     ⇒        
          … ①
     … ②


② -> ① ;            … ③ ┐
  │
│
   │ 3-eqs.
├
│
3-unknowns
     (steam table) │
│
│
      (steam table) ┘
A8.3
  

A8.2        

       

 
      
 

               

Assume T A8.1～8.4
Find  
Eq.③ ?
LHS ≈ RHS
Y
ANS
  
No

  ℃       ⇒   

       
[Ex 5-12] → The steam in Ex 5-11 is replaced by air in this
Ex 5-12

Given :   
  ℃
       
↓
     
  ℃   
       


<sol>
From Eq.③ ,

           … ③
 

By taking ref. temp. as T0 ,

         ,          ┐
│ … ④
  │
         ,       ┘
 

④ → ③ , f ( T 2 )= 0



             



               


But ,          ,     

 
                     
  
  

       

 
   
     
 
      
∴              
         

Substituting Given Data ;     ℃


  ×  × 
      
  × 
  ×  × 
      
  × 

∴      

If the tank is initially evacuated , P1 = 0

∴       ⇒    ⇒   

<Verification> from Eq ① ,   
  


∴      

5.5 2nd Law in Open System

δQ
T
I
C.V
i e
Δm i si Δm e se
ΔS C.V. δθ C.V.

time t t + △t
Sys 1 Sys 2
I(t)+ i I(t+ Δt )+ e

▸sys:

    

    

   ,   
    
 


 
 

      
 

→

lim         
         ÷ 


 
 


  
 
   

  
  


 
 -----②

▸Non-uniform continuous system

 


  


▸Uniform system : t1(state 1)→t2(state 2)


   ⇒


       


           
   
▸Steady state

 

∑ ṁ i = ∑ ṁ e
& 1-port

 


     
 

& Adiabatic
     or   ≥   → Problems in Chap5

5.6 Steady state steady flow(SSSF) process(1-port) ⇒

Eq.(5.26) Bernoulli Eq.
 
1st law:                  ----①
 


2nd law:      




---②

(1) Reversible adiabatic    &   


     →      ⇒        ----③


 
                   
 
  
      
 
        
   (5.6.1)

(2) Reversible isothermal:    & T=const


 
     




 

⇒                    ---④


④ → ①
  
                
 
        

   
(5.6.1)
(3)Arbitrary reversible process
T
i
s=c

T=c
e

s
APPLICATION:
ex1) Pipe flow(steady reversible incompressible flow process)
   
          : Bernoulli eq.
    
ex2) Shaft work △K.E≃0 & ∆P.E≃0
p

⇒   
i

cf:     e
v
ex3) Pump work (ρ=const, Incompressible)

    ≈     

  : pumping work

Ex) 어떤 Pump 가 100 kPa, 20oC의 물을 1 MPa로 압축하였을 때 이에 소요되는 동력(단

위유량당) 을 구하라.


Sol)            ≈ 
 
×      kJ kg
 

ex4) Polytropic process

n
     neglecting KE and PE P  cv  dp  ncv  n  dv
 
   

      



 
     

 


        
 
   
                     

∴      ( ⇐            )

Start from 1st Law       

    

cf: Closed system:     ,

  



   

 
        

  


 
Ideal gas → =                     
 
   

Start from 1st Law              for      

    
ex5)     

        

           
    
   
   
   

 
 



 

                     
  
 
(mean value theorem, 평균치 정리)
-Differential Form

            



             


                  


∴        (      )

(           )
 (Ex5.13) Derivation of the Bernoulli equation for steady-state
reversible processes
(Ex5.14) Derivation of Bernoulli equation for steady-state reversible
processes of incompressible fluids for internal pipe flow

5.7 Actual process and device efficiency


(a)Turbine   

 
(b)Pump, Compressor    ,    ,
 

Isothermal efficiency   


    

(c)Nozzle    or   
    
(d) Throttling 과정 : SSSF process(1-port, adiabatic)
  
 

        

 

 



   ==>        

   


        ≧  was verified.
(d)HX, Regenerator(열교환기, 재생기)

 

∆2   

  ′
 
  Q
 ′ ∆1
  
 

area

  ′    ′ 
     (   =const)
     
       
      
  ⇒ (F : Correction factor when not counterflow)
 
   : LMTD(대수평균온도차)

ln 
 

  

m in
Heat exchanger efficiency:    : ε∼Ntu relation
  

No. of transfer unit:    
 min

T hi T he

T ce T ci

(Ex5.15) When a steam turbine is given an inlet temperature of

200oC, a pressure of 0.5 MPa, a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s and an
outlet pressure of 0.1 MPa , what is the turbine output (1) s = c
process, (2) when the turbine efficiency is 85%?
(Ans) Turbine output 584.2 kW, 496.6 kW, dryness 0.9702, Inlet entropy
si=7.0611 kJ/kgK, Exit entropy se=7.1783 kJ/kgK,    se–si > 0

(Ex5.16) In Example 5.15, find the answer when the steam is

replaced by air (ideal gas).
(Ans) Tes = 298.74 K, Turbine output 350.04 kW, 297.54 kW, Te =
324.9 K, Entropy generation    se–si = 0.0847 kJ/kgK
(Ex5.17) (Steam nozzle problem) When a steam nozzle inlet velocity
of 30 m/s, pressure of 1 MPa, temperature of 300oC, outlet
pressure of 0.2 MPa , and mass flow rate of 1 kg/s are given, what
is the exit velocity and cross-section area when (1) s = c process,
(2) the nozzle efficiency is 90%? (Ans) (1) s=c : 출구 속도와 단면적
833.0 m/s, 10.61*10-4 m2 (2)노즐효율 90% 과정: 출구 속도와 단면적
790.3 m/s, 11.71*10-4 m2
(Ex5.18) (Air throttling problem) In an air throttling problem, given
the pipe diameter 0.2m, the valve inlet pressure 0.5MPa, the
 temperature 80oC, the pressure 0.2MPa after the valve passing and
the flow rate 2 kg/s, what is the temperature, velocity and entropy
production rate after passing the valve?
(sol)
 
      
 
 
     ×    
 
 
  × 
      
        
  × 
In throttling process,    and for the ideal gas, the temperature
before and after the throttling process is the same.
     
      ,    ×    
 
   
   
  
        ln    ln      × ln   
  
  
    ×    kJ K  s

(Ex5.19) (Air filling problem from air line, similar to Ex 5-12), What
is the generated entropy,    s2–si, during the filling process for 1
kg of input air from the vacuum state at first ?
   
    Q = 0
Neglecting K.E & P.E
⇒      

      
(Valve closed)

[Ex 5-12] → The steam in Ex 5-11 is replaced by air in this

Ex 5-12

Given :   
  
   Volume corresponding to the inserted air mass of  kg
  

     
        
<sol>
From USUF energy Eq,

          
 
           ×    
  
         ln    ln    ln       (>0)
  

<Additional Examples>
(Ex6.2) Air turbine     ≠   

         

 


⇒   

   kPa C P   kJ kgK
  C   K
   kPa
(1) 실제단열과정 축일과      
(2) 가역단열과정 축일과      
(3) 손실일

  
(1)       ⇒    
 
                       
   
      ln    ln    ln    ln 
   
   

 

2nd :         
  
 
⇒        kJ kgK
   
  
(2)       ⇒   
 
                    
       × 
or               
   
 
(3)               

    

  


     (Assume adiabatic process)

      
                  - ①
      
     (along P=const line) 적용하면

∴          

          - ②

2nd Law for C.V. :              


①②③==>           (적분의 평균치 정리)

On the other hand
     
   ≈      (산술평균)
 
∴            ≠  

이를 T-s 선도상에 표시하면 다음과 같다.

(Ex6.3) Steam turbine        ≠  임을 확인

    kPa 

  C ⇒ wt wlost  t  

         



   kPa 

  
       
   

Sol)From steam stable

Inlet:         
Outlet:          
       
    

         




  

          ⇒  
       
           
     ×    
            >      
==> Superheated state==>(interpolation)     

 
2nd :      
 


 

⇒        kJ kgK
                     
이를 T-s 선도상에 표시하면 다음과 같다
  
          
 
∴       
                  - ①

 relation :      을 등압선  를 따라 상대 es에서 상태 e까지 적분하면


       

   

               - ①

                  

 
  
   ⇐      


    

    -②


     (Assume adiabatic process)


       

   kJ kg K

여기서,             

     
 ≒    ≃     
 
를 대입하면,

          

 ≈  kJ kg K 을 얻을 수 있다.

한편,               이 되어 산술평균온도를


사용한 위의 값        

   kJ kg K 과 거의 일치함.

 
∴        
       ≒ 

 

     ×   

①②③ ⇒    ≠ 
여기서  는 대기온도이며  는  로 정의된다. 그러나  는 process(과정)에
서 입출구(입구s=c출구와 출구)의 산술평균으로 근사적으로 표시할 수 있다.
(Ex6.4) R-134a Compressor
   kPa
 ⇒      
   kPa 
  C
    

Sol) Inlet ==>(Table) T1, h1, s1 found

Outlet ==>(Table) T2, h2, s2 found
     
       =
     
   ,    ==>       
   ,          > (     )==>superheated
By interpolation,      
   ,   C ==>       
  
     : too low !
  

(Ex6.5) Air Nozzle efficiency

 


 
 V s

   ⇒Find Ts⇒st Law⇒ 
  
 
V 
 
 

Similarly,    ⇒Find T ⇒st Law ⇒ 
  

(Ex6.6) Entropy generation in throttling process