Brain Researchers

1) Recent advances in neuroscience enable doctors to manipulate the workings of the brain and
intervene to treat some neurological disorders. How far should researchers go in their quest to
understand this complex organ and improve people's qualit of life! and to what extent should the
be responsible for making sure that others do not misuse their findings are questionings that must
be answered. "r. #incent $alsh! a professor of cognitive neuroscience at %niversit &ollege
ondon! has discussed the use of non(invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial
direct current stimulation *"&+).
,) +tudies published in the past few ears purport to show that some brain stimulation techniques
can enhance a variet of brain functions! such as memor! numerac! and language learning. -or 
example! cheap brain stimulation devices are now available commerciall! making it possible for 
anone to attempt to boost their brain function. lthough the onl indication showing relativel solid
evidence of improvement with brain stimulation devices is depression! smaller studies looking at
cogn
cognititiv
ive
e impr
improv
ovem
emen
entt appe
appear
ar to have
have been
been the
the ke
ke driv
driver
erss of incr
increa
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rest
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researchers and the la public in the technolog's potential.
/) "r. $alsh questioned the reliabilit of these findings. 0$e're at a stage where the qualit control
of these brain studies has become ver poor!0 he said. 0*here are some ver bold claims! but
there isn't a single significant replication between laboratories. ne of the most highl cited paper 
in the field comes from m own laborator! and 2've twice failed to replicate it mself!0 said "r.
$alsh. He also pointed out that brain enhancement effects seen under laborator conditions are
unlikel to transfer to our dail lives. 0*he enhancement effects seen in the laborator are
significant and meaningful! but there are no significant demonstrations of them in real(world
situations.0
3) 0$e are no longer in control of what stories the general public hears about our research data on
brain stimulation!0 added $alsh. 0*he can decide which papers are worth listening to before an
scientific consensus has been reached! so we have a dut to be much more measured in the
claims we make.0 $alsh thinks that brain stimulation should not be used to enhance performance
in sports! education! or other realms. 04ou don't get good at anthing with a short(term fix! but with
ears of training and 5udgment. 2f we allow cognitive enhancement into education then we lose the
whole idea of what education is about.0 &linical neuropschologist Barbara +ahakian of the
%niversit of &ambridge said
said that brain enhancement
enhancement ma be desirable in certain
certain situations. 0$e
ma want to enhance militar personnel in a war situation! or doctors who are working late at
night! to keep them awake and alert.0
6) 7ow! how far should researchers go to understand the human8s brain9 "r. 2t:hak -ried! a
professor of neurosurger and pschiatr at the %niversit of &alifornia has discussed the ethics of 
performing experiments on people with epileps during brain surger. ;ost epileptic patients
respond well to anticonvulsant drugs! but in the minorit who do not! surger is performed as a last
resort. %sing a technique pioneered b $ilder <enfield in the 1=/>s! surgeons can use electrodes
to identif and remove the brain tissue producing the sei:ures while the patient is full conscious.
 fter placing the electrodes onto the brain surface! the surgeon has to wait! sometimes for man
das! for the patient to have a sei:ure. *his provides the rare opportunit to stud the brain
directl. 0$e are ver privileged to be able to do this! but it raises serious ethical issues!0 said "r.
-ried. +urger is perfectl 5ustified! he explained! but performing experiments is not(while it ma
provide some insight into how the brain works! it is of no benefit whatsoever to the patient.
?) ll members of -ried's neurosurger program are required to examine and adhere to the
Belmont Report! which sets out ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of stud
participants. *he three principles outlined in the report are@ respect( in all cases! researchers must
protect patients' autonom! treat them with the utmost courtes and respect! and onl enroll them
in such studies after informed consentA beneficence( researchers must maximi:e the benefits of 
their experiments! while at the same time avoiding at all costs causing harm to the participantsA
and! 5ustice( researchers must ensure that their experiments are designed well and that their 
procedures are safe! non(exploitative! and administered fairl. 0$hen we prolong the operative
time! we ma cause patient discomfort and in5ur to the brain tissue! so we have a special
responsibilit to do good science and ask good questions!0 sas -ried.

lossar

*o purport@ supor! pretender 

*o boost@ aumentar 
Reliabilit@ confiabilidade
$orth@ que vale a pena
+ei:ures@ convulsCes
*o enroll@ increver 
1) Escolha a alternativa que traz a ideia principal do trecho abaixo, extraído do parágrafo 2.

 Although the only indication showing relatively solid evidence of improvement with brain stimulation devices is
depression, smaller studies looking at cognitive improvement appear to have been the key drivers of increased 
interest among researchers and the lay public in the technology's potential.
7Do existem evidEncias concretas de que o aparelho de estFmulo cerebral aumente a

capacidade cognitiva.
 aparelho de estimulaGDo cerebral tem chamado a atenGDo de pesquisadores e do

pblico pelo seu potencial tecnolIgico.

Jstudos sobre aumento cognitivo com estimulaGDo cerebral tEm levado pesquisadores e

leigos a se interessarem pela tKcnica.

Jxistem evidEncias de que o aparelho usado para estimulaGDo cerebrais pode aumentar

a depressDo.
Jmbora o aparelho de estimulaGDo cerebral tenha gerado interesse! mais estudos

precisam ser feitos para comprovar seus benefFcios.

2) De acordo co o texto, o que se pode afirar sobre a estiula!"o cerebral#

 parelhos de estFmulo cerebral estDo sendo utili:ados com sucesso no tratamento da

depressDo! insLnia! e dor crLnica.

Jstudos comprovam que algumas tKcnicas de estimulaGDo cerebral podem melhorar

funGCes cerebrais como a memIria e habilidades matemMticas.

NM existem estudos concretos que comprovam os benefFcios da estimulaGDo cerebral no

aprendi:ado.
<esquisadores acreditam que os atletas fa:em parte do grupo de pessoas que pode se

beneficiar com a estimulaGDo cerebral.

+egundo um pesquisador do assunto! a estimulaGDo cerebral nDo deveria ser usada

para melhorar o desempenho escolar.

$) Escolha a alternativa que traz a ideia principal do trecho abaixo, extraído do parágrafo %.

"We are no longer in control of what stories the general public hears about our research data on brain stimulation," 
added Walsh. "They can decide which papers are worth listening to before any scientific consensus has been
reached, so we have a duty to be much more measured in the claims we make." 
s pesquisadores nDo podem se responsabili:ar pelos resultados de suas pesquisas

sobre estimulaGDo cerebral.

 s histIrias que o pblico ouve sobre estimulaGDo cerebral nem sempre sDo reais.

<esquisadores precisam ter mais cuidado com as alegaGCes que fa:em sobre

estimulaGDo cerebral.
 -alta consenso cientFfico entre pesquisadores sobre os resultados das pesquisas sobre

estimulaGDo cerebral.
<esquisadores precisam ter mais cuidado com o que o pblico em geral ouve sobre

estimulaGDo cerebral.

%) & que pode ser inferido do parágrafo '#

<essoas com epilepsia devem ser poupadas de estudos sobre o cKrebro caso nDo ha5a

benefFcios para o paciente.

 proveitar para estudar o cKrebro de pessoas com epilepsia durante cirurgia K

eticamente questionMvel! pois nDo tra: benefFcios para o paciente.

<esquisadores devem levar em consideraGDo que cirurgias em cKrebro de epilKticos

podem tra:er muitos riscos para o paciente.

O uma oportunidade rara para neurocirurgiCes estudar o cKrebro de um epilKptico

durante cirurgia.
<esquisadores neurocirurgiCes devem aproveitar toda e qualquer oportunidade para

estudar o cKrebro.

') ( qual das alternativas abaixo se refere o pronoe the* +parágrafo )#
*he three principles

Report

Researchers

 utonom

<atients

) -a frase“...! researchers must ensure that their eperiments are designed well and that their
 procedures are safe, non#eploitative, and administered fairly$ +parágrafo ), a palavra ensure*
te o sentido de
<revenir 

<romover 

Recusar 

 ssegurar

+ubstituir 

/) 0ual a ideia central do artigo#

 s perigos do uso indiscriminado de aparelhos de estimulaGDo cerebral.

<esquisadores em neurociEncia falam sobre os novos tratamentos e tKcnicas utili:adas

para melhorar as funGCes cerebrais.

 vanGos na Mrea da neurociEncia levantam questCes Kticas sobre os mKtodos de

pesquisas sobre o cKrebro e a confiabilidade dos resultados.

&om a intenGDo de melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas! pesquisadores investem

na neurociEncia.
 aperfeiGoamento das tKcnicas de estimulaGDo cerebral pode tra:er benefFcios para

vMrios grupos de pessoas.

) E qual parágrafo  citado que a estiula!"o cerebral pode n"o ser dese3ável e certas
situa!4es#
parMgrafo 1

parMgrafo ,

parMgrafo /

parMgrafo 3

parMgrafo 6 ou ?

) (s pr5xias quest4es s"o baseadas no trecho abaixo, extraído do parágrafo 1. 6lique e

(7(-8(9 para visualizar as quest4es.

%ecent advances in neuroscience enable doctors to manipulate the workings of the brain and intervene to treat 
some neurological disorders. &ow far should researchers go in their uest to understand this comple organ and 
improve people's uality of life, and to what etent should they be responsible for making sure that others do
not misuse their findings, are uestionings that must be addressed. (incent Walsh, a professor of cognitive
neuroscience at )niversity *ollege +ondon, has discussed the use of non#invasive brain stimulation
techniues such as transcranial direct current stimulation T*-!.

:) ( qual das alternativas abaixo se refere o pronoe “they$ no trecho abaixo#

Recent advances in neuroscience enable doctors to manipulate the

workings of the brain and intervene to treat some neurological 
disorders. How far should researchers go in their quest to understand 
this complex organ and improve people's quality of life, and to what 
extent should they be responsible for making sure that others do not 
misuse their findings, are questionings that must be addressed.

7euroscience

"octors

7eurological disorders
 Researchers

<eople

1;) -a frase “&ow far should researchers go in their uest to understand this comple organ and
improve people's uality of life, and to what etent should they be responsible for making sure
that others do not misuse their findings, are uestionings that must be addressed$ , a
palavra$misuse$ te o sentido de
Reutili:ar 

<romover 

 umentar o uso indevidamente

2gnorar 

-a:er uso indevido

11) & que pode ser inferido do trecho abaixo#

%ecent advances in neuroscience enable doctors to manipulate the workings of the brain and intervene to treat 
some neurological disorders. &ow far should researchers go in their uest to understand this comple organ and 
improve people's uality of life, and to what etent should they be responsible for making sure that others do not 
misuse their findings, are uestionings that must be addressed. (incent Walsh, a professor of cognitive
neuroscience at )niversity *ollege +ondon, has discussed the use of non#invasive brain stimulation techniues
such as transcranial direct current stimulation T*-!.
s pesquisadores precisam avaliar atK onde devem ir em suas pesquisas sobre o

cKrebro e nos tratamentos dos distrbios neurolIgicos.

 professor #incent $alsh nDo estM satisfeito com os resultados das tKcnicas de

estimulaGDo cerebral.
;esmo com os avanGos em neurociEncia! pesquisadores nDo conseguem intervir para

tratar alguns distrbios neurolIgicos.

  ciEncia tem sido incapa: de entender e manipular as funGCes cerebrais e propor

tratamentos para distrbios neurolIgicos .

<esquisadores precisam ser mais responsMveis com a divulgaGDo de novos tratamentos

para alguns distrbios neurolIgicos.

11) (s pr5xias quest4es s"o baseadas no trecho abaixo, extraído do parágrafo $. 6lique e
(7(-8(9 para visualizar as quest4es.

"We're at a stage where the uality control of these brain studies has become very poor," he said. "There are some
very bold claims, but there isn't a single significant replication between laboratories. ne of the most highly cited
 paper in the field comes from my own laboratory, and /'ve twice failed to replicate it myself,"said r. Walsh. &e also
 pointed out that brain enhancement effects seen under laboratory conditions are unlikely to transfer to our daily
lives. "The enhancement effects seen in the laboratory are significant and meaningful, 0but1 there are no significant 
demonstrations of them in real#world situations." 

12) (ssinale a alternativa que traz a ideia principal do trecho abaixo

 "We're at a stage where the uality control of these brain studies has become very poor," he said. "There are some
very bold claims, but there isn't a single significant replication between laboratories. ne of the most highly cited 
 paper in the field comes from my own laboratory, and /'ve twice failed to replicate it myself, "said r. Walsh.
Jstudos sobre o cKrebro devem ser replicados em laboratIrios onde o controle de

qualidade K ruim.
. penas o laboratIrio do "r. $alsh consegue replicar estudos de outros laboratIrios

sobre o cKrebro.
-alta controle de qualidade nos laboratIrios que tentam replicar estudos sobre o

cKrebro.
"r. $alsh foi o nico que nDo conseguiu replicar o estudo sobre o cKrebro.

<or causa do controle de qualidade ruim! muitos laboratIrios nDo conseguem replicar os

estudos sobre o cKrebro.

1$) ( qual das alternativas se refere o pronoe it* no trecho abaixo#

"We're at a stage where the uality control of these brain studies has become very poor," he said. "There are some
very bold claims, but there isn't a single significant replication between laboratories. ne of the most highly cited 
 paper in the field comes from my own laboratory, and /'ve twice failed to replicate it myself," said r. Walsh.
Pualit control

Brain studies

aborator

<aper

-ield

1%) Escolha a alternativa que traz o sentido correto do grupo noinal abaixo

(…)no significant demonstrations of them in real#world situations.

7enhum significado nas situaGCes reais das demonstraGCes deles do mundo

7enhuma demonstraGDo significativa deles em situaGCes do mundo real.

+ituaGCes do mundo real deles sem demonstraGCes significativas.

+em situaGCes significativas o mundo real deles nDo demonstram nada.

 mundo real das situaGCes deles nas demonstraGCes nDo significativas.

1') -a frase r. Walsh also pointed out that brain enhancement effects seen under laboratory conditions
are unlikely to transfer to our daily lives$, a palavra unli<el=* te o sentido de
  2ncomuns

"esagradMveis
 dequadas

2mprovMveis

Jxigidas
"iagnostics for &ommon &hildhood 2nfections

1( *he implementation of preventive strategies and effective treatment has substantiall reduced
the incidence of malaria across man parts of frica. *he introduction of Haemophilus influen:ae
tpe b vaccine and! more recentl! pneumococcal con5ugate vaccine should dramaticall reduce
the incidence of serious bacterial infections among children. *hese pathogens accounted for a
substantial proportion of childhood deaths in regions of frica where malaria is endemic. High
coverage with these measures should affect the burden and spectrum of the common childhood
febrile diseases. &onsequentl! case(management guidelines Q which are currentl designed to
maximi:e sensitivit over specificit! resulting in widespread use of low(cost antimalarial or 
antimicrobial agents to avert adverse outcomes Q will need to be revised. However! most
research underpinning such guidelines was undertaken two to three decades ago. *he advent of 
rapid diagnostic tests and molecular diagnostics has expanded the potential to identif causes of 
disease and ma inform future management strategies for common childhood diseases.
,( "'cremont! a &linical epidemiologist at the +wiss *ropical and <ublic Health 2nstitute! and
colleagues recentl reported the results of their stud of pediatric outpatient visits to clinics in
*an:ania! both located in communities of low endemicit for malaria. 2ncluded in the stud were
children who had an acute febrile illness temperature! /ST&) of 1 week or shorter duration and
had not been treated with antimicrobial or antimalarial agents during the week before the clinic
visit. ;ost of the diagnoses involved upper or lower respirator tract infections@ acute respirator
tract infection accounted for 61U of diagnoses! and nasopharngeal infection accounted for 
another 1>U.  virus was detected in S1U of children with acute respirator tract infection.
+stemic infections! <lasmodium falciparum malaria! gastroenteritis! and urinar tract infection
accounted for 11U! =U! SU! and 6U of diagnoses! respectivel. ver 6>U of children with
malaria! irrespective of parasite densit! had a secondar pathogen or diagnosis.
/) "uring the stud! "'cremont made two important observations. -irst! interpretation of the
infectious cause of illness based solel on laborator testing is potentiall misleading. Bacterial!
viral! and parasitic pathogens were identified in SVU! S1U! and 11U of patients! respectivel.
However! when laborator data were combined with predefined clinical criteria to determine each
diagnosis! the disease burden was significantl rebalanced bacterial! ,,UA viral! V1UA and
parasitic! 11U). lthough the authors ensured internal consistenc and external validit b using
previousl defined definitions of clinical disease! the lack of a control group i.e.! nonfebrile
children) meant that the were unable to verif the clinical significance of most viral pathogens
and! to some extent! other pathogens identified with the use of serologic or molecular markers.
3) *he importance of a caseWcontrol design was recentl exemplified in a hospital stud of causes
of severe pneumonia among Xenan children ounger than 6 ears of age! which included
outpatient children without pneumonia as control patients. Respirator viruses were present in
nasopharngeal swabs from ?>U of case patients and 3VU of control patients. $ith the exception
of respirator snctial virus! no nasopharngeal viral infection was found to be associated with
hospitali:ation for pneumonia in the caseWcontrol analsis. 2nterpretation of test results therefore
continues to be a challenge in the context of nasopharngeal coloni:ation and the persistence of 
genetic material in the nasopharnx Q or in blood! in the case of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria.
6( *he second observation is that in the absence of critical illness and once malaria has been
ruled out! most febrile outpatient children can be treated conservativel without antibiotics. *he
most common bacterial isolates found b blood culture in this stud were enteric gram(negative
bacteriaA thus! once pneumococcal vaccine is widel used! treatment with recommended first(line
antibiotics will probabl be ineffective. *argeting of high(risk subgroups e.g.! patients with human
immunodeficienc virus infection! sickle cell disease! malnutrition! or severe illness) and
associated likel pathogens on the basis of the presenting sndrome should be considered in
future efforts to refine guidelines for prescribing antimicrobial agents.
?( 7ew diagnostics have considerable potential to improve care! target treatment! and reduce the
cost of unnecessar prescriptions and the succeeding effects of antimicrobial resistance. However!
a trial investigating the effect of rapid! malaria diagnostics on case(management decision making!
in which pre(trial training of clinical staff emphasi:ed that a negative test result should lead to
consideration of an alternative diagnosis! did not show reduced rates of malaria treatment. 7inet
percent of antimalarial agents prescribed in the trial were for children with negative test results. s
the epidemiologic landscape evolves! updated guidelines based on evidence are welcomeA
however! experience suggests that changing current practice will not be a straightforward process.

 dapted from an article b Xathrn ;aitland! ;.B.! B.+.! <h.".

lossar
;easures@ medidas
utpatient@ paciente de ambulatIrio
;isleading@ enganosa
+wabs@ cotonetes
*o rule out@ desconsiderar 
1) Escolha a alternativa que traz a ideia principal do trecho abaixo, extraído do
parágrafo 1.

The advent of rapid diagnostic tests and molecular diagnostics has expanded the potential to
identify causes of disease and may inform future management strategies for common childhood 
diseases.
   pressa na hora de diagnosticar as doenGas infantis tEm sido a causa do aumento de

diagnIsticos errados.
7ovas estratKgias de gestDo na Mrea de diagnIsticos podem levar a identificaGDo mais

rMpida das doenGas.

s testes e o diagnIstico molecular tEm se expandido rapidamente e necessitam de

futuras estratKgias de gestDo.

s testes de diagnIsticos rMpidos e diagnIsticos moleculares podem ampliar o potencial

para identificar as causas das doenGas e dar informaGCes para a gestDo futura de doenGas
infantis.
&om a rapide: dos testes de diagnIstico! as causas das doenGas infantis deixaram de

ser identificadas prontamente.

2)  qual das alternativas abaixo se refere o prono!e "they # (parágrafo $)%

 uthors

2nternal consistenc and external validit

<reviousl defined definitions

&linical disease

&ontrol group

$) &a frase' "/nterpretation of test results therefore continues to be a challenge in the contet of 
nasopharyngeal coloni2ation and the persistence of genetic material in the nasopharyn 3 or in
blood, in the case of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria # (parágrafo ), a palavra " challengee#
te! o sentido de'
brigaGDo

;istKrio

"esafio

<rocesso

-racasso

%) e acordo co! o texto, o que * correto afir!ar e! rela+o aos resultados dos dois
estudos sobre diagn-stico de doen+as infantis%
 s infecGCes respiratIrias nDo foram comuns em crianGas com outras condiGCes mais

graves.
7Do foi detectado vFrus na maioria das crianGas diagnosticadas com infecGCes

respiratIrias.
   maioria das crianGas diagnosticadas com malMria! tambKm foram diagnosticadas com

infecGDo urinMria e gastroenterite.

;ais da metade das crianGas tinham sido diagnosticadas com infecGCes

respiratIrias.
+em os exames laboratoriais e critKrios mKdicos predefinidos! concluiu(se que apenas

,,U dos pacientes tinham algum tipo de bactKria ao invKs de S1U.

')  que pode ser inferido do parágrafo /%

  prescriGDo de antibiIticos para pacientes febris com deficiEncia autoimune nDo K

permitida.
7a ausEncia de doenGas graves e de malMria! o tratamento de crianGas febris pode ser

feito sem o uso de antibiIticos.

  nDo prescriGDo de antibiIticos no tratamento de doenGas graves tem aumentado os

casos de infecGCes.
 uso limitado da vacina pneumocIcica tem colaborado para uma dependEncia maior

dos antibiIticos.
"ependendo da doenGa! o uso de algumas linhas de antibiItico K inadequado e

perigoso.

) Escolha a alternativa que traz a ideia principal do trecho abaixo, extraído do

parágrafo 0.

!s the epidemiologic landscape evolves, updated guidelines based on evidence are welcome"
however, experience suggests that changing current practice will not be a straightforward 
 process.# 
 inda que nDo se5a um processo simples! atuali:ar as diretri:es em um cenMrio

epidemiolIgico em evoluGDo K bem vindo.

  falta de diretri:es fundamentadas e atuais piora o cenMrio epidemiolIgico.

;udar as diretri:es em um cenMrio epidemiolIgico em evoluGDo K um processo de

relativa rapide:.
 processo de evoluGDo do cenMrio epidemiolIgico nDo K simples e depende das

mudanGas das diretri:es.

 cenMrio epidemiolIgico em constante evoluGDo dificulta o processo de atuali:aGDo das

diretri:es.

/) ual a ideia central do artigo%

Jstudo na *an:Ynia concluiu um aumento de diagnIsticos de malMria e outras doenGas

infantis.
 Jrros de diagnIstico da malMria tEm contribuFdo para o tratamento inadequado da

doenGa no mundo todo.

7a Zfrica! a falta de uso dos antibiIticos tEm piorado a incidEncia de malMria entre as

crianGas.
"iagnIsticos criteriosos podem evitar e a prescriGDo de antibiIticos de forma

indiscriminada no tratamento da malMria e outras doenGa infantis.

 excesso de diretri:es para guiar os diagnIsticos de malMria compromete a sade

pblica lem nFvel global.

) E! qual parágrafo o autor cita que u!a porcentage! de crian+as diagnosticadas

co! !alária, ta!b*! tinha! outras afec+2es%
parMgrafo 1

parMgrafo ,

parMgrafo /

parMgrafo 3

parMgrafo 6 ou ?

) (s pr5xias quest4es s"o baseadas no trecho abaixo, extraído do parágrafo 1. 6lique e

(7(-8(9 para visualizar as quest4es.

The introduction of Haemophilus influen$ae type b vaccine and, more recently, pneumococcal 
con%ugate vaccine should dramatically reduce the incidence of serious bacterial infections among
children. These pathogens accounted for a substantial proportion of childhood deaths in regions
of !frica where malaria is endemic. High coverage with these measures should affect the burden
and spectrum of the common childhood febrile diseases. &onsequently, casemanagement 
 guidelines ( which  are currently designed to maximi$e sensitivity over specificity, resulting in
widespread use of lowcost antimalarial or antimicrobial agents to avert  adverse outcomes ( will 
need to be revised.

:) ssinale a alternativa que traz a ideia principal do trecho abaixo'

The introduction of Haemophilus influen$ae type b vaccine and, more recently, pneumococcal 
con%ugate vaccine should dramatically reduce the incidence of serious bacterial infections among
children. These pathogens accounted for a substantial proportion of childhood deaths in regions
of !frica where malaria is endemic. High coverage with these measures should affect the burden
and spectrum of the common childhood febrile diseases.
 incidEncia de infecGCes e doenGas febris na infYncia devem ser redu:idas com a

introduGDo das vacinas Hib e pneumocIcica! em regiCes da Zfrica.

s patIgenos responsMveis pela alta taxa de mortalidade infantil na Zfri ca! onde a

malMria K endEmica nDo estDo diminuindo.

 s doenGas febris comuns na infYncia sDo responsMveis pelo aumento da mortalidade

infantil em algumas regiCes da Zfrica.

   taxa da mortalidade infantil K maior em regiCes da Zfrica! onde a malMria nDo K

tratada.
 pIs a introduGDo das vacinas Hib e pneumocIcica em algumas regiCes da Zfrica!

aumentou o espectro da mortalidade infantil.

1;)  qual das alternativas se refere o prono!e "which# no trecho abaixo %

High coverage with these measures should affect the burden and spectrum of the common
childhood febrile diseases. &onsequently, casemanagement guidelines ( which are currently 
designed to maximi$e sensitivity over specificity, resulting in widespread use of lowcost 
antimalarial or antimicrobial agents to avert adverse outcomes ( will need to be revised.
High &overage

;easures

Burden and +pectrum

&ommon childhood febrile diseases

&ase(management guidelines

11) Escolha a alternativa que traz o sentido correto do grupo no!inal abaixo'

)*...+ the burden and spectrum of the common childhood febrile diseases.# 
...)  carga e o espectro das doenGas febris comuns da infYncia.

...)  carga e a o espectro comum das doenGas febris da infYncia.

...)  espectro da infYncia e a carga comum das doenGas febris.

...)  carga e o espectro em comum com as doenGas febris da infYncia.

...)  carga e o espectro das doenGas febris da infYncia comum.

12) &a frase "*onseuently, case#management guidelines 3 which are currently designed to
maimi2e sensitivity over specificity, resulting in widespread use of low#cost antimalarial or 
antimicrobial agentsto avert adverse outcomes 3 will need to be revised # , a palavra "avert #
te! o sentido de'
&orrigir 

 trasar 

Jvitar

Jnfrentar 

 umentar 
12) (s pr5xias quest4es s"o baseadas no trecho abaixo, extraído do parágrafo . 6lique e
(7(-8(9 para visualizar as quest4es.

ew diagnostics have considerable potential to improve care, target treatment, and reduce the
cost of unnecessary prescriptions and the succeeding effects of antimicrobial resistance.
However, a trial investigating the effect of rapid, malaria diagnostics on casemanagement 
decision making, in which pretrial training of clinical staff emphasi$ed that a negative test result 
 should lead to consideration of an alternative diagnosis, did not show reduced rates of malaria
treatment. inety percent of antimalarial agents prescribed in the trial were for children with
negative test results

1$) &a frase' "4ew diagnostics have considerable potential to improve care, target treatment, and 
reduce the cost of unnecessary prescriptions and the succeeding effects of antimicrobial 
resistance# (parágrafo 0), a palavra "succeding # te! o sentido de'
+ucessores

+ucedidos

*emporMrio

+ucessivo

"esconhecido

1%)  qual das alternativas abaixo se refere o prono!e "which# no trecho abaixo%

However, a trial investigating the effect of rapid, malaria diagnostics on casemanagement 

decision making, in which pretrial training of clinical staff emphasi$ed that a negative test result 
 should lead to consideration of an alternative diagnosis, did not show reduced rates of malaria
treatment.
  trial

;alaria diagnostics

&ase(management decision making

<re(trial training

&linical staff 

1')  que pode ser inferido deste trecho do texto%

ew diagnostics have considerable potential to improve care, target treatment, and reduce the
cost of unnecessary prescriptions and the downstream effects of antimicrobial resistance.
However, a trial investigating the effect of rapid, malaria diagnostics on casemanagement 
decision making, in which pretrial training of clinical staff emphasi$ed that a negative test 
result should lead to consideration of an alternative diagnosis, did not show reduced rates of 
malaria treatment. inety percent of antimalarial agents prescribed in the trial were for children
with negative test results.
&om os avanGos da tKcnica diagnIstica! =>U dos casos de malMria foram

diagnosticados corretamente.
;esmo um diagnIstico negativo de malMria nDo tem evitado um nmero muito alto de
prescriGCes desnecessMrias de agentes antimalMricos.
Jrros de diagnIstico tEm aumentado o nmero de casos nDo tr atados de malMria.

  prescriGDo indiscriminada de agentes antimalMricos tem contribuFdo para a diminuiGDo

da resistEncia microbiana.
=>U dos casos de malMria foram diagnosticados e tratados somente apIs a reali:aGDo

do teste de malMria.