Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1-1-019-94R
CO2 Shielded
Flux Cored Arc
Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1,
Group 1 or 2),
1/8 through 1-1/2 inch
Thick, E70T-1 and
E71T-1, As-Welded
Condition
Site License
Site License to Make Copies for Intra-Company Use
This License is issued by the American Welding Society (hereinafter referred to as “AWS”) to you
(hereinafter referred to as “Licensee”) based upon your application and conditions:
1. By becoming a Licensee, Licensee agrees to all the terms contained in this License.
2. Licensee is authorized to reproduce this AWS B2 Standard Welding Procedure for intra-
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4. Licensee may not enter into any sublicense agreement.
5. Reproduction of this Standard Welding Procedure signifies that you agree with the terms of the
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Key Words —Welding Procedure Specification, AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
base metal, allowable joint designs,
filler metal, carbon steel, semi- Approved by
automatic, CO2 shielded flux
American National Standards Institute
cored arc welding
April 15, 1993
Prepared by
AWS Committee on Welding Qualification
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
This standard contains the essential welding variables for carbon steel in the thickness range of 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch,
using semiautomatic CO2 shielded flux cored arc welding. It cites the base metals and operating conditions necessary to
make the weldment, the filler metal specifications, and the allowable joint designs for fillet and groove welds. This WPS
was developed primarily for plate and structural applications.
ii
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Personnel (Original)
AWS Committee on Welding Qualification
iii
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Personnel (Reaffirmation)
AWS B2 Committee on Procedure and Performance Qualification
iv
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of the AWS B2.1-1-019-94R, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification, but is included for informational purposes only.)
The American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council have joined in a cooperative effort to generate
standard welding procedures for industry. The need for pretested welding procedures that are supported by adequate test
data and that satisfy the technical requirements for the commonly used construction codes and specification has been
expressed by many individuals and organizations. The purpose of a welding procedure qualification is to provide test
data for assessing the properties of a weld joint.
This Welding Procedure Specification is an outgrowth of the coordinated work of the Welding Procedures Committee
of WRC and the Committee on Welding Qualification of the AWS. The Welding Procedures Committee has provided
the test data documented on Procedure Qualification Records.
The welding terms used in this specification shall be interpreted in accordance with the definitions given in the latest
edition of ANSI/AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. Welding symbols shall be those shown in the latest
edition of ANSI/AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.
The AWS Committee on Welding Qualification was formed in 1979 to provide welding standards concerning the
subject of qualification. The primary document developed by this committee is AWS B2.1, Standard for Welding Procedure
and Performance Qualification. This document established the foundation and framework for Standard Welding Procedure
Specifications.
Comments on this publication are most welcome. They should be addressed to: Secretary, AWS Committee on Welding
Qualification, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
v
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
vi
ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 1 of 16
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 2 of 16
LIMITATIONS
WELDING PROCESSES
BASE METALS
Base Metal: 1 Carbon Steel, M-1, P-1, or S-1, Group 1 or 2 to M-1, P-1, or S-1,
Group 1 or 2
Thickness Range: 1/8 in. through 1-1/2 in. for groove welds,
1/8 in. minimum for fillet welds
Diameter: Groove Welds: 4 in. minimum
Fillet Welds: all diameters
FILLER METALS
JOINT DESIGNS
POSITIONS
1. M, P, and S numbers for base metal and F and A numbers for filler metal and weld metal, respectively, are as detailed in
AWS B2.1 or ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
2. Preheat and interpass temperatures must be sufficient to prevent crack formation. Temperatures above the minimum
shown may be required for highly restrained welds or by the fabrication document(s).
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 3 of 16
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Electrode Current
Classification Dia. in. Volts Amperes Polarity Wire Feed Speed (ipm)
E70T-1 and E71T-1 0.045 24–28 180–280 DCEP (Reverse) 230–440
E70T-1 and E71T-1 0.052 24–29 190–300 DCEP (Reverse) 180–315
E70T-1 and E71T-1 1/16 24–29 210–350 DCEP (Reverse) 120–250
E70T-1 and E71T-1 5/64 26–30 250–400 DCEP (Reverse) 130–300
GAS
TECHNIQUE
COMPANY NAME
In the name of the Company stated above, I accept full responsibility for the application of this Standard WPS
for use with:
Dated
Fabrication Document(s): such as Code, Specification or Contract Document
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 4 of 16
GROOVE WELDS: See Joints 1 through 17. Joints having prequalified joint details permitted by
the latest edition of AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code — Steel are also permitted.
For tubular products, see Joints 1, 2, 6, and 7. In addition, joints having groove designs resulting
from end preparations conforming with the latest edition of ASME B16.25, Buttwelding Ends, are
also allowable for application with this WPS.
f R
JOINT 1
R f
JOINT 2
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 5 of 16
a
BACKGOUGE &
BACK WELD
f R
a = 60° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 3
a
BACKGOUGE &
BACK WELD
a = 60° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 4
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 6 of 16
BACKGOUGE
a
S1
f
R
S2
JOINT 5
JOINT 6
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 7 of 16
a a
f f
R R
JOINT 7
R
BACKGOUGE
& BACK WELD
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 8
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 8 of 16
f f
R R
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 9
S2
S1
BACKGOUGE
a a
R b
a = 45° MIN.
b = 15° MAX.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/16
f = NOT LIMITED
S1 = NOT LIMITED
S2 = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 10
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 9 of 16
f f
S1 S1
R
a
a
R
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
S1 = NOT LIMITED
S2 = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 11
BACKGOUGE BACKGOUGE
& BACK WELD & BACK WELD
a a
r r
f f
R R
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
r = 1/4 in., +1/8-0
JOINT 12
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 10 of 16
BACKGOUGE
a
r S2
f
R
S1
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
r = 1/4 in., +1/16-1/16
S1 = NOT LIMITED
S2 = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 13
R
BACKGOUGE
& BACK WELD
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
r = 3/8 in., +1/16-1/16
JOINT 14
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 11 of 16
r r
f f
R R
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
f = NOT LIMITED
r = 3/8 in., +1/16-1/16
JOINT 15
f
S2
S1
a a
r
BACKGOUGE R
a = 45° MIN.
R = 1/8 in., +1/16-1/8
r = 3/8 in., +1/16-1/16
f = NOT LIMITED
S1 AND S2 = NOT LIMITED
JOINT 16
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ANSI/AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 12 of 16
BACK- BACK-
GOUGE GOUGE
a a
S1 S1
r
r
f f
S2 S2
R R
a a
JOINT 17
Metric Conversions
0.045 1.1 50 10 30 15
0.052 1.3 500 260 50 25
1/16 1.6
5/64 2.0
1/8 3.2
3/16 4.8
1/4 6.4
1/2 13
3/4 19
1-1/2 38
4 100
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 13 of 16
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AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 14 of 16
Designation Title
B2.1-1-017-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E6010, As-Welded or PWHT
Condition
B2.1-1-018-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding
of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E71T-8, As-Welded
Condition
B2.1-1-019-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for CO2 Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding
of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E70T-1 and
E71T-1, As-Welded Condition
B2.1-1-020-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for 75% Ar/25% CO2 Shielded Flux Cored
Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick,
E70T-1 and E71T-1, As-Welded or PWHT Condition
B2.1-1-021-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Followed
by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through
1-1/2 inch Thick, ER70S-2 and E7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition
B2.1-1-022-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Uphill)
Followed by E7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition
B2.1-8-023-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of
Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, As-Welded
Condition
B2.1-8-024:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Austenitic
Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/16 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER3XX, As-Welded
Condition, Primarily Plate and Structural Applications
B2.1-8-025:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding followed
by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8
through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER3XX and E3XX-XX, As-Welded Condition, Primarily Plate and
Structural Applications
B2.1-1-026-94 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2). 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Downhill)
Followed by E7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition
B2.1-1-027:1998 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding
of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1/2 inch Thick, E71T-11, As-Welded
Condition
B2.1-1-201-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Uphill)
Followed by E7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-202-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Downhill)
Followed by E7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-203-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Uphill), As-
Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-204-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 3/4 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Downhill Root
with the Balance Vertical Uphill), As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-205-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel
(M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical Uphill) Followed
by E7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 15 of 16
Designation Title
B2.1-1-206-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of
Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E6010 (Vertical
Downhill) Followed by E7018 (Vertical Uphill), As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily
Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-207-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER70S-2, As-Welded or
PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-208-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E7018, As-Welded or PWHT
Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-209-96 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Followed
by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through
1-1/2 inch Thick, ER70S-2 and E7018, As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe
Applications
B2.1-1-210:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Con-
sumable Insert Root of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch
Thick, INMs-1 and ER70S-2, As-Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1-211:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with
Consumable Insert Root followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/
S-1, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, INMs-1, ER70S-2, and E7018, As-Welded
Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-212:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Austenitic
Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/16 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER3XX, As-Welded
Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-213-97 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic
Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E3XX-XX, As-Welded
Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-214:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding followed by
Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through
1-1/2 inch Thick, ER3XX and E3XX-XX, As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-215:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with
Consumable Insert Root of Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through
1-1/2 inch Thick, IN3XX and ER3XX, As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-8-216:2001 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with
Consumable Insert Root followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel
(M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, IN3XX, ER3XX, and E3XX-XX, As-
Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-4-217:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-4/P-4, Group 1 or 2), ER80S-B2, 1/8 through 1/2 in.
Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 3/4 in. Thick, PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe
Applications
B2.1-4-218:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-4/P-4, Group 1 or 2), E8018-B2, 1/8 through 1/2 in.
Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 1-1/2 in. Thick, PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe
Applications
B2.1-4-219:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding followed by
Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-4/P-4, Group 1 or 2), 1/8
through 1/2 in. Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 1-1/2 in. Thick, PWHT Condition,
ER80S-B2 and E8018-B2, Primarily Pipe Applications
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society
AWS B2.1-1-019-94R
Page 16 of 16
Designation Title
B2.1-4-220:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (Consum-
able Insert Root) of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-4/P-4, Group 1 or 2), E8018-B2, 1/8
through 1/2 in. Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 3/4 in. Thick, PWHT Condition,
IN515 and ER80S-B2, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-4-221:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (Consum-
able Insert Root) followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel
(M-4/P-4, Group 1 or 2), 1/8 through 1/2 in. Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 1-1/2 in.
Thick, PWHT Condition, IN515, ER80S-B2, and E8018-B2, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-5A-222:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-5A/P-5A), ER90S-B3, 1/8 through 1/2 in. Thick, As-Welded
Condition, 1/8 through 3/4 in. Thick, PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-5A-223:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-5A/P-5A), E9018-B3, 1/8 through 1/2 in. Thick, As-Welded
Condition, 1/8 through 1-1/2 in. Thick, PWHT Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-5A-224:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding followed by
Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-5A/P-5A), 1/8 through 1/2 in.
Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 1-1/2 in. Thick, PWHT Condition, ER90S-B3 and
E9018-B3, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-5A-225:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (Consum-
able Insert Root) of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (M-5A/P-5A), 1/8 through 1/2 in. Thick,
As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 3/4 in. Thick, PWHT Condition, IN521 and ER90S-B3,
Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-5A-226:1999 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (Consum-
able Insert Root) followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Chromium-Molybdenum Steel
(M-5A/P-5A), 1/8 through 1/2 in. Thick, As-Welded Condition, 1/8 through 1-1/2 in. Thick,
PWHT Condition, IN521, ER90S-B3, and E9018-B3, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1/8-227:2002 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (SWPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Carbon
Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Groups 1 or 2) to Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/16
through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER309(L), As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1/8-228:2002 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (SWPS) for Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Car-
bon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Groups 1 or 2) to Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1),
1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, E309(L)-15, -16, or -17, As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe
Applications
B2.1-1/8-229:2002 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (SWPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding followed
by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Groups 1 or 2) to Austenitic
Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, ER309(L) and
E309(L)-15, -16, or -17, As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1/8-230:2002 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (SWPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Con-
sumable Insert Root of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1, Groups 1 or 2) to Austenitic Stainless
Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/16 through 1-1/2 inch Thick, IN309 and ER309(L), As-Welded
Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
B2.1-1/8-231:2002 Standard Welding Procedure Specification (SWPS) for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with Con-
sumable Insert Root followed by Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (M-1/P-1/S-1,
Groups 1 or 2) to Austenitic Stainless Steel (M-8/P-8/S-8, Group 1), 1/8 through 1-1/2 inch
Thick, IN309, ER309, and E309-15, -16, or -17, or IN309, ER309(L), and ER309(L)-15, -16,
or -17, As-Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe Applications
For ordering information, contact Global Engineering Documents, an Information Handling Services (IHS) Group
company, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, Colorado 80112-5776; telephones: (800) 854-7179, (303) 397-7956;
fax: (303) 397-2740; Internet: www. global.ihs.com.
Permission to reproduce for intra-company use only is granted by the American Welding Society