ODHMOD Presentation For AIHA Website

Department of Mechanical Exposure Assessment
and Industrial Engineering Strategies Committee

OBJECTIVES OF OUR STUDY
Introduction
• To define a new NF-FF model developed in a “classical” way to

estimate the time profile of indoor O₂ level (concentration by Mathematical
model
volume and partial pressure) in an occupational setting where
inert gas releases can occur
Spreadsheet
• To develop a spreadsheet workbook, called ODHMOD, workbook
implementing the model in Microsoft® Excel (Version 1.0)

Example
What’s next
ODHMOD - January 2021 2

Introduction
WHO WE ARE Mathematical

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Department of Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering
Elena Stefana Filippo Marciano
elena.stefana@unibs.it filippo.marciano@unibs.it
Exposure Assessment
Thomas W. Armstrong Daniel Drolet
Strategies Committee
twa8hr@gmail.com saravah7@gmail.com

Introduction
MODEL AND TOOL Mathematical

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
Meanings of the logo:

What’s next
• the O₂ molecule is diatomic

• ODH frequently occurs in confined spaces
that are characterised by a limited volume
• the volumes inside and outside the letter
“O” represent the NF and FF with the air
exchanges
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pi
i/S0957582020318735?via%3Dihub

Introduction
MATHEMATICAL MODEL (1) Mathematical

model
Stefana E., Marciano F., Drolet D., Armstrong T.W. (2021). A traditional Near Field-Far Field approach-based model and a spreadsheet workbook to manage Oxygen
Deficiency Hazard. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 149, pp. 537-556. Spreadsheet
workbook
Sub-systems of FAR FIELD Example

supply air of CO2,FF(t)
ventilation systems
What’s next
Natural
nO2,inFF,mec(t-δt,t) ventilation
nO2,β,inNF(t-δt,t)
nO2,air(t-δt,t)
nO2,β,outNF(t-δt,t)
nO2,nat (t-δt,t)
NEAR FIELD
nO2,outFF,mec(t-δt,t) CO2,NF(t)
Sub-systems of
return air of
ventilation systems Application of the balances of mass
of air and moles of air and O₂ in the
Storage and/or
distribution systems
nO2,ig(t-δt,t)
NF, FF, and working environment
of inert gases
-

- +

Introduction

model
Initial conditions •
Other model inputs:
Spreadsheet
workbook
Initial temperature in the NF TNF(0)

• working environment volume Example
Initial temperature in the FF TFF(0)

• shape and dimensions of the NF What’s next
Initial pressure in the NF pNF(0) = pwe(0)

Initial pressure in the FF pFF(0) = pwe(0) • s at the boundary of the NF
Initial air composition in the NF CN₂,NF(0), CO₂,NF(0), CAr,NF(0), Ci,NF(0) • time instant or infinitesimal time
Initial air composition in the FF CN₂,FF(0), CO₂,FF(0), CAr,FF(0), Ci,FF(0) • , composition, T, and p of the inert gases
• , composition, T, and p of the airflows
Boundary conditions mechanically entering the FF
Outdoor temperature Toe(t) • of the airflows mechanically leaving the FF
Outdoor pressure poe(t) • cv for the considered gases
Outdoor air composition CN₂,oe(t), CO₂,oe(t), CAr,oe(t), Ci,oe(t)
• ideal gas constant R
Deficiency Hazard. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 149, pp. 537-556.
Introduction

model
• Well-mixed air in each zone Spreadsheet

workbook
Outputs
• Multiple (and simultaneous) inert gas Example
Time-dependent O₂ concentration n (t)

releases in the NF C O ₂ ,NF ( t ) = O ₂ , NF
by volume in the NF (%) n NF ( t ) What’s next
• Multiple (and simultaneous) forced Time-dependent O₂ concentration C O ₂ ,FF ( t ) =

nO ₂, F F ( t )
ventilation airflows in the FF by volume in the FF (%) n FF ( t )
Time-dependent O₂ partial
• Ideal gas law pressure in the NF (Pa)
pp O ₂ ,NF ( t ) = CO ₂ ,NF ( t ) pwe ( t )

• Internal energy of the gases and flows Time-dependent O₂ partial pp O ₂ ,FF ( t ) = CO ₂ , FF ( t ) pwe ( t )
contained in the 2 zones pressure in the FF (Pa)
• A flow of air for the equilibrium of the

pressures between the 2 zones In addition:
Time-dependent O₂ partial pressures
• Natural ventilation for the equilibrium
in the NF and FF in mmHg
between the FF and outside the working
environment
Deficiency Hazard. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 149, pp. 537-556.
Introduction
THE TOOL (1) Mathematical

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Spreadsheet workbook implementing the model in Microsoft® Excel Example
• To support industrial and occupational hygienists, safety and health What’s next
practitioners, and risk assessors during ODH analyses

• To propose a user-friendly multilingual interface that permits users
to set easily the input values and quickly obtain the graphical O₂
concentration by volume (%) and/or partial pressure time series
(mmHg)
• To obtain answers on the hazardousness and criticality of working
environment atmospheres from an ODH perspective
• To simplify the O₂ level estimation process, without requiring
programming skills
• To conduct different assessments of a wide range of scenarios during
routine or special-case operations
Introduction
THE TOOL (2) To select the language in the entire tool Mathematical
model
(with the exception of Disclaimer)

Spreadsheet
workbook
Disclaimer Example
Introductory page What’s next
Informative page
Help page
Credits
Model sheet
Calculation sheet
Example sheet
To consult other sheets of the tool To go to the Model sheet and run simulations
Introduction
INFORMATIVE PAGE AND REFERENCES (1) values

Reference Mathematical
model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
Compare the simulation What’s next
outputs with ranges for O₂

content suggested in the
literature in order to:
• understand the severity
of possible O₂ deficiency
• assess the need to adopt
measures for eliminating
or mitigating the
asphyxiation risk

Introduction
INFORMATIVE PAGE AND REFERENCES Sources for

(2)
reference values Mathematical
model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next

Introduction
HELP PAGE Mathematical

model
Click on red numbers Spreadsheet

workbook
to understand which Example
inputs are required or

to change the graph What’s next
display modes

Introduction
THE MODEL SHEET (1) Mathematical

model
Inputs Outputs Spreadsheet

workbook
Example
What’s next

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Left area:
Set the inputs for running
the simulation

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Inputs for Initial conditions:

- pressure in kPa (convert the pressure from mmHg to
kPa by clicking the question mark)
- initial temperatures of the NF, FF, and outdoor
environment in °C
- initial air compositions of the NF, FF, and outdoor
environment in terms of N₂, O₂, Ar in %

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Inputs for Volumes: Example
- total volume of the working What’s next
environment in m³
- NF geometry and sub-geometry
- dimensional parameters of the NF
volume based on the selected
geometry in m (from these data,
the tool calculates the NF volume,
FF volume, and FSA)
- random air speed in m s-1

Introduction

model
Inputs for Flows:

Spreadsheet
workbook
- for each inert gas release: flow rate in m³ s-1, type of release, α value in s-1 (only if Example
the release is exponential), composition in terms of N2, O₂, Ar in %, temperature in What’s next
°C, pressure in kPa, initial time and duration in s

- for each forced supply ventilation airflow: flow rate in m3 s-1, composition in terms
of N₂, O₂, Ar in %, temperature in °C, pressure in kPa, initial time and duration in s
- for forced return ventilation airflow: flow rate in m³ s-1, initial time and duration in s

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Inputs for Timing: δt
Attention: The number of iterations is fixed and equal to

1000: a change in δt changes the time duration to
maintain the relationship Time duration = 1000 × δt

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Choose if the outputs

are displayed in % O₂ Example
and/or ppO₂ What’s next
Inputs for Target O₂ levels:

(also based on the previous selection)
- % O₂
- ppO₂

Right area: Introduction
THE MODEL SHEET (8)

See and analyse the Mathematical
model
outputs Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Time to reach the target values in

Time to reach the target values
NF and FF, in terms of % O₂
(% O₂ and/or ppO₂) in NF and FF
and/or ppO₂
Trends of the outputs over time (% O₂

and/or ppO₂, based on the previous
selection in Display section)

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
If this message appears in the right

area, complete and/or check the What’s next
input values.
Sad emoticons help to identify

where the problems are to be
solved.

Introduction
EXAMPLES 13 designed examples Mathematical

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Select one of the examples and scenarios from the list

box (in the right area, under the graph).
Click on the symbol for obtaining a brief description of

the scenario selected.

Introduction
EXAMPLE: PURE RELEASE IN A CONFINED SPACE (1) Mathematical

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Example
What’s next
Inputs

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
Outputs
Example
What’s next

Introduction

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
ODH assessment
Example
What’s next

Introduction
FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS OF ODHMOD Mathematical

model
Spreadsheet
workbook
• To implement previous and new mathematical models on ODH (e.g. the well-mixed Example
model)
What’s next
• To add other sheets useful for the users (e.g. conversion factors or calculators)
• To increase the number of languages available for translation (currently: English,
Italian, French, and Spanish; coming soon: Chinese)
• To introduce Monte Carlo Simulations and uncertainty and sensitivity analyses

Thanks for your interest
Please, contact us for any questions.

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Department of Mechanical Exposure Assessment

and Industrial Engineering Strategies Committee

• To define a new NF-FF model developed in a “classical” way to

implementing the model in Microsoft® Excel (Version 1.0)

ODHMOD - January 2021 2

WHO WE ARE Mathematical

ODHMOD - January 2021 3

MODEL AND TOOL Mathematical

Meanings of the logo:

• the O₂ molecule is diatomic

ODHMOD - January 2021 4

MATHEMATICAL MODEL (1) Mathematical

Sub-systems of FAR FIELD Example

MATHEMATICAL MODEL (2) Mathematical

Initial temperature in the NF TNF(0)

Initial temperature in the FF TFF(0)

Initial pressure in the NF pNF(0) = pwe(0)

MATHEMATICAL MODEL (3) Mathematical

• Well-mixed air in each zone Spreadsheet

Time-dependent O₂ concentration n (t)

• Multiple (and simultaneous) forced Time-dependent O₂ concentration C O ₂ ,FF ( t ) =

• A flow of air for the equilibrium of the

THE TOOL (1) Mathematical

Spreadsheet workbook implementing the model in Microsoft® Excel Example

practitioners, and risk assessors during ODH analyses

(with the exception of Disclaimer)

Introductory page What’s next

INFORMATIVE PAGE AND REFERENCES (1) values

Compare the simulation What’s next

outputs with ranges for O₂

ODHMOD - January 2021 10

INFORMATIVE PAGE AND REFERENCES Sources for

ODHMOD - January 2021 11

HELP PAGE Mathematical

Click on red numbers Spreadsheet

to understand which Example

inputs are required or

ODHMOD - January 2021 12

THE MODEL SHEET (1) Mathematical

Inputs Outputs Spreadsheet

ODHMOD - January 2021 13

THE MODEL SHEET (2) Mathematical

ODHMOD - January 2021 14

THE MODEL SHEET (3) Mathematical

Inputs for Initial conditions:

ODHMOD - January 2021 15

THE MODEL SHEET (4) Mathematical

Inputs for Volumes: Example

- total volume of the working What’s next

ODHMOD - January 2021 16

THE MODEL SHEET (5) Mathematical

Inputs for Flows:

°C, pressure in kPa, initial time and duration in s

ODHMOD - January 2021 17

THE MODEL SHEET (6) Mathematical

Inputs for Timing: δt

Attention: The number of iterations is fixed and equal to

ODHMOD - January 2021 18

THE MODEL SHEET (7) Mathematical

Choose if the outputs

and/or ppO₂ What’s next

Inputs for Target O₂ levels:

ODHMOD - January 2021 19