DETERMINANTOFHOUSEHOLDFOODINSECURITYINCASEOFWOLAIT Comment [m1]: General Comment

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WOLAITASODOUNIVERSITY
Comment [m2]: A proposal should include the
COLLEGEOFBUSINESSANDECONOMICS following sections;
Preliminary pages
1.INTRODUCTION
DEPARTMENTOFECONOMICS 1.1Background of the Study
1.2.Statement of the Problem
1.3.Research Questions
1.4.Objectives of the Study
1.5.Significance of the Study
1.6.Scope and Limitations of the Study
ASENIORESSAYSUBMITEDTOTHEDEPARTMENTOFECONOMICSINPA 2.LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Basic concepts
2.2.Theoretical Review of Literature
RTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIRIMENTOFTHEBACHELOROFARTI 2.3. Empirical Review of Literature
3.DATA AND METHODOLOGY
NECONOMICS 3.1.Description of the Study Area
3.2.Types and Sources of Data
3.3. Instruments and Methods of Data
PREPAREDBY: Collection
3.4. Method of Data Analysis
3.4.1.Descriptive methods
3.4.2. Model Specification and
NAME ID.No. Description
3.5.Hypothesis and Definitions of Variables
4.REFERENCES
ALEMNESHMOLLADESTA_____________________________ RUOO86/12 5.ACTIVITY BREAK DOWN AND BUDGET
PLAN
5.1.Activity Breakdown
5.2.Budget Plan
6.APPENDICES(OPTIONAL)

Comment [m3]: Cover page style

TITLE

CANDIDATE’S NAME
ADVISORNAME:BERHANU(MSS

May,2023

WOLAITASODO,ETHIOPIA NAME OF ADVISOR (S) (QUALIFICATION

OF ADVISOR/S)

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, WOLAITA
SODO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ART
IN ECONOMICS

i
DECLARATION

Wedeclarethatthisthesisisouroriginalwork,preparedundertheguidanceofInstr.Berhanan
dhasneverbeenpresentedfordegreeinanyotheruniversity.Allsourceofmaterialsusedinthi
sthesishavebeendullyacknowledged.

Declaredby;

Name Id.No. Signature

ALEMNESHMOLLADESTA_____________________________ RUOO86/12

Approvedby(Advisor);

Name:_____________________

Signature:__________________

Date:______________________

Placeofsubmission:CollegeofBusinessandEconomics,DepartmentofEconomics,Wol
aitaSodoUniversity,Ethiopia.

Approvedby;

1. _________________ ________________ ____________

Examiner Signature Date

2. ________ ________________ ____________

ExaminerSignature Data

ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstofall,wewillliketothankouralmightyGodandhisMothergivingunreservedgiftandsm
ootheningofourlifeandourstudyparticularly.Ourthanks‟isforouradvisorberhanufordevot
edhisprecioustimeandenergytocommentonandimprovetheprogressofthestudysinceitsin
itiation.Withouthisguidanceandprofessionalexpertise,thecompletionofthisworkwouldn
othavebeenpossible.

ThirdofallwealsowellliktothanktherespondentofKoreMargefyaandBaklohouseholdfort
heirwillingnesstoprovidenecessarydatausedforthisstudy.

Finally,wellliketothankallofthosewhohelpedusinmaterialandmoralsupportthroughoutth
eresearchprocess.

i
 ABSTRACT

TheaimofthisstudyistoassessthedeterminantoffoodinsecurityinWolaytaSodoZone.Thed
ataforthestudycamefromprimarysourcethroughquestionnaireandsecondarysourcethro
ughreviewingdifferentresearch.Atotalof99householdwereselectedtoundertaketheresea
rchandtwostagesamplingtechniquewereemployedtoselecthouseholdhead.

Alogisticregressionmodelwasemployedandestimatedbasedonprimarydatawiththeprob
abilityofhouseholdbeingfoodinsecureasdependentvariableandasetofdemographicsand
socio-
economicvariableastheexplanatoryvariable.Thelogisticestimationresultshowsthatthev
ariablethatarenegativelycorrelatedwiththeprobabilityofhouseholdbeingfoodinsecurea
reincome,educationlevel,sexandmaritalstatus.Thevariablelikeage,Accesstocredit,and
Householdsizearepositivelycorrelatedwiththeprobabilityofbeingfoodinsecure.

Variablewhichaffectedsignificantlytheincidenceoffoodinsecurityinthewordaareeducati
on,familysize,incomelevelandaccesstocredit.Age,sex,andmaritalstatusofhouseholdhea
darefoundstaticallyinsignificantindicatoroffoodinsecurity.

Generally,theresearchfindingindicatethattheincidenceoffoodinsecurityishighinwolaita
sodozoneandadministrativeKeblehavedifferentfoodinsecuritystatus.Thus,theresultssug Comment [m4]: What is proposal??????? Why
you include final result??????????
gesttheneedforjudiciouscombinationofinterventionthatenhanceincomediversificationo
pportunitiesinruralareathroughofffarmactivities,education,trainingandextensionservic
eandimprovelivestockproductivitycouldhelpenhancehouseholdfoodinsecurity. Comment [m5]: The word “abstract” is written
in capital letters and is centered. The name of the
student is below the title and is centered. The
Keyword:Food,Foodinsecurity,Logisticregression,Marginaleffect abstract should be one single block paragraph. It
should be no longer than a single page in length. T
abstract should not be divided into sections or
paragraphs. The appropriate 1pt spacing should b
used. The abstract should summarize the backgrou
of the study, the methods used, data analysis
methods, results obtained, conclusions drawn and
recommendations.
Note: Do not use abbreviations or insert tables,
figures or references into your abstract. You abstra
generally should not exceed about 300 words.

Contents
DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTERONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1

ii
1.INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1BackgroundoftheStudy ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2StatementoftheProblem ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3ObjectiveoftheStudy ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1GeneralObjective ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2Specificobjective .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.4Significanceofthestudy ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.5ScopeoftheStudy ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.6OrganizationoftheStudy ..................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTERTWO........................................................................................................................................ 10
2.LITERATUREREVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.1TheoreticalLiteratureReview ............................................................................................................ 10
2.2.ConceptandDefinitionofFoodInsecurity ........................................................................................... 10
2.3.UnderstandingFoodInsecurityChallenges,Trends,CausesandEffects ........................................... 12
2.5.FoodInsecurityConcepts,HistoricalAntecedentsandPerspectivesinEthiopia ................................ 15
2.6MeasuringFoodInsecurityIndicator ................................................................................................ 16
2.7EmpiricalLiterature ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.7.1CauseofFoodInsecurityinEthiopia ............................................................................................... 17
2.8DeterminationofFoodInsecurity ...................................................................................................... 19
2.9FoodSecuritySourceandCausedofFoodInsecurity .......................................................................... 20
CHAPTERTHREE .............................................................................................................................. 21
3. ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
3.1DescriptionofStudyArea .................................................................................................................. 21
3.1.1PhysicalCharacteristics ............................................................................................................ 21
3.1.2Population,ReligionandCulture................................................................................................ 22
3.1.3Socio-economicProfile............................................................................................................... 22
3.2ResearchDesign ............................................................................................................................... 23
3.3MethodofDataCollection ................................................................................................................. 23
3.4SamplingTechnique ......................................................................................................................... 24
3.5SampleSizeDetermination ............................................................................................................... 24
3.6Methodofdataanalysis ................................................................................................................ 24
3.6Definition(Description)ofmodelvariable ......................................................................................... 24
3.6.1DependentVariable ................................................................................................................... 24
3.6.2Independent/ExplanatoryVariable........................................................................................... 25
3.7.Costbreaksdownandtimeframe ...................................................................................................... 26
3.7.1Costbreakdown ............................................................................................................................. 26

iii
 3.7.2TimeFarm ................................................................................................................................. 27
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 28
APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................... 30

iv
 CHAPTERONE

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1BackgroundoftheStudy

Foodinsecurityexistswhenpeoplelacksustainablephysicaleconomicaccesstoenoughsafe,
nutrition‟s,&sociallyacceptablefoodforahealthyandproductivelife.Foodinsecuritymayb
echronic,seasonalortemporary.Nutritionalconsequenceofinsufficientfoodandundernutr
itionincludesproteinenergymalnutrition,vitaminAdeficiencyandirondeficiency(www.F
eedinggamerica.org)

Foodsecurityiswhenapersonisabletoobtainasufficientamountofhealthyfoodonadaytoda
ybasis.Peoplewhodonotconsumeenoughfoodeachdaysufferfromfoodinsecurity,whichis
whenapersonisunabletoobtainsufficientamountofhealthyfoodonadaytodaybasis.Asresu
ltoffoodinsecurity,peoplesufferfromchronichungerandpoornutrition,andare,therefore,l
esslikelytohavehealthy&productivelives.(http.wwwstudy.com)

About842millionpeopleintheworldremainfoodinsecuritywithmanymoresufferingfromh
iddenhungercausedbymicronutrientorproteindeficienciesandwhereabout205millionchi
ldrenaremalnourished.Whilefoodinsecurityinmostcountrytovaryingdegree75%offoodi
nsecurepeopleliveinruralpartofdevelopingcountries(Graharmet.al,2007pp23:kushet.Al
2010)

Themajorityofdevelopingcountriesmainlydependonagriculturesectorduetothesehouseh
oldaremorevulnerabletopriceinstability.Asharpdeclinewasobservedintheoverallrateofg
rowthinagricultureresearchanddevelopmentinvestmentindevelopingcountriessincethel
ate1980‟s.Themainfocusofagriculturalinvestmentremainedonexportablecroptogenerate
foreignexchangethatforcedcountriestoveryoncontinuedlowinternationalfoodpricetome
etnationalfooddemand.Thisapproachfailedtofullfillthedesiredresults(IAASTD,2008).

Ethiopiafoodinsecurityhasremindedachallenge.Forinstance,2004and2008about37%of
Ethiopiapopulationexperiencedchronicfoodinsecurity(FAO,2005and2011)foodinsecur
itycontinuedtodetermineandby2012,40millionpeoplewerefoodfrailtyexistswhenindivid
ualsneedmaintainableactualmonetaryadmittancetoenoughprotected,sustenance's,andso
ciallysatisfactorynourishmentforasoundandusefullife.Foodfrailtymightbeongoing,occa

1
sionalorbrief.Healthfuloutcomeofdeficientfoodandundernourishmentincorporatesprote
inenergymalsustenance,vitaminAlackandironinsufficiency(www.Takingcareofgameri
ca.org)

Foodsecurityisthepointatwhichanindividualcangetanadequatemeasureofgoodfoodonan
everydaypremise.Individualswhodon'tdevoursufficientfoodeverydayexperiencetheillef
fectsoffoodinstability,whichisthepointatwhichanindividualcan'tgetadequatemeasureof
qualityfoodonaneverydaypremise.Asaftereffectoffoodinstability,individualsexperience
theilleffectsofpersistentyearningandunfortunatesustenance,andare,inthismanner,morea
versetohavesoundandusefullives.(http.wwwstudy.com)

Around842millionindividualsontheplanetremainfoodfrailtywithalotadditionalexperien
cingstowedawaycravingbroughtaboutbyminiaturesupplementorlacksofproteinandwher
earound205millionyoungstersaremalsupported.Whilefoodfrailtyinmostcountrytoshifti
ngdegree75%offooduncertainindividualsliveinrusticpieceofagriculturalnations(Grahar
met.al,2007pp23:kushet.Al2010)

Mostofemergingnationsessentiallyrelyuponagribusinessareabecauseofthesehouseholda
remoredefenselessagainstcostinsecurity.Asharpdecaywasseeninthegeneralpaceofdevel
opmentinfarminginnovativeworkinterestinnon-
industrialnationssincethelastpartofthe1980's.Theprimaryfocalpointoffarmingspeculati
onstayedonexportableyieldtocreateunfamiliartradethatconstrainednationstoextremelyo
nproceededwithlowworldwidefoodcosttofulfillpublicfoodneed.Thisapproachneglected
tofullfilltheidealoutcomes(IAASTD,2008).

Ethiopiafoodweaknesshasremindedatest.Forexample,2004and2008around37%ofEthio
piapopulaceexperiencedpersistentfoodfrailty(FAO,2005and2011)foodinstabilityproce
ededtodecideandby2012,40millionindividualswerefoodinsecure(IFPR,2012ANDWFP,
2009).

InEthiopiasituation,pooragriculturalgrowth,unequaldistributionofproductionresourcea
ndincome,rapidpopulationgrowth&urbanizationaretheimportantcauseforthegrowingch
ronicfoodinsecurityandpovertyproblem.Draught,warandgrowingrefugeeproblemareals
othemaincauseoftransitoryfoodinsecurityinEthiopialikeinmanyotherAfricacountries.In
appropriatepoliciesofgovernmentanddonoragencieshavealsobeenimportantfactorscontr
ibutingtobothchronic&transitoryfoodinsecurityinmostAfricacountriesincludeEthiopia.

2
Inadequatefoodavailabilityhasbeensignedoutasoneofmostimportantcauseoffoodsecurit
yanditsattributetoamongotherfactorinsufficientdomesticproductandimportthesehasbee
nduetolawagricultureproductivityandhighpovertylinewhichlimitaccessoffoodbecauseh
ouseholdhasnotsufficientmeanstopayfortherequiredfood(FAO,2006).

AccordingtoTilaye(2004,pp109),Thedebubregionwherethestudysiteislocated,isalsoone
ofthepoorestregionaleconomiesinEthiopia,manyhouseholdareonlyabletoproducesuffici
entfoodtomeettheirrequirementforlessthansixmonthsoftheyear.AccordingtoUSAID(20
00),outof108woredaoftheregion48ofthemarechronicallyfoodinsecureandoutofthesefoo
dinsecurewolaitasodozonewhichisfoundinthenorthShewazoneofAmhararegion,isinclu
ded.

AccordingDemeke(2015)inthestudyareatheproportionofpeoplewhoareunabletofullfillt
heirfoodcaloriesrequirementis72%.Thepercentageoffoodconsumptionneededtobringth
eentirefoodinsecurepopulationtothefoodpovertylineis56%.Beside33%,13%and26%oft
hefoodinsecurehouseholdsweremarginally,moderatelyandseverityfoodinsecurerespecti
vely.

1.2StatementoftheProblem

AscitedinMeseret(2013),in2010-
2012about870millionpeopleintheworlddidnotconsumeenoughfoodtocovertheirminimu
mdietaryenergyrequirement.Ofthesepeople,852millionwereindevelopingcountries,mak
ingup14.9%ofthetotalpopulationofthesecountries.Beside,over70%ofthefoodinsecurepo
pulationinAfricalivesintheruralareas(Mwaniki,2010)

FoodinsecurityemergedasakeyproblemanddevelopmentchallengeinEthiopiaintheearly
1970andbecomepervasiveinsubsequentdecades.Ahostoffactorincludenatural&manmad
e,haveresultedinthegrowingfoodinsecurityprobleminmanypartofcountryandwidesprea
dpovertyinthecountries.Otherfactorcontributingtofoodinsecurityisthelowleveloftechno
logyemployedinagriculture&theresultinglowlevelproductivityofthesector(Sebateswhe
eleret.al,2012citedbyJemal).

Theseriousnessoffoodinsecurityvariesfromoneareatoanotherdependingupontheavailabi
lityofnaturalresourceandtheextentofdevelopmentoftheirresource.Mostoflandresourcem
ainlythesoil&vegetationofthispartofcountrieshasbeenhighlydegradedbecauseofinterpla
ybetweensomeenvironmentandhumanfactor(Alem,2011).

3
ThegreatestfoodinsecurechallengeoverallremaininsubSaharanAfrica,whichhasseenpart
icularlyslowprogressinimprovingaccesstofoodwithsluggishincomegrowth,highpoverty
rateandpoorinfrastructurewhichhamperphysical&distributionalaccess(FAO,2014).

Accordingtohouseholdconsumption&expendituresurvey(HHCES,2011)inAmhararegi
on,42.5%ofproportionsofhouseholdswhoarefoodinsecure,muchhigherthanthenationala
veragewhichisonly33.6%.Theregionrankedthehighestinthecountryintermsoffoodpover
ty.Foodinsecurityisrelativelyhigherinruralareas,withabout44.6%&28%ofhouseholdfoo
dinsecureinruralandurbanarearespectively(MOFED,2012).Theseallimpliesthatfoodins
ecurityisstillthepersistentproblemintheregionevenafterthecountryhasshowneconomicpr
ogress.

Ethiopia‟seconomyhasgrownsubsequentlyoverthelastfiveyearsbutthecountrystillremai
nsoneoftheworld‟spoorestcountriesintheworld(WFP,2012).Thehistoryisslowlybutsurel
ychallengingthatasignificantsegmentofthepopulationhavesufferedfromfoodinsecuritya
ndpovertyrelatedproblemlikemalnutritionanddiseaseforaverylongperiodoftime(Samuel
,2003).

AscitedbyDegefa(2005),thetypeandamountofcropsthatahouseholdsharvestisaffectingb
ynotonlytheamountofrainfall,butalsoqualityofland.Becausewithashortageofrainfall&d
eclinesoilfertility,intercroppingmaincropwithcashcropisbecomingdifficult.Thisinturna
ffectshouseholds‟leveloffoodsecurity.

Themajoraggravatingfactorsoffoodinsecurityinstudyareaareshortageofrainfallanderrati
cnatureofrainfalldistributionwhichleadstoheavysoilerosionduringrainyseason.Theseare
themajorphenomenawhichleadstotheexistenceofdepletionmanyruralhouseholdinthestu
dyarea.

Inpreviousstudies(forexample,Frehiwot,2007;Shiferawet.al,2003andDercon,2005)itss
howsthathouseholdfoodinsecurityisassociatedwithanumberofsocioeconomic&environ
mentalcharacteristics.Areviewoftheliteratureonthehouseholdfoodinsecurityshouldthatt
herearelimited(rare)numberofstudiescarriedoutinWolaitaSodoZone.

Eventhroughmanyresearchesdoneonthedeterminantofhouseholdfoodinsecurityindiffer
entareamostofthemfocusonurbanareaofthecountry.Amongthemare:-

Tesfaye,(2017)madehispaperonhouseholdfoodinsecuritywomen‟snutritionstatusinAdd
isAbabaandhefoundoutthatthemajorityofhouseholdinAddisAbabawerefoundtohavehig
herfoodinsecurityaccessscore(foodinsecurebyaccess)andthereispoorconsumptionoffrui

4
t,vegetablesandanimalproductswhichmayputhouseholdmemberatahigherriskofundernu
trition.Thefindingofthisstudyindicatetheneedtodomorecompressiveassessmenttodeter
minefoodextentandseverityoftheproblemoffoodinsecurityonnutritionalstatusoftargetpo
pulationgrouplikewomenandchildren.

AccordingtoBirhaneet.al(2014)urbanfoodinsecurityisgrowingconcerndotothetoxiccom
binationofhighrateofurbanpoverty,highdependencyofurbanhouseholdonfoodsuppliedb
ythemarket,andfluctuatingfoodprices.HouseholdinAddisAbaba,notonlydonothavesuffi
cientamountoffoodtoeat,theirdietsarelargelycerealbased,lackinganadequatediversityoff
oodtoyieldgoodnutritionsubsidizationofcommonfoodcommoditiesshouldbestrengthene
dtoimproveaccesstothepoor.

AccordingtoGebre,(2012)madehispaperonthedeterminantoffoodinsecurityamonghouse
holdinAddisAbabacity,Ethiopia.Hewasattemptedtoanalysisthedeterminantofurbanhou
seholdfoodinsecurityinAddisAbabacity.1st,anattempthasbeenmadetodescribethesocioe
conomiccharacteristicsoffoodinsecureandsecuresamplehouseholdgroupbyusingdescrip
tivestatistics.2nd,anattempthasbeenmadetoidentifyfactorthatdetermineurbanhouseholdf
oodinsecurityusingbinarylegitmodelofregression.

Theearnestnessoffooduncertaintyfluctuatesstartingwithoneregionthenontothenextrelyi
ngupupontheaccessibilityofnormalassetandthedegreeofadvancementoftheirasset.Them
ajorityoflandassetmostlythedirtandvegetationofthispieceofnationshasbeenexceptionall
ydebasedduetoexchangebetweenafewclimateandhumanelement(Alem,2011).

ThebestfoodshakytestoverallstayinsubSaharanAfrica,whichhasseenespeciallysluggishi
mprovementinfurtherdevelopingadmittancetofoodwithlanguidpaydevelopment,highde
stitutionrateandunfortunatefoundationwhichhamperphysicalanddistributionalaccess(F
AO,2014).

Foodinsecurityhasnegativeimpactsonthewell-
beingandlivelihoodsofhouseholds,leadingtomalnutrition,poorhealthoutcomes,andlimit
edeconomicopportunities.InWolaitaSodoZone,themajorityofthepopulationreliesonagri
cultureastheirprimarysourceofincome,makingthemparticularlyvulnerabletofoodinsecur
ity.Despiteeffortsbythegovernmentanddevelopmentpartnerstoaddresstheproblem,foodi
nsecurityremainsasignificantchallengeinthearea.

TheproblemofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZoneisfurtherexacerbatedbyfact
orssuchasclimatechange,landdegradation,andlimitedaccesstomarkets.Thesechallenges

5
havecontributedtothedeclineinagriculturalproductivityandincomes,makingitdifficultfor
householdstomeettheirfoodneeds.Additionally,thelimitedavailabilityandaccesstoeduca
tion,healthcare,andothersocialservicesalsocontributetohouseholdfoodinsecurity.

Therefore,thestudywillexplorethedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSo
doZone,assesstheleveloffoodinsecurityinthearea,andproviderecommendationsforpolic
yandprograminterventionstoaddresstheproblem.Thefindingsofthisstudyareexpectedtoc
ontributetothedevelopmentofstrategiesforimprovingfoodsecurityandnutritionoutcomes
intheareaandinformpolicydecisionsaimedataddressinghouseholdfoodinsecurityinEthio
pia.

Despitebeingamajorfoodproducingarea,WolaitaSodoZoneinSouthernEthiopiafacesfoo
dinsecurity,whichisasignificantchallengeforthecommunity.Thecausesoffoodinsecurityi
nthezonearecomplex,andseveralfactorscontributetothisissue.Therefore,itiscrucialtoide
ntifythedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinthearea,whichcaninformpolicyandpr
ograminterventionstoaddresstheproblem.

ThemainproblemaddressedinthisstudyiswillbethehouseholdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSo
doZone.Thestudyaimstoidentifythedeterminantsoffoodinsecurityinthearea,includingfa
ctorssuchaspoverty,inadequateinfrastructure,pooragriculturalpractices,andlimitedacces
stoeducation,healthcare,andmarketopportunities.Thestudywillalsoassesstheleveloffood
insecurityintheareaandprovidepolicyandprogramrecommendationstoaddresstheissue.T
hefindingsofthisstudyareexpectedtocontributetotheexistingbodyofknowledgeonfoodin
securityinEthiopiaandinformpolicyandprograminterventionsaimedataddressingtheprob
lem.

Thus,evaluatingthestatusofruralhouseholdfoodsecurityandidentifyingdeterminantsofru
ral

householdfoodsecurityisthemaindriveofthisstudytoguidepolicydecisions,deviseapprop
riateinterventions

andintegratedeffortstoimprovehouseholdfoodsecurityinthestudyarea.

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1.3ObjectiveoftheStudy
1.3.1GeneralObjective
Thegeneralobjectiveofthestudyistoexaminethedeterminanthouseholdfoodinsecurityin
WolaitaSodoZone.

1.3.2Specificobjective
Specificobjectiveofthestudycontains;

 Todeterminelevelorextentofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinthestudyarea.
 Toexaminetheincidenceofhouseholdfoodinsecure
 Toidentitysocioeconomicconsequenceoffoodshortage

1.4Significanceofthestudy
ThestudyonthedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZoneissignifican
tforseveralreasons:

 .Addressingtheproblemofhouseholdfoodinsecurity:Thestudywillprovidevaluab
leinsightsintothedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZone,w
hichcaninformpolicyandprograminterventionsaimedataddressingtheproblem.T
hefindingsofthisstudycancontributetothedevelopmentofstrategiesforimprovingf
oodsecurityandnutritionoutcomesinthearea.
 .Improvinglivelihoodsandwell-
being:Foodinsecurityhasnegativeimpactsonthelivelihoodsandwell-
beingofhouseholds,leadingtomalnutrition,poorhealthoutcomes,andlimitedecon
omicopportunities.Thestudyfindingscancontributetothedevelopmentofintervent
ionsaimedatimprovingthelivelihoodsandwell-beingofhouseholdsinthearea.
 .Informingpolicydecisions:Thestudyfindingscaninformpolicydecisionsaimedat
addressinghouseholdfoodinsecurityinEthiopia.Thegovernmentanddevelopment
partnerscanusethestudyfindingstodeveloptargetedinterventionsandpoliciesaime
datimprovingfoodsecurityandnutritionoutcomesinthearea.
 .Contributiontoknowledge:Thestudywillcontributetotheexistingbodyofknowled
geonfoodinsecurityinEthiopia.Thefindingsofthisstudycanserveasareferenceforf
utureresearchonfoodinsecurityandrelatedissuesinthecountry.
 .SupportingtheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs):Addres
singfoodinsecurityiscriticalforachievingtheSDGs,particularlySDG2,whichaims
toendhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutrition,andpromotesustainable

7
 agriculture.ThestudyfindingscancontributetotheachievementofthisgoalinWolait
aSodoZoneandEthiopiaasawhole.

1.5ScopeoftheStudy
Identificationofthedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurity:Thestudywillexaminetheva
riousfactorsthatcontributetohouseholdfoodinsecurityinthearea,includingpoverty,inade
quateinfrastructure,pooragriculturalpractices,limitedaccesstoeducation,healthcare,and
marketopportunities..Assessmentoftheleveloffoodinsecurity:Thestudywillassessthelev
eloffoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZoneusingestablishedfoodsecurityindicatorssuchasth
eHouseholdFoodInsecurityAccessScale(HFIAS)andtheCopingStrategiesIndex(CSI).P
olicyandprogramrecommendations:Thestudywillprovidepolicyandprogramrecommen
dationsbasedonthefindings,whichcaninformthedevelopmentoftargetedinterventionsai
medataddressinghouseholdfoodinsecurityinthearea.Geographicscope:Thestudywillfoc
usonWolaitaSodoZoneintheSouthernNations,Nationalities,andPeoples'Region(SNNP
R)ofEthiopia..Inadditiontotheseduetolimitedresources/budgetandtimeconstraint/thestu
dyisrestrictedonly99respondents

Thestudywilluseamixed-
methodsapproach,combiningquantitativeandqualitativedatacollectionmethodstogatheri
nformationonthedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZone.Thequan
titativedatawillbecollectedthroughahouseholdsurvey,whilethequalitativedatawillbeobt
ainedthroughfocusgroupdiscussionsandkeyinformantinterviews.Thestudywillcoverasa
mpleofhouseholdsselectedthroughastratifiedrandomsamplingtechniquefromdifferentar
easinthezone.

1.6OrganizationoftheStudy

Thepapercontainsfivechapters.Thefirstchaptercontainintroductionpartincludebackgrou
ndofthestudy,statementoftheproblem,objectiveofthestudy,significanceofthestudy&sco
peofthestudy.Chaptertwodealswithliteraturereviewincludetheoreticalandempirical.Cha
pterthreecomeupwithmethodologypartandthefourchapterscontainresultanddiscussiona
ndthelastchaptercontainsconclusionandrecommendation.Thestudyonthedeterminantsof
householdfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZonewillbeorganizedasfollows.Introduction:T
hischapterwillprovideabackgroundtothestudy;outlinetheproblemstatement,researchque

8
stions,andobjectives,significanceofthestudy,scope,andmethodology.LiteratureReview:
Thischapterwillreviewrelevantliteratureonhouseholdfoodinsecurity,itsdeterminants,an
dthevariousinterventionsandpoliciesaimedataddressingtheproblem.

Methodology:Thischapterwillprovideadetaileddescriptionoftheresearchdesign,samplin
gtechniques,datacollectionmethods,anddataanalysisproceduresusedinthestudy.Results:
Thischapterwillpresenttheresultsofthestudy,includingtheleveloffoodinsecurityinWolait
aSodoZone,thedeterminantsofhouseholdfoodinsecurity,andpolicyandprogramrecomm
endationsDiscussion:Thischapterwilldiscussthestudyfindingsinrelationtotheexistinglit
eratureandprovideaninterpretationoftheresults.

ConclusionandRecommendations:Thischapterwillprovideasummaryofthestudyfinding
s,conclusions,andrecommendationsforfutureresearchandpolicyinterventions.Reference
s:Thischapterwillincludealistofallthesourcescitedinthestudy.Appendices:Thissectionwi
llincludeanysupplementaryinformationrelevanttothestudy,suchassurveyquestionnaires,
focusgroupdiscussionguides,andinterviewprotocols.

9
 CHAPTERTWO

2.LITERATUREREVIEW

2.1TheoreticalLiteratureReview

2.2.ConceptandDefinitionofFoodInsecurity

Foodinsecurityisdefinedasaconditioninwhichpeoplelackthebasicfoodintakenecessarytoprovid
ethemwiththeenergyandnutrientsrequiredforfullyproductivelives.Itcaneitherbetemporary(tran
sitory)foodinsecurityorcontinuous(chronic)foodinsecurity(FAO,2010).Undernourishmentexi
stwhencaloricintakeisbelowtheminimumdietaryenergyrequirement(MDER).Theminimumdie
taryenergyrequirementistheamountofenergyneededforlightactivityandtomaintainacceptablew
eightforattainedheight.Itvariesbycountryandfromyeartoyeardependingonthegenderandagestr
uctureofthepopulation(WFS,2010ascitedbyYenesew,2015).

Foodinsecurityexistwhenthepeoplelacksustainablephysicalandeconomicaccesstoenoughsafe,
nutritiousandsociallyacceptablefoodforahealthyandproductivelife.Nutritionalconsequenceofi
nsufficientfoodandundernutritionincludeproteinenergymalnutrition,anemia,vitaminAdeficien
cy,iodinedeficiencyandirondeficiency(http/www.feedingamerica,org)

Temporaryfoodinsecurityisthemanifestationofatermlackofaccesstosufficientfoodandcanthere
forebealimentedordrasticallyreducecorrectivestock-
takingpolicies.Forinstance,famineisthemostsaverformoftemporaryinsecurityrepresentastateof
acontinuouslyinadequateaccesstofoodaccessionedbyatermstructuredeficiencyinproductionan
dchronicinadequacyofpurchasingpowerwherethelandismarginal,fertilizerunknown,househol
dsfarminglessthanonehectarecanbeclassifiedaschronicallyfoodinsecurityandalsohouseholdex
perienceshortageofdraftanimalsandcashtobuyseedandfertilizer,landless,elderly,femaleheaded
,non-farmingandnearlyhouseholdheadedtothisgroup(BefekaduandBerhanu,2000;76)

Accordingtoworldbank,foodinsecuritycanbedefinedas,thelackofcapabilitytoproducefoodandt
oprovideaccesstoallpeopleatalltimetoenoughfoodforanactiveandhealthylife.Hamiltondefined
foodinsecurityaslimitedoruncertainavailabilityofnutritionallyadequateandsafefoodorlimitedo
runcertainabilitytoacquireacceptablefoodinsociallyacceptableway(BickeleG.et.al2000).

10
Foodinsecuritycanbetransitory(whenitoccursintimesofcrisis),seasonalorchronic(whenitoccur
soncontinuingbasis).Apersoncanbevulnerabletohungerevenifheorsheisnotactuallyhungryatgi
venpointintime(Zelalem,2003)

Chronicfoodinsecuritymeansthatahouseholdrunsacontinuallyhighriskofinabilitytomeetthefoo
dneedsofhouseholdmembers.Incontrast,transitoryfoodinsecurityoccurswhenahouseholdfaces
atemporarydeclineinsecurityofitsentitlementandtheriskoffailuretomeetfoodneedisofashortdur
ation.Transitoryfoodinsecurityfocusesonintraandfine-
annualvariationinhouseholdfoodaccess.Ithasbeenarguedthatthiscategorycanbefartherdividedi
ntocyclicalandtemporaryfoodinsecure(maxwellandfrankenberger,1992ascitedin(Yenesew,20
15).Temporaryfoodinsecurityoccurforalimitedtimebecauseofunforeseenandunpredictablecirc
umstancecyclicalorseasonalfoodinsecurityoccurwhenthereisaregularpatternintheperiodicityo
finadequateaccessoffood;thismaybeduetologisticaldifficultiesorprohibitivecostinstoringfood
orborrowing.

Emphasizingthemulti-
dimensionalandcomplicatednatureoffoodsecurityFAO(2003;3)explainitas''foodsecurityismul
ti-
facetedconceptvariouslydefinedandinterpreted.Atoneendofthespectrumfoodsecurityimpliesth
eavailabilityofadequatesuppliesatglobalandnationallevel,attheotherend,theconcerniswithadeq
uatenutritionandwellbeing”.Edward(2006)alsostatedthatthesignificanttransformationsareseen
intheconceptuallifetimeoffoodsecurityduetothedynamicnatureoftheconcept(Edward2006ascit
edbyHiwot,2014).

Foodsecurityisdefinedinadifferentwaybyinternationalorganizationandresearcherswithoutmuc
hchangeinbasicconcept.AccordingtoFAO,foodsecuritydefinedastheensuringthatallpeopleatal
l-
timehavebothphysicalandeconomicaccesstothefoodtheneed(FAO,2003).Therearefourimporta
ntinterlinkedcomponentimbeddedinthis(foodsecurity)definition.Thefirstcomponentrelatestot
heavailabilityoffoodinagivencountryorhouseholdthroughanymeans(production,importandfoo
daid).Thesecondaspectconcernsaccesstofoodbypeopleorhouseholdsasreflectedbytheirabilityt
ogetfoodthroughpurchasefrommarket,ownstockorhoeproduction,giftorborrowing.Thethirdco
mponentrelatestofoodutilizationi.e.theactualprocessingandabsorptioncapacityofthesuppliedn
utrientsbythebody.Finally,thefourthcomponentrelatestostabilityandsustainabilityovertime(Na
poli.et.al,2011ascitedinJemal;37).Withoutmuchchangeinbasicconcept,differentinstitutionand

11
organizationdefinefoodsecurityindifferentway.AccordingtoFAO,(2008)foodsecurityisasituati
onthatachievedattheindividual,household,national,regionalandgloballevelwhenallpeople,atall
time,havephysicalandeconomicaccesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodthatmeettheirdietary
needandfoodpreferenceforanactivehealthylife.Onotherhandintherecentstudies,foodsecurityis
definedasadequateavailabilityofandaccesstofoodforhouseholdtomeettheminimumenergyrequ
irementasrecommendedforanactiveandhealthylife(Hussein.WandP.JaneKarinkis,2013).

Foodinsecurityisasituationthatexistwhenpeoplelackofsecureaccesstosufficientamountofsafea
ndnutritiousfoodrequiredfornormalgrowthanddevelopmentandanactivehealthylife(WFP,2004
).Accordingtoworldfoodprogram(2009),themaindeterminantoffoodinsecurityinurbanareaaref
oodavailability,foodsupplyinthemarket,foodaccess,purchasingpowerandaccesstothemarketan
dfoodutilization,healthyandmorbiditystatus.ThestudyconductedbyBonnard,isdividedfromhou
seholds‟human,materialsandinstitutionalresearchbases(Bonnard,2000).

InEthiopiatheproblemoffoodinsecurityisalmostthesamewithotherdevelopingcountry.Worldfo
odprogramstatedthecommonfactorthatcausehouseholdfoodinsecurityinurbanareaofthecountr
yarehouseholdsize,ageofthehousehold,sexofthehousehold,maritalstatusofthehousehold,educa
tionallevelofthehousehold,dependencyratio,accesstocreditservice,ownershipofsavingaccount
,totalincomeperadultequivalent,expenditurelevel(foodandnon-
fooditem),accesstosubsidizedfoodsourceoffoodavailabilityoffoodcommodityandsupplyoffoo
dcommodities(Girma,2012).

2.3.UnderstandingFoodInsecurityChallenges,Trends,CausesandEffects
Foodsecurity,asaconcept,originatedin1970s.Atthattimetheonlythingconsideredisphysicalavai
labilityoffoodinadequatesupply,sometimecalledfoodself-
sufficiency.Sincethenanumberofdefinitionhavebeendevelopedbydifferentbodiesatadifferentti
me.USDA(1995)definedfoodsecurityas“whenallpeopleatall-
timehavebothphysicalandeconomicaccesstosufficientfoodtomeettheirdietaryneedforproducti
veandhealthylife.Thisdefinitionencompassesavailability,accessandutilization”.Itbelievesthatf
oodavailabilityisachievedwhensufficientquantitiesoffoodareavailabletoallindividual(USDA,
1995ascitedinMeseret,2013).Nowaday,widelyuseddefinitionoffoodsecurityisaconditionwher
ebyallpeopleatalltime,havephysicalandeconomicaccesstosufficientsafeandnutritiousfoodtom
eettheirdietaryneedsandfoodpreferenceforanactiveandhealthylife(FAO,2003)

TheUSDAdefinefoodinsecurityas“limitedoruncertainavailabilityofnutritionallyadequateands
afefoodorlimitedoruncertainabilitytoacquireacceptablefoodsinsociallyacceptableways”(USD

12
Aeconomicresearchservice,2014).TheUSDAsdefinitionattacheskeycharacteristicstothisconce
pt.First,itspecifies“limitedoruncertainavailability”offood.Therefore,foodinsecurityincludesha
vingafiniteorlimitedamountoffoodaswellaslackofguaranteedaccess(“uncertainavailability”).

Therearemanycauseoffoodinsecurity.Buttheveryimportantcausesstretchfromnaturaldisastersu
ptoman-
madepolicyissue.Thereisnotonlysinglecatalystforfoodcrisis.Amyriadoffactoroffoodinsecurity
includesdrought,poverty,risingfoodprice,unemployment,landlessness,lackofdrinkingwateran
dcivilconflict(Rabin,2011).

Poorpeoplelackaccesstosufficientresourcetoproduceorbuyqualityfood.Poorfarmersmayhavev
erysmallfarms,uselesseffectivefarmingtechniques,and/orbeunabletoaffordfertilizersandlabors
avingequipment,allofwhichlimitfoodproduction.Theyoftenfinditdifficulttogrowenoughfoodf
orthemselves,letalonegenerateincomebysellingexcesstoothers.Withouteconomicresourceand
apoliticalvoice,poorfarmersmaybeforcedontolessproductivelandpossiblycausingfartherenviro
nmentaldeterioration(http/www.likessays.com)

Climatechangehasthepotentialtoadverselyaffectnetfarmrevenueofsmallholderwithincreasingl
andfragmentationduetopopulationgrowthtranslatingtoworseningfoodinsecuritysituation.Sinc
efoodsecuritybringinadditionalsocioeconomics,geographicalandpoliticalfactor,focusingonme
asureofvulnerabilityandthedevelopmentofadaptivecapacitytoreducetheadverseimpactofclima
techangeinruralareaofEthiopia(HamzaandIyela,2012).

Populationgrowthincreasethedemandforfood,withmostproducerlandalreadyinuse,thereispress
ureforthuslandtobecomemoreproductive.Poorharvestsandhighercostsleadmanypoorfarmersto
migratetocitiestolookforwork.Expandingcitiesspreadoutacrossproductiveland,pushingfoodpr
oductionfurtherandfurtherawayfromconsumers.Thisincreasethecostofalltheactivitiesassociate
dwithproducingandtransportingfoodanddecreasethefoodsecurityofthepoorincities.(Http‟s/ww
w.Ukessay.com).

AccordingtoFAO(2012),Therearemanycausativeagentforfoodinsecuritysameofthemarenatura
lhazards(therainfallislaw,unreliableandunevenlydistributedandalthoughtherehavealwayscycl
esofdroughtandflooding,theseisevidencetosuggestthattheclimateisbecomingmoreunstableand
weatherevenmoresevere),armedconflicts,populationgrowth,landholdingsize,unsustainableex
ploitationofthefragileecosystem,poorhealthincludeHIVIAIDS,lawstandardeducation,lawagri
culturalproductivityandweakknowledgeandinformationsystemthelike.

13
Insub-
SaharanAfrica,undernourishmentisaboutdoublethatofconflictaffectedcountries,withgenerally
worsenutritionoutcomesaswell,in2016,themajorityor489millionofthe815millionundernourish
edpeopleintheword,livedincountriesstrugglingwithconflict,violenceandfrailty(Liberte,Egalite
,Trantenite,2005).

2.4 FoodInsecurityinSubSaharanAfrica

ThroughallmostofsubSaharanAfrica(SSA),thereisfooddeficient.Thefactorthatcuttingtheliving
standardsandgrowthprospectsincludefrequentdrought,growingexpenditureonfoodproductiona
ndimports,fallingexportearningsandrapidpopulationgrowth.Theeffecthasbeenpervasive,noton
lyonincomeofagriculturalproducers,whoincludemostofAfricapoor,butalsoonsuppliesoffooda
ndrawmaterialforindustry,onemployment,savings,governmentrevenueandonthedemandforgo
odandserviceproducedoutsideagriculture(Khushet.al2012).

Foralmosthalfacentury,sub-
SaharanAfrica(SSA)hasbeenstrugglinginoneformoranother,withfoodinsecurity.Thisongoingc
onductionhasbeencausedbyanumberoffactorsincludeinabilityordisinteresttoactbylocalofficial
s,distributionobstacles,globalclimatechangeandlackofsuccessfullocalagriculture.Thesituation
hasbeenfurthercomplicatedbyaninefficientanddisorganizedinternationalresponsetothecrisis(S
teve,2002).

Today,almost33percentofthepopulationofsubSaharanAfrica(SSA),orcloseto200millionpeopl
e,areundernourished,ofwhichcloseto60percentareincountriesaffectedbyconflicts.Chronicund
ernourishmentiswidespreadthroughouttheregion,butmostoftheincreaseinthenumberofunderno
urishedoverthelasttenyearstookplaceinconflictcountrieshasingeneralimproved,althoughuneve
nlyandataveryslowrate.Theregionasawholeremainsusceptibletofrequentfoodcrisesandfamine
swhichareeasilyfriggeredbyevenlightestofdroughts,orfloods,pests,economicdawnturnsorconf
licts(libertc,Egalite,fratenite,2005).

Sub-
SaharanAfrica(SSA)isaregionwherewithhighestincidenceoffoodinsecurityintheworld(Beveru
ex,2006).Ethiopiaisamongthepoorestandmostfoodinsecurecountriesoftheworld,where26ofthe
populationlivebelowthepovertyline(FDRE,2015)andmanypeoplediedofdroughtthanotherprob
lemsparticularlyintheperiodoftheregisteredanddocumentedrecurrentdroughtepidemics.Theco
untrieshasbeenfacingchallengingproblemsrangingfromthoseinducedbyenvironmentalcrisistot

14
hosecausedbydemographicandsocioeconomicconstraintthatadverselyaffectpeopleisproductio
nsystem(WorldBank,2008).

AccordingtoFAO(2014),791millionpeopleindevelopingcountrieswereestimatedtobechronical
lyhungerin2012-2014dawnby203millionsince1990-
1992.Despitethisoverallprogressindevelopingcountriesasawhole,thereisstillconsiderableroom
toreduceundernourishmentandimprovefoodsecurity.Ingeneral,Africamakingslowprogressina
chievinginternationalhungertargets.Theregionhasbeenafflictedbyconflictanddisasterandonein
fourpeopleremainundernourishedinsubSaharanAfrica.Sub-
SaharanAfricahasthehighestprevalenceofundernourishment,therehasbeensomeimprovemento
verthelasttwodecade.Theprevalenceofundernourishmentdecliningfrom32.7%to24.8%(AHHS
DIS,2014).

ThefiveSub-
Saharancountrieswiththemostnumberofpeopleinastateofhunger(undernourishment)havebetw
een10millionand32millionpeopleeachinastateofhunger)Ethiopia32.1million,Tanzanla15.7mil
lion,Nigeria12.1million,Kanya11millionandUganda10.7million(FAO,2014).

2.5.FoodInsecurityConcepts,HistoricalAntecedentsandPerspectivesinEthiopia

Ethiopiaisoneofthemostfoodsinsecureandfamineaffectedcountries.Alargeportionatthecountry
‟spopulationhasbeenaffectedbychronicandtransitoryfoodinsecurity.Thesituationofchronically
foodinsecurepeopleisbecomingmoreandmoresevere.FoodsecuritysituationsinEthiopiaishighl
ylinkedtorecurringfoodshortageandfamineinthecountrywhichassociatedtorecurrentdrought.A
ccordingtohimmorethan41%oftheEthiopiapopulationlivesbelowthepovertylineandabove31m
illionpeopleareundernourished(Abduselam,2017).

InEthiopia,agricultureaccountsabout42.5%ofthetotalGDP,employingandsupportingabout84
%ofthetotalpopulationandaccountsforabout90%oftheexport(CIA,2011).Inspiteofallthis,itisin
creasingevidentthataccesstoofffarmsourcesofincomeiscriticaltothesurvivaloftheruralpoor(rea
swell,2000).Peasantagricultureaccountsfor90%ofagriculturaloutput,andisrainfalldependent.
Notonlythequantitybutalsothetimingoftherainfallisofcriticalimportance.Underthepresentcond
itionwherefarmerincomearesoandlowandhouseholdassetsparticularlylivestockholding,haveb
eensodepleted,unfavorableseasonalrainfallcanmeanvulnerabilityordestitutionsforruralhouseh
olditisoftenstatedthatEthiopiacanexpectmajordroughtinatleastthethreeyearsoutattenyears.Thi
soversimplifiesamuchmorecomplicatedpicture(Dagnew,2002ascitedinZelalm,2014).

15
Foodinsecurityisanenduring,criticalchallengeinEthiopiawhichisAfricasecondpopulouscountr
y.Over80%ofEthiopiapopulationliveinruralareasandheavilydependentonrainFeedAgriculture
,thismakesthemextremelyvulnerabletochangeinwheatearconditionthecurrentEININOdrought
conditionleadtosharpdeteriorationinfoodsecurity.Accordingtogovernmentledmultiagencyasse
ssment10.2millionpeopleareconsideredtobefoodinsecurein2015/16.InruralEthiopia7.6million
peoplearecurrentlyconsideredchronicallyfoodinsecure,meaningandeachyeartheyrelyingonres
ourcetransfertomeettheirminimalfoodrequirement.Overthepastfouryearsbetween2.2millionan
d6.4Millionadditionalpeoplewerefoodinsecureornotabletomeettheirfoodneedsinshorttermdue
totransitionalfactor(Abdselam,2017).

AccordingtoreportinallnineregionofEthiopiaruralhouseholdweremorelikelytoreportfoodshort
agebutthehighestprevalenceofperceivedfoodshortagewasfoodinSomali(31%rural,25%urban),
SNNP(37%rural),Gamballa(35%rural)andAmhara(26%rural)(Abdselam,2017).

AmhararegionisoneoftheregionofEthiopiasufferedfromfoodshortageeveryyear48ofthe105wo
redaoftheAmhararegionaredroughtproneandsufferedfromfrequentfoodshortage(USAID,2000
).

2.6MeasuringFoodInsecurityIndicator
Anumberofindicatorshavebeenidentifiedalongwiththedevelopmenttoconceptoffoodsecurityto
makementoringoffoodsituationpossibletheutilizationoftheindicatorsvariesbetweenthecharact
eristicoftheinvestigation,procedureandlevelofaggregation.Inmostcasehowever,thepurposeand
depthofinvestigationgratefullyinfluencetheuseofindictor(worldvision,2000).

Goodfoodsecuritymeasurementbasedonacombinationofdifferentfoodsecurityindicatorthatind
icatetemporal,spatialanddemographicdimensionoffoodsecurityisvitaltodiagnosethecauseoffo
odsecuritytoidentifywhenandwherethereisaproblemandtoaddresstheproblembyallocatingreso
urcesaccordingly(HeadyandEcker,2012ascitedinAbjna,2015).Themostfrequentlyusedmeasur
eincludesconsumptionandexpenditure,nutritionalstatus,copingstrategiesandresource-
orientedcorrelates.

 ConsumptionIndictors:consumptionisabetterindicatoroflifetimewelfarethanisincom
e.Incometypicallyrisesandthenfallsinthecourseofone‟slifetimeinadditiontofluctuating
somewhatfromyeartoyear,whereasconsumptionremainsrelativelystable.Consumption
ratherthanwhattheyearned,Consumptionratherthanincome,isthathouseholdmaybemor
eableorvaluingrecallwhatthathaveconsumedandspentratherwhattheyearned(WorldBa
nk,2012).Calorieavailabilityordeprivationisoneoftheoldestindictorsoffoodinsecurity.I

16
 tismeasuredbytheFAOatthecountrylevelbasedonnationalfoodbalancesheet,butitisalso
measuredatthehouseholdlevelfromexpenditureandconsumptiondataavaluableinstanda
rdeconomicsurveys(HeadeyandEcker,2012ascitedinYenesew,2015).

 MonetaryExpenditureIndictors:monetarypovertyisasomewhatmoreindirectindictor
ofpeople‟seconomicaccesstofood,giventheadditionalnecessityofpurchasingimportant
nonfooditems.Inaddition,potentialsubstitutionbetweenthedemandforfoodandnon-
fooditemsisanimportantrationaleforviewingpovertyindictorsaspreferabletofoodorcalo
rie-
basedindictors.Inabove(precedingdiscussion,higherfoodpricemightnotreducecaloriec
onsumptionbutcouldsignificantlyreducenonfoodexpenditure,therebyraisingpoverty.B
ecauseofthisreasonmonetarypovertyasattractiveindictoroffoodinsecurityadvocatedby
manyeconomists(DeatonandDpeze,2009).

 DietaryDiversityIndictors:dietarydiversityisdefinedasthenumberofindividualfoodite
msorfoodgroupsconsumedoveragivenperiodoftime.Thefoodgroupsincludegrains,paus
esvegetablefruit,meat/fishmilk/dairy,sugarandoil/fat.Higherscoresdenoteamorevaried
dietandaresuggestiveofahigherqualitydietwithapotentialforhighermicronutrientintake.
Indictorsofdietarydiversityhavebeenvalidatedagainstdietaryquality(Specially,nutrient
adequacy)inbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries(Ruel,2003ascitedinYenesew,201
5).

ThetwodietarydiversityscorerecommendedbyFAOarethehouseholddietarydiversityscore(
HHDS)basedontwelvefoodgroupandwomen‟sdietarydiversityscore(WDDS)basedonnineg
roupfoodmeanscorecanbecomparedacrosspopulationsubgroupsandovertime(IAO,2010).

2.7EmpiricalLiterature

2.7.1CauseofFoodInsecurityinEthiopia
Differentstudieshavebeendonewithregardtothedeterminantofhouseholdfoodinsecuritysomeof
themareDegeta(1996)inArssimarthais(2000)inMeket,Yared(1999)innorthshewaMesfinWeld
eruteal(2014),GezimuGebre(2012)inAddisAbabaandthelike.

Thecountyhasbeenencounteringfoodinsecurityproblemforalongperiodoftimebecauseofthelow
technologicalbasesofagriculture,limitedruralinfrastructureandofffarmemploymentcompound
edbyinappropriatepoliciesovertime(Devereux,2000).InEthiopiaagricultureandlivestockprodu
ctionaremostlytraditionalandheavilydependontheerraticandunpredictablerainfall.Asresultyiel

17
dsarelowandpost-
harvestlossesarehigh,creatingwidespreadfoodinsecurity.Lowproductivityduetopestsanddisea
ses,drought,decliningsoilfertilityandpoorfarmingmethodhinderhouseholdtocreatefoodreserve
s.Droughtshockshaveweakenedtheproductivecapacityofpastoralandsmallholderfarmers,leadi
ngtohighdependencyonhumanitariansupport.Consequently,manypopulationareunabletorecov
erandrebuildherbsandfoodshockbetweenconsecutivedroughtevents.Smalllandholdingindiffer
entpartofcountryfrequentlydroughtduetoclimatechangeandenvironmentdegradationhascontri
butedtoincreasedfoodinsecurityforhouseholds.Especiallyinmoisturedeficitandpastoralareas(F
ayera,2016).

FoodsecuritysituationofruralhouseholdinEthiopiaisverypoorandthatagreatmajorityofpeoplesu
fferfromdeficienciesintheirdailycaloriesintakeandfromproblemsrelatingtodietarydiversity.Int
hehighlandofEthiopianaturalvegetationcoverisalmostclearedthereismassiverunofffromallove
rtheareafloodsthefarmplotsallalongtheplan.Ethiopiacurrentlyencounteredaseriesfoodshortage
becauseofclimatechangeandvariabilitythatneverbeenoccurredinpast50years(fayera,2016)

AserioussuccessivedroughthadalreadyweakenedEthiopia‟sfoodsituation,with“pooranderratic
rainfalloverthelasttwoyears.Globalconditionsuchasthehigherfoodandfuelpricesthathavepersis
tedinthecountrysince2008andtheglobalfinancialcrisishavealsocontributedtoEthiopiafailingfo
odsecurity.Ethiopiaconsideredaleastdevelopedcountryranked171outof182countriesintheUN
DPhumandevelopmentindexfor2009(WFP,2010).

Inthe2010globalHungerindex,whichranksdevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransitionbased
onproportionofundernourishedpeople,Proportionofunderweightchildrenunder5andchildmorta
llyrate,Ethiopiawasgivena29.8,onascaleof0-
100,with0beingthebestand100theworstpossiblescore.Ethiopiaisoneofthecountriesthatmadeth
emostabsoluteprogressimprovingitsscorebetween1990and2010;in1990ithadascoreof43.7and
nowitsdawnto29.8.However,thisscoreisstillhighlytroublingit'scurrentlyranked80thoutof84co
untries(IFPRI,2009).TodayEthiopiafacehighleveloffoodinsecurityrankingasoneofthehungries
tcountriesintheworld(IFPRI2009),withanestimated5.2millionpeopleneedingfoodassistancein
2010(Worldfoodprogram2010).

About10%ofEthiopia‟scitizensarechronicallyfoodinsecurityandthisfigurerisestomorethan15
%duringfrequentdroughtyearsseveralfactorswereidentifiedbydifferentstudiesforthedeteriorati
ngsituationoffoodsecurityinEthiopia.Thesearepopulationpressure,drought,shortageoffarmlan
d,soilerosion,lackofoxen,deteriorationoffoodproductioncapacity,outbreakofplantandanimaldi

18
sease,poorsoilfertility,chronicshortageofcashincome,poorfarmingtechnologies,weakextensio
nservice,highlaborwastageandpreandpost-
harvestcroploss(Birara,meqvanentandSamuel,2015).

AccordingtoCSA(2009)ascitedinBerhanu,2016)byestimation,populationofEthiopiaisabout82
millionandofwhichabout83%areruralpopulationlivingintheplacewheredeeprootedfoodinsecur
ityprevails,it‟stheattributeofdifferentcauses.Nevertheless,agriculturesectorplaysanimportantr
oleinthenationaleconomy,livelihoodandsocio–
culturalsystemofthecountry.Thesectorsupportemploymentofover80%ofthepopulationandacc
ountfor45to50%ofthenationalgrossdomesticproductCSA(Berhanu,2006).

2.8DeterminationofFoodInsecurity
ThedebateinEthiopiaoverthecausesanddeterminatesoffoodinsecurityhasfueledhighlycompete
dwealpaintbetweentheacademicdisciplinesanddevelopmentthinkingoverthepastthisdecidesgi
vingrisetoaproliferationofnaturaldemographic,economicandpoliticalemphasisacrossthefoods
ecuritydisfeature(Devereutetal,2003).

Demographiccharacteristicssuchasage,genderandeducationofthehouseholdheadwereexpected
toinfluencefoodsecuritypolitically(Shiperawetal,2003)theotherhandfamilysizewasexpectedto
havenegativeinfluencefoodsecurity(Muluken,2005).Sincemostofthefarmhoseholdaresmallho
ldersubsistenceproducers,anincreaseinthenumberofpeopleinthehouseholdtendstoexertmorepr
essureaconsumptionthanthelaboritcontributes(Stiferaletal,2003).Ownershipofassetsuchascult
ivatedlandandlivesstockwereexpectedofaffectthefoodsecurityofthehouseholdinthisstudyposit
ively.

Accordingto(Muluken,2005)foodproductionisincreasedextensivelythroughexpansionoftheare
aundercultivation,whilelivestockprovidesnotonlyfoodfortheproducersbutofotherproductswhi
chcouldbesoldtoprovidefoodorincome.

Fertilizerusedbymoststudiesasaproxytotechnology.AccordingtoAdane(2008),subsistencerear
mingbyitsnatureisproductionfordirectconsumptionanyfarminputsthataugmentsagriculturalpr
oductivityexpectedtoboosttheoverallproductionthiscontributesforwordsattendinghouseholdfo
odsecurity(Shiferawetal,2003).Inthepresentstudy,fertilizerusagewasexpectedtoincreasehouse
holdfoodproductionandhencefoodsecurity.

Thereissignificantmeandifferencebetweenvulnerableandnon-
vulnerablehouseholdwithrespecttovariousdemographic,socioeconomicvariableandincidenceo

19
frisks.Theresultindicatorthatforbothruralandurbanhousehold,demandsidefactorrelatedtodemo
graphicslikefamilysize,age,dependencyratiomaritalstatus,socio-
economicfactorincludingeducation,consumption,alternativeemploymentopportunitiesandass
etownershipwasasignificantpredictorofvulnerabilityandfoodinsecurity.Itisfoundthat,vulnerab
ilitytofoodinsecurityisnegativelyrelated(associated)withweatherorassetholdinghumancapitala
ndalternativesourceofincomeforhousehold(Mesfin,2014).

AccordingtoGirma(2012),theresultofthelogItregressionmodelindictedthatsexoutoftenvariable
snamelyhouseholdsize,ageofhouseholdhead,householdheadeducation,assetpossession,access
tocreditserviceandaccesstoemploymentwerefoundtobestaticallysignificantasdeterminateofho
useholdfoodinsecurityinstudyarea.Householdsizeandassetpossessionweresignificantatlesstha
nonepercentprobabilitylevelwhileaccesstocreditservice,ageofhouseholdheadaccesstoemploy
mentweresignificantatlessthan5%probabilitylevel.Inaddition,thehouseholdheadeducationwas
significantat10%probabilitylevel.Householdsizeandageathouseholdheadwerefoundtobepositi
velyrelatedwithprobabilityofbeingfoodinsecurewhereasaccesstocreditservice,assetpossession
,andhouseholdheadeducationandaccesstoemploymentwerenegativelyrelatedwithprobabilityo
fbeingfoodinsecure.

Ashouseholddeterment,regardlessofamount,fertilizerutilizationgenerallywasfoundtobeverysi
gnificantandapositiverelatedwithfoodsecuritystatus.Bydefault,itunderstandsthatfrominputlik
efertilizer,seeds,insecticideandotherincreaseproductionandproductivity.Thus,intermincrease
ownconsumptiontherebyresultsinimprovedhouseholdfoodsecuritystatus(Mseret,2013).

Foodinsecurityisnolongerseensimplyasafewerofagriculturetoproducesufficientfoodatthenatio
nallevel,butinsteadasfailureoflivehoodstoguaranteeaccesstosufficientfoodatthehouseholdleve
l(Bontiglioll,2007ascitedinMesert,2013).

2.9FoodSecuritySourceandCausedofFoodInsecurity
AccordingtoworldvisionEthiopia,specificsourceoffoodsecurity(foodeconomy)inEthiopiaincl
ude:

 Foodproduction(mainlybasedoncropandlivestock)
 Cashincomefromdifferentsource(mainlymarket)
 Internationaltrade
 Rentalincome
 Salesoffamilylabor(wageemployment)
 Domestictradeincludingpettytrading
20
  Resourceoffoodstockotherasset
 Institutionalassistanceprogramincludingcreditsupportoffoodand(reliesemploymentge
nerationschemes(EGS)foodandpolicyandrelatedsupportprogram.
 Remittancegiftand
 Wildfood(wildplantsandanimalsincludingfish)(worldvision‟s2000)

Thecauseoffoodinsecurityaremanyandinterlinkedeachotherandvaryfrompacetoplace.Themaj
orcauseoffoodinsecurityinthecountryincludenaturaldisastersuchasdroughtandclimaticchange,
populationgrowth,landfragmentationandlanddegradation,lackofsecuredlandtenure,lackofinfr
astructureandabsenceoffundamentalmultipartypoliticalsystem.(Abjna,2015)

Thecausesofthefoodinsecuritysituationvarywidelyacrosscountriesandfromonesub-
regiontoanotherwithinacountry.But,theprincipalproblemsincludethefollowingprolongeddrau
ghtandunpredictablerainfall,uncertaintyofoverallcropprospects,civilinsecurity,increasingpric
esofimportfoodcommodities,continuedhumanitariancrisesandpocketsofvulnerabilityduetoloc
alizedcropproductionshortfalls,andlosses(Africandevelopmentbank,2011)

Asindicatedinmanyliterature,inadequateinfrastructureandsocialservicedevelopedsuchasroad,t
ransportation,communication,educationandhealthserviceandagriculturalservicewouldbemajo
rchallengetosustainthegrowthofagriculturalproductionandfoodsecurity(Tsegaye,2009)

CHAPTERTHREE

3. RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
Thepurposeofthischapteristoprovideanoverviewofthedifferentphasesandstepsweshouldbefoll
owtoconducttheresearch.

3.1DescriptionofStudyArea
3.1.1PhysicalCharacteristics
WolaitaSodoZoneislocatedinthehighlandsofsouthernEthiopiaandischaracterizedbyami
xofruggedterrainandfertilevalleys.Thezoneissituatedbetween6.6°and8.0°Nlatitudeand
37.2°and38.6°Elongitude,coveringanareaofapproximately3,052km².Thealtituderanges
from1,500to3,100metersabovesealevel,withthemajorityofthezonelocatedatelevationsa
bove2,000meters.

TheclimateofWolaitaSodoZoneischaracterizedbytwodistinctseasons:arainyseasonfrom
JunetoSeptemberandadryseasonfromOctobertoMay.Thezonereceivesanaverageannualr

21
ainfallofapproximately1,200mm,whichsupportstheproductionofarangeofcropssuchasm
aize,sorghum,teff,beans,andcoffee.

Thezoneisalsohometoanumberofrivers,includingtheBaro,Gamo,andGogeb,whichprovi
dewaterforirrigationanddomesticuse.Theriversalsosupportavarietyofaquaticresources,i
ncludingfish.

Intermsoflanduse,themajorityofthelandinWolaitaSodoZoneisusedforagriculturalpurpo
ses,withsmallholderfarmerspracticingsubsistencefarmingonsmallplotsofland.Thezonei
salsohometoanumberofsmalltowns,includingWolaitaSodo,andhaslimitedindustrialacti
vity.

3.1.2Population,ReligionandCulture
Population,religion,andcultureareimportantdemographiccharacteristicsofastudyareathatcanh
aveanimpactonhouseholdfoodinsecurity.InthecaseofWolaitaSodoZone,thepopulationispredo
minantlyWolaita,whoareoneoftheindigenousethnicgroupsofsouthernEthiopia.Accordingtothe
CentralStatisticalAgency(CSA)ofEthiopia,thepopulationofWolaitaSodoZonewasestimatedto
bearound1.5millionin2021.

ReligionplaysanimportantroleinthelivesofthepeopleinWolaitaSodoZone,withthemajorityofth
epopulationadheringtoChristianity(predominantlyProtestantism)orIslam.Religioncanhaveani
mpactonfoodinsecuritythroughitsinfluenceondietaryrestrictions,foodtaboos,andfood-
sharingpractices.

CulturealsoplaysasignificantroleinthelivesofthepeopleinWolaitaSodoZone,witharichhistoryo
ftraditionalmusic,dance,andart.ThetraditionalfoodcultureoftheWolaitapeopleincludesstaplecr
opssuchasmaize,sorghum,andteff,aswellasavarietyofvegetablesandlegumes.Theculturalpracti
cessurroundingfoodproduction,processing,andconsumptioncanalsohaveanimpactonfoodsecu
rity.Forinstance,traditionalfoodpreservationtechniquessuchassun-
dryingandfermentationcanhelptoensureastablefoodsupplyduringtimesofscarcity.

Accordingtotheregionalstaticallyreportin2016/17,WolaitaSodoZonehasatotalofpopulationsiz
eof136,195ofwhich72,091aremaleand64,102arefemale.Atotalof27,753householdswerecount
edinthisWoreda,inanaverage4.9persontoahousehold.ThelargestethnicgroupinthepeopleofWol
aitaSodoZonespeakswolaita,whichareanomoticlanguageandthemathertongueofwolaitaethnic
group.ThepopulationispredominantlyChristian.

3.1.3Socio-economicProfile
WolaitaSodoZoneispredominantlyruralandagricultural,withmostofitspopulationengage
dinfarmingastheirprimarysourceofincome.Thezoneisknownforitsproductionofcropssuc

22
hasenset,coffee,maize,teff,andbeans.Livestockfarming,includingcattle,sheep,andgoats,
isalsocommon.

Theareahasseensomeeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentinrecentyears,withtheconstructi
onofnewroads,schools,andhealthfacilities.However,povertyandunemploymentremains
ignificantchallengesinthezone,particularlyinruralareas.

TheliteracyrateinWolaitaSodoZoneisrelativelylowcomparedtothenationalaverage,with
onlyabout49%ofthepopulationbeingabletoreadandwrite.Thezonehasmadeeffortstoimpr
oveeducation,withtheconstructionofnewschoolsandtheimplementationofprogramstoim
proveaccesstoeducation,particularlyforgirls.

Accesstohealthcareisalsoachallengeinthearea,withlimitedhealthfacilitiesandmedicalper
sonnel.Thezonehasmadeeffortstoimprovehealthcare,withtheconstructionofnewhealthc
entersandhospitalsandtheimplementationofprogramstoimproveaccesstohealthcareservi
ces.Poorhouseholdsoftenengagedinpettytradeandhiredlabortosupplementmeagerincom
ederivedfromfarmactivities.

3.2ResearchDesign
Theformidableproblemthatfollowsthetaskofdefiningtheresearchproblemisthepreparationofth
edesignaresearchprojectpopularknownastheresearchdesign(Kothari,2004).Decisionregarding
what,when,where,howmuch,bywhatmeansconcerningorveryoraresearchstudyconstrictaresear
chdesign.Cross-sectionaldesign:Across-
sectionalstudycanbeusedtocollectdataatasinglepointintime.Thisresearchdesignshouldallowfo
rthecollectionandanalysisofbothquantitativeandqualitativedataonthedeterminantsofhousehol
dfoodinsecurityinWolaitaSodoZone.Byusingamulti-
stagerandomsamplingtechnique,thestudywouldaimtoensurethatthesampleisrepresentativeofth
epopulationinthezone.Theuseofregressionanalysiswouldenabletheidentificationofthefactorsth
atcontributetohouseholdfoodinsecurity,whilethequalitativeanalysisofthefocusgroupdiscussio
nswouldprovideadeeperunderstandingofthelivedexperiencesoffoodinsecurityinthearea.Thefi
ndingsofthisstudycouldbeusedtoinformpolicyanddevelopmentinterventionsaimedatimprovin
gfoodsecurityandreducingpovertyinWolaitaSodoZone.

3.3MethodofDataCollection
Thestudyshouldusebothprimaryandsecondarydatacollectionmethod.whenweusetheprimaryda
talikequestionnairesthatmakebothcloseandopen-
endquestionoritwouldbecollectedorgatheredfromthepeople/sampleofhouseholdheadinWolait
aSodoZonethroughquestionnaires/,interviewsandthelike.Thesecondarydatawouldbecollected
fromdifferentliteratureandresearchpaperthatwouldhavebeendoneonfoodinsecurity,book,inter
netannualreport,newpaperandthelike.

23
3.4SamplingTechnique
ThetargetpopulationofthestudywouldbethehouseholdrespondentsofWolaitaSodoZoneanddata
forstudyobtainbyrandomsamplingtechniques.Toapplythismethod,firstweshouldbeusesimpler
andomsamplingtoselectkebelefromworedaandGots(subpartofkebele)fromeachselectkebeleth
enhouseholdsshouldbeselectedfromeachGotsbyusingsimplerandomsampling.

3.5SampleSizeDetermination
InWolaitaSodoZonethereare34kebeles,fromwhichweshouldselecttwokebelas,WolaitaSodoT
own:Kebele01andKebele02.Thepopulationsofthetwokebelesare9229,fromwhich5404ofpopul
ationisBakeloKebaleand3825ofpopulationwereKoreMargefyaaccordingtoCSA2016thensam
plesizewouldbecalculatedbythefollowsusing(Yamane,1974)

(
=
)
n 99
( )

Wheren=samplesize

N=totalpopulation

e=levelofprecession

Therefore,thestudyobtains99household(respondents).Those99householdheadarepreparedfors
amplesizefromthesesamplesizesampleunitalsoinclude.

3.6Methodofdataanalysis
Inthisstudyweshouldbeusedbothdescriptivestasticsandeconometricmodelofdataanalysisempl
oy.Thedescriptiveanalysisisusedtoshoworidentifysocio-
economicconsequenceoffoodshortage.Inthisanalysiswewoulduselikefrequency,tableandperce
ntagetoshowtheeffectofthedeterminantonfoodinsecurity.Econometricwayofanalysiswouldbe
usedtoshowhowmuchsignificanteachfactortoaffectfoodinsecurity,weshoulduseSTATA13.

3.6Definition(Description)ofmodelvariable
3.6.1DependentVariable
ThedependentvariableinthisstudyisHouseholdFoodInsecurity(HFIS)status.Consumpti
onbasedratherthanincome-
basedmeasureofHFISstatusisusedinthisstudy.Thisisbecauseconsumptionbettercaptures
long-
runwelfare,anditbetterreflectshousehold‟sabilitytomeettheirbasicneeds.Consumptionis
preferabletomeasureHFISthanincomebecauseitislessvulnerabletoseasonalityandlife-
cycle,lessvulnerabletomeasurementerrorsbecauserespondentshavelessreasonstolie,itisc

24
losertotheutilitythatpeopleeffectivelyextractfromincome,andforthepoormostofincomei
sconsumed(CSA,2005;FAO,2002AscitiedZelalem.F2014).

TheHFISstatuswasdeterminedusingtheconsumptionapproachbasedonthe2017househol
dincomeconsumptionexpendituresurvey.Followingthisapproach,householdfoodsecurit
ystatuswassetonthebasisofthecaloriccontentofconsumedfooditems.Toidentifythefoodin
securehouseholdsfromsecureinWolaitaSodoZonethefollowingstepsareused.

 Step1:Listallfooditemthatincludedintheanalysis
 Step2:EachfooditemisweightedwiththeappropriateunitofmeasurelikeKilogram
andLitter.
 Step3:Converteachfooditemofkilogramorlitterinto100grams
 Step4:Theamountof100gramofeachfooditemconvertedintokilocalories.
 Step5:Togetthetotalamountoffoodbundle(thatconvertedtocalories)ahouseholdc
onsumedinaweekeachoftheweightedbundlesoffooditemsaresummedup.
 Step6:Totalfooditemofhouseholdsconsumedinweekdividedforfamilysizeofeac
hhousehold.
 Step7:Theamountofkilo-
Caloriesofeachhouseholdconsumesinaweekisagaindividedfor7daystogettheam
ountofkilo-
Calorieseachadultindividualconsumedinaday.ThisisequivalentTkc/7.
 Step8:TheamountofCaloriesofanindividualconsumedinadayiscalibratedtothepr
edetermined2200calorieperdayperadultequivalent.

Fromtheabovesteps,TKc/7=amountofCalorieseachadultindividualconsumedinaday.IfT
KC/7>2200kc/day/adult,thenthehouseholdisfoodsecure,andifTKc/7<2200kc/day/adult
,thenthehouseholdisfoodinsecure.

3.6.2Independent/ExplanatoryVariable
Basedonthereviewliterature,someofthecommonpredictorthatwereexpectedtohaveinfluenceon
ruralhouseholdfoodsecuritystatusinthestudyareawere;

1. AgeofHouseholdhead(age):Ageisacontinuousvariableandmeasureinyears.Olderpeop
lehaverelativelyricherexperienceofsocialandphysicalenvironmentaswellasgreaterexpe
rienceoffarmingactivities(Haileet.al,2005).Thisis,whenheadgethigherage,theyareexpe
ctedtohavestableeconomyinfarming.Moreoverolderhouseholdheadareexpectedtohave

25
 betteraccesstolandthanyoungerheads.Becauseyoungermeneitherhavetowaitlandredistr
ibutionorhavetosharelandtheirfamilies.Therefore,theexpectedeffectofageonhousehold
foodinsecuritywillbenegativeforhouseholdandpositiveforcomparativelyyoungerhouse
holdhead.
2. Sexofhouseholdhead(sex):sexofhouseholdisdummyvariable.AccordingtoAdugna(20
11),Femaleheadedhouseholdshavehigherprobabilityofbeingfoodinsecure.Henceinthis
studysexalsoisexpectedtohaveeitherpositivelyornegativelyrelationwithhouseholdfood
securitystatus,basedonmaleandfemaleheadedhouseholdrespectively.
3. Householdsize/familysize/(fsize):thisistotalnumberofhouseholdlivingtogether.Thisis
continuousvariable.Thisvariableisnegativelyassociatedwiththefoodsecuritystatusands
ignificantatprobabilitylevelof1%(Zelalem,2014).Therefore,thesamerelationwillbeexp
ectedinthisstudy.
4. Educationlevelofhouseholdhead(Educ):educationisadiscretevariableand,asocialcap
ital,whichcouldimpactpositivelyonhouseholdabilitytotakegood&well-
informedproductionandnutritionalstatus(Batatundeet.al,2007ascitedinMeseret,2013).
Basedonthisthehighereducationlevelofhouseholdhead,themorefoodsecuresthehouseh
oldisexpectedtobeandviceversa.Therefore,thesamerelationwouldalsobeexpectinginthi
sstudy.

3.7.Costbreaksdownandtimeframe

3.7.1Costbreakdown
No Itemdescription Unitmeasurement quantity Unitcost Totalcost

1 Stationarymaterial birr
paper packet 1.5 120 120
pen 4 10 40
2 Transportationcost 15 5 75
3 Dailyexpense 4 40 120
4 Typingproposal Page 35 6 210
Typingresearchpaper page 53 6 318

5 Expensetocollectdata Page 100

6 Miscellaneousexpense 100

26
 7 Total 1,083

3.7.2TimeFarm
No Activity Nov Doc Jan Feb Mar Apr M Ju
1 Topicselection 
2 Searchofliterature 
3 Proposaldevelop 
4 Questionersdevelopment 
5 Datacollection     

27
 REFERENCES

1) Adane.T,(2008),correlateofhouseholdfoodinsecurityinDaroTubaWoredawestH
arargezoneoforimanationalregionalstate,Ethiopia;Master‟sThesispaper,AddisA
babauniversity,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.
2) AbduSelamA,(2017).FoodsecuritysituationinEthiopia,DepartmentofAgricultur
alEconomics,AmboUniversity,Ambo,Ethiopia.
3) Befekadu.DandBerhanu.N(eds),(2000).AnnualreportonEthiopianeconomy,199
9/2000,AddisAbaba,EthiopiaEconomicAssociation.
4) Bickel.G.etal,(2000),GuidetomeasurehouseholdfoodsecurityAlexandria.Depart
mentofagriculturefoodandnutritionserves.
5) Birhaneet.al(2014)Urbanfoodinsecurityinthecontextofhighfoodpriceacommonl
ybasedcrosssechonalstudyinAddisAbaba,Ethiopia,BMCpublichealth201414:8
0
6) Bonnard,p,(2000)Assessingurbanfoodsecurity,AdjustingtheFEWSruralvulnera
bilityassessmentframeworktourbanEnvironment.
7) CSA,(2005).The2005nationalstatics,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.
8) CSA,(2008).Household,incomeconsumptionandexpenditure(HCE)survey,2004
isanalyticalreportvolumestaticalBulletin394
9) CSA,(2016117),centralstasticalagencyestimatesEthiopia,AddisAbaba
10) DegetaT.2005.Rurallivelihoods,povertyandfoodinsecurityinEthiopia.Acasestu
dyatGrenssaandGarbicommunitiesinOromiazone,AmharaNationalregionalstate
.
11) Edward,R.C(2006)„Postmodernconceptualization,modernistapplication:Rethin
kingtheroleofsociety‟infoodsecurityfoodpolicyin248-255
12) FAO(2004)Foodandagriculturalorganization.ThestateoffoodsecurityRome,Ital
y.

28
13) FAO(2005)Foodandagriculturalorganization,assessmentofworldfoodsecuritysit
uation,thirty–firstsessions,23-262005Rome,Italy
14) FAO(2012)“thestateoffoodandagricultureFAOagricultureNo.38Romefoodanda
gricultureorganizationofunitednation
15) FAO(2008)thestateoffoodinsecurityintheworld.FAO,Rome
16) Frehiwot.F,(2007).FoodinsecurityanditsdeterminateinruralhouseholdinAmhara
region.Schoolofgraduatestudiesfacultyofbusinessandeconomicdepartment,eco
nomics,AddisAbabaUniversity.
17) Girma.G,(2012).DeterminateoffoodinsecurityamonghouseholdinAddisAbabaci
ty,Ethiopia.AksumUniversity,shirecampus.
18) Green,W.H(2003)EconometricAnalysis5theditionprenticehallNewYork,pp.780
-789.
19) 18 Gujirati(1995)D.NBasiceconometrics3rdeditionMcGraw-HilNewYark
20) Haileetal(2005)therelationshipbetweenmaritalstatusandfoodsecure4theditionpp
11-13
21) Hiwot.Y,(2014).ThedetermentoffoodsecurityinruralfarmhouseholdinEthiopia.
MasterofartindevelopmentstudiesTheHaguetheNetherlands.
22) Mesert,M,(2013).DeterminantofhouseholdfoodinsecuritystatusinHumboWored
a,WolaltaZonesnnprsEthiopia.HaramyaUniversityEthiopia.
23) Mesfin.W(2014),analysisofhousehold‟sunineraabilityandfoodinsecurityinAmh
araregionalstateofEthiopiausingvalueatriskanalysislectureuniversityofGondarc
ollageofbusinessandeconomics,schoolofeconomics.
24) Tsegaye.G,(2009).DeterminantoffoodsecurityinruralhouseholdofTigrayregion,
AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.
25) Tilaye.T,(2004).Foodinsecurityextent,determinateandhouseholdcopingmechan
isminGeraKeyaWoreda,Amhararegion,MAthesisAddisAbabaUniversity,Ethio
pia
26) Tesfay.B.(2017).Householdfoodinsecurityandwomen‟snutritionalstatusinAddi
sAbaba,collegeofhealthsilence,DebreBerhanUniversity,DebreBerhan,Ethiopia
27) WFP(2012).WFPcropandfoodsecurityassessmentmissiontoEthiopia,specialrep
ort.p25-30
28) Yenesew.S(2015)causeandcopingmechanismsoffoodinsecurityinruralEthiopia,
MadawalbuUniversity,Ethiopia.

29
 29) Zelalm.F,(2014).Determinatoffoodsecurityintheruralhouseholdsofmeskanwore
da,GurageZone,SNNPR,Ethiopia.

APPENDIX

Questionnaires

ThequestionnairesispreparedbythirdyeareconomicsstudentsinWolaitaSodoUniversityt
ocollectdataonthedeterminantofHouseholdfoodinsecurityincaseofWolaitaSodoZone,so
youkindlyrequesttogiveaccurateandrelevantinformationtosuccesssesofthestudyandyou
rcooperationinansweringthequestionandsharingvaluabletimegeneralinstruction

 Pleasetickorputthesign(√)onthealternativeforbestofyourchoiceandforthoseyour
ideasuggestionandanyofyourfillingonspaceprovided
 Noneedtowriteyourname
1. StudyareaWolaitaSodoZone
2. SexofHouseholdhead

2=Female 1=Male

3. Ageofhouseholdheadinyear_______________________
4. Educationlevelofhouseholdhead

0=Illiterate 1=Primaryschool 2=Secondary&highschool

3=aboveGrade12

5. No_ofhouseholdsize(familysize)_______________________
6. No_ofchildrenbelowageof18__________________________
7. No_ofelderaboveage65_______________________________
8. Maritalstatus

0=Married 1=Single 2=Widowed 3=Divorced

9. Howmuchincomeyougetinpermonth

0=0-500 1=501-1500 2=1501-3000 3=3001-5000 4=>5001

30
 10. Doyouusemodernfarmingtoolstoimprovepractices?

0=Yes 1=No

11. Iftheanswerofquestion„9‟isno,whataretheconstraint?_____________________
_____
12. Howmanytimesdoyourfamilygetitsdailymeal?

0=Onetime 1=Twotimes 2=Threetimes 3=ifanyotherspecify--------------

------------------------------------------------------------

13. Haveyourfamilyhadeverfaceanyfoodinsecurity?

0=Yes 1=No

14. Iftheanswerinquestion„12‟is„Yes‟,whatwerethemaincausesofthatfoodinsecurity

0=Erraticrainfall 1=Floodhazard 2=Poorqualityofseed

3=Shortageofcultivatedland 4=Healthproblem 5=Traditionalfarmingsystem

6=Cropandanimaldisease
7=Ifother,specify____________________________

15. Yourfamilytotalexpenditureofnon-fooditemspermontheg-

Forcloth___________________________________

Forwater&electricity________________________

Fuelcost___________________________________

Forhouserent_______________________________

Ifother,specify______________________________

16. Whatarethelimitationinsolvingtheproblemsoffoodinsecurityinyourworeda?

 Mostfarmersuneducated

 Lackoffertilizerstorageintheworeda

 Seeddistribution

31
  Ifother,specify_____________________________
17. Doesyourfamilymonthlyincomecoveryourexpenditure?

0=Yes 1=No

18. Doesfoodavailablechangewithseason?

0=Yes 1=No

19. Howmuchmoneydidthefamiliesobtainfromcropsaleinyears?_______________
______
20. Inperweekfromthelistfooditems

No Fooditems Consumptionperweek
1 Teff
2 Wheat
3 M
4 Sorghum
5 Barely
6 Rice
7 Potato
8 Onion
9 Bean&pea
10 Lentil
11 Vegetable
12 Milk

13 Butter

14 Sugar

15 Coffee

16 Salt

17 Ifanyother,specify

32
 21. Whatisthesourceofincomeforthehousehold?

0=Agriculture 1=off-farm 2=Non-farm

3=Ifother,specify____________

Iftheanswerforquestion„21‟is„Agriculture‟answerthefollowingquestions

22. Howdoyouaccesslandholding

0=Ownland 1=sharedland 2=rentedland 3=employedontheothersland

4=ifotherspecify

23. Whatisthesizeoftheland(intimad/hectar)

0=2timad 1=3timad 2=4timad 3=5timad 4=morethan5timad

24. Whichoftheagriculturalactivitythehouseholdisengagedin?

0=Cropproduction 1=Animalhusbandry 2=Mixedfarming

3=Ifother,specify_____________________

25. Ifyouranswerforquestion„23‟is„cropproduction‟whichofthefollowingthehouseh
olddoesproducemainly

0=Teff 1=Bean 2=Barley 3=Wheat 4=Maize

5=Sorghum 6=Ifother,specify___________________

26. Whatarethemainfactorsthatadverselyaffectcropproduction

0=Rainfallfluctuation 1=cropdisease

2=lackofbetterseeds&fertilizer

3=Shortage/lackoffarmanimal 4=ifother,specify________________________

27. Doyourfamilyparticipateinnon-farmincomegenerationactivity?

33
 0=Yes 1=No

28. Iftheanswerforquestionnumber„26‟isyes.Whichofthefollowingnon-
farmincomeactivitiesareperformedinthehousehold?

0=Trade 1=WageLabor 2=Handicraft

3=ifother,specify__________________________

29. Iftheanswerforquestionno„26‟isyes,whatfactorsdiscouragethehouseholdtodiver
sifyintonon-farmincomegeneratingactivities?

0=Lackofaccesstocredit 1=Lackofaccesstomarket

2=Lackofknowledgeaboutnon-farmactivity

3=Fearoflosinglandiftheyinvolveactivitiesinadditiontoagriculture
4=ifother,specify_________________________________

30. Howisyouragriculturalproductionoflastseasonascomparedwiththeyearbeforetha

tseason?0=Increased 1=Similar 2=Decreased

31. Istheproductionenoughtothefamilyforthewholeyear?

0=Yes 1=No

32. Hasthehouseholdreceivedanycreditserviceduringthelast12months?

0=Yes 1=No

33. Ifanswerforquestionnumber„31‟is„Yes‟,fromwhichsource?

0=Government 1=Individual 2=Relative 3=NGO‟s

34. Numberoflivestock?

0=Ox______1=Sheep______2=Cow____3=Donkey_____4=Goat______5=Horse
______6=Camel_____7=Hen_____8=ifother,specify_______________________

35. Totalmonthlyconsumptionexpenditure__________________________
36. Totalexpenditureforfertilizeruse_____________________________
34