Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Morong, Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Writing the Engineering Research:

The URS College of Engineering Thesis Format
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Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM
Morong, Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNDEGRADUATE THESIS CONTENT

TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter

1 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

Introduction
Background of the Study
- includes five (5) foreign and five (5) local literature or studies
Objectives of the Study
- general/specific / statement of the problem
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis (optional)
Assumptions (optional)
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms

2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Research Technical Design

- includes schematic diagram or flowchart
Research Instrument (optional)
Procedure and Method of the Study
Project Design Models
- includes scientific equations and mathematical models
Statistical Instrument (optional)

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT

Project Design and Computations

Design Results
Analysis and Interpretation of Result

4 SUMMARY OF DESIGN RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Design Results

Conclusions
Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

A Gantt Chart (Program of Activities)

B Letters
C Instrument / Questionnaire (if any)
D Progress Report
E Formula / Equations Used in the Study
F Engineering Charts (if any)
G Additional Important Attachments

CURRICULUM VITAE

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PRELIMINARIES
Front – matter page number are placed 1 inch from the bottom
of the page centered between margins. Use lower case Roman
numerals for front matters. Do not indicate number of first page of
preliminaries and first page of each chapter.

A. TITLE PAGE

1. Write title in capital letters, single-spaced, inverted pyramid.

2. Name/s of researcher/s is/are written in capital letters single-
spaced. Exclude major area of specialization.
3. Other entries in the page are written, centered, doubled-
spaced.
4. Write title 1 inch from the top and 1 inch from the bottom to
the date of defense. Date includes month and year of
defense.

Proper format for title with scientific name:

a. Paseoulus aureous (Linn) Roxb. (Bean)

b. Bean (Paseolus aureous (Linn) Roxb.)

B. APPROVAL SHEET

1. Start approval sheet 1 inch from the top.

2. Title of research is written in capital letters without quotation
marks.
3. Include month, day and year of defense in the approval
sheet.
4. Include educational attainment of panel of examiners; e.g.
Ph.D., Ph.D. (Candidate), M.A.T. (Candidate), M.A.T., B.S.E.
5. All entries must be double-spaced.
6. All signatories are written in upper case, one space between
designation and signatories. Designation of panel members
is written in title case.
7. Names of panel members come first before the name of
chairman.
8. Place a blank with the word Date below in the acceptance
portion. The month, day and year of acceptance shall be
handwritten by the Dean as he/she signs the copies.

C. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

1. Write in capital letter case the names of persons being

acknowledged. Retain Prof., Engr. and/or Dr. not Mr. and/or
Mrs.
2. Acknowledge members of the panel.
3. End with “The Researcher/s.”

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4. Margin is 1.5 inches at the left and 1 inch along the right, top
and bottom.
5. Use semi-colon at the end of each entry/paragraph and
period at the end of the last paragraph.

D. DEDICATION

1. Maintain one page for the Dedication.

2. Any style maybe adopted - FREESTYLE

E. ABSTRACT

1. Start ABSTRACT 1 inch from the top.

2. Contents of the abstract follows – title, authors, course and
academic year, type of document, number of pages and
name and address of institution.
3. The words title, authors, course and academic year, type of
document, number of pages and name and address of
institution are written in capital letters.
4. Abstract contains the purpose of study, subject, procedure,
data analysis, results of the study and recommendations.

4.1 The suggested contents of the paragraphs are as

follows:

1st paragraph – The general objective of the

research, the variables involved, the setting and time
frame of the study

2nd paragraph – The questions answered by the

research discussed in the form of declarative statements,
the hypothesis, if any, and statistical treatments used in
answering the questions

3rd paragraph – The design methodology such as the

research technical design, subject of the study and
sampling technique, if any, general procedure and the
research instrument.

4th & 5th paragraphs – The general findings of the

research based on the questions, numbers and figures
are not necessary to mention (number of paragraph may
increase depending on the scope).

6th paragraph – The conclusions of the research based

on the findings.

7th paragraph – The important recommendations based

on the findings.

5. There is no subdivision of subtitles for abstract content.

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6. Include three different keywords at the bottom part of the last
page of the abstract. Italicize entries.
7. Abstract should be written in a maximum of three pages.

F. TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Titles of preliminaries are written in capital letters, double-

spaced with page number written in small Roman numerals.

2. Chapter numbers are written in Arabic and chapter titles in

capital letters/lower case, bold.

G. LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES

1. Lists of tables and figures are written double-spaced

between and single-spaced within. Include table figure, and
page numbers.

2. List of Tables and List of Figures are placed in separate

pages.

TEXT
General Format of the Chapters and other Considerations:

1. Use font size no. 12, Arial.

2. Use double space in all the discussions.
3. Start each chapter one (1) inch from the top. The chapter title
is written in capital bold type and centered.
4. Chapter number is written in Arabic.
5. Underline all subtitles. Do not highlight. Subtitles are written
in capital lower case type.
6. Related literature and studies should not be more than ten
(10) years beyond.

Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

Introduction

1. The chapter is entitled BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

written in capital letters, bold type and centered.
2. Introduce the chapter.

Background of the Study

3. Discussions are in paragraph form starting from macro to

micro development that gives an overview of the research.

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4. It includes the legal bases of the study and the personal
justifications of the researcher.
5. The background includes the discussion of the problem
situation as observed and experienced by the researcher,
concepts and ideas related to the problem.

Objectives of the Study

6. The section should have an introductory statement.

7. It should enlist the specific questions answered by the
research (enumerated).

Theoretical Framework

8. The section presents a theory or theories (in a maximum of

three), which served as framework of the research.
9. Discussion of the main idea of theory is first given followed
by the discussion of its relation to the study. The researcher
should be able to anchor the research to the theory or
establish its relationship.
10. It has a maximum of three (3) pages.

Conceptual Framework

11. The Conceptual Framework includes the paradigm and

discussion that guided the direction of the study. Write the
model on a separate page in a portrait/vertical position and
label using capital lower case type.
12. This framework is the researchers own conceptualization of
the research using a model.
13. The conceptual model is a figurative representation of the
research framework drawn in a separate whole page in the
middle of its discussion
14. In the discussion, the researcher describes and explains the
model, the meaning of the figures, the contents and the
processes involved.
15. All the variables involved should be written in the model.

Significance of the Study

Hypothesis (optional)

16. The hypothesis/es is in null form.

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Assumptions

17. It is always included and indicate the source and bases.

Scope and Limitations

18. This discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph.

It answers the basic questions.
a. What - The topic of investigation and the variables
included
b. Where - The venue or the setting of the research
c. When - The time frame by which the study was
conducted
d. Why - The general objectives of the research
e. Who - The subject of the study, the population and
sampling
f. How - The methodology of the research which may
include the research technical design, design
methodology and the research instrument
19. It may also discuss why certain variables were not included
in the research.

Definition of Terms

20. Present definition of terms in paragraph heading, written in

complete sentence. The terms may be conceptually or
operationally defined. Alphabetize terms being defined and
underline each term with a period the end of each term.
21. Acknowledge the sources of conceptual/technical definitions.
22. All variables included in the study should be defined.

Chapter 2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

1. The chapter starts with an introductory paragraph citing the

different parts or contents of the chapter.
2. This section has the following contents in paragraph
discussion, the research technical design, research
instruments, if any, the procedure and methods of the study,
the project design models and statistical treatment, if any.

Research Technical Design

3. The method of research used should be defined and

explained briefly.
4. This includes mainly of the schematic diagram used or the
flowchart of the design.

Research Instrument

5. The research instrument used should be described. The

development and validation of the instrument used should be

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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well discussed. Parts or components of the instruments
should be explained briefly.

Procedure and Method of the Study

6. This section discusses in paragraph the different activities

undertaken to complete the research which follows the
general procedure of the study. A Gantt Chart of activities
may guide the discussion.
7. It can be divided into two parts; A. Conduct of the Study and
B. Conduct of the Design Development/Construction.
a. In the Conduct of the Study the Gantt Chart of
activities may guide the discussion,
b. In the Conduct of the Design Development
Construction the procedure, operation and activities
made from the start of the project design or prototype
will be discussed.

Project Design Models

8. All scientific equations and mathematical models used will be

discussed.

Statistical Treatment

9. The kind of statistical treatment for every subproblem should

be presented in declarative form.

Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT

1. The chapter is entitled PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN RESULT, bold type, centered.
2. An introductory paragraph is provided at the start of the
chapter.
3. Subtitles of sections are based on the questions in the
statement of the problem, stated in declarative form, single-
spaced and bold.
4. Table and Figure numbers and titles are written in capital-
lower case at the center, single-spaced. Title should come
after the number, arranged in inverted pyramid.
5. Tables and figures should be in continuous numbering. It
should be presented first before the discussion. Enclosed

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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tables with double line on top should be used. Graphs should
be colored. Figures must be in portrait/vertical positions.
6. Discussion should follow the format: presentation of data,
analysis and interpretation then implications. Related
literature and studies may be used to support the findings.
7. Margin is 1.5 inches at the left and 1 inch along others.
Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF DESIGN RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Chapter 4 entitled Summary of Design Results, Conclusion

and Recommendations.
2. The subtitles are Summary of Design Results, Conclusions
and Recommendations which are in title case and
underlined.

Summary of Design Results

3. The summary will contain the general findings of the study

enumerated based on the presentation of the statement of
the problem. Averages, total and/or final values shall be
presented in the summary. After each finding, a general
implication shall be provided to give a deeper analysis of the
results of the study.

Conclusions

4. Conclusions are written in the past tense and shall answer

the degree of attainment of the objectives.
5. Conclusion/s will be drawn from the findings of the study and
can also be derived which will provide the reader with the
researcher’s final view of the outcome of the study.

Recommendations

6. Recommendations are in imperative form.

7. The recommendations will present an itemized and concrete
list of projects, activities or plan of action that the researchers
suggest to respond to the findings of the study.

END MATTERS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bibliography or list of references is indicated as BIBLIOGRAPHY

classifying each type of reference.
2. Enlist all the reference materials used in the Thesis Classified into:

Books
Thesis/Dissertation
Journals/Newspapers/Magazines
Internet Materials

3. Format: APA style. (for confirmation)

4. Double space after each entry/note, single space within entry/note.

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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APPENDICES

1. Letter of Appendix is separately written on top of the title,

double-spaced, all Capitals/Upper case.
2. Appendix title is written single-spaced Capital letter.
3. This may include:

A Gantt Chart (Program of Activities)

B Letters
C Instrument / Questionnaire (if any)
D Progress Report
E Formula / Equations Used in the Study
F Engineering Charts (if any)
G Additional Important Attachments

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Title CURRICULUM VITAE is written on top in all capital

letters and bold.
2. Name of Researcher written in all Capital letters after the title
heading, the permanent address immediately follows below
in single space, centered.
3. The Curriculum Vitae will have the following major parts:
Work Experience, Educational Background and Personal
Information.

FLOW OF COMMUNICATION
1. Research instructor submits list of title to the College Research Coordinator
for approval.
2. List of approved titles with names of researchers and proposed panel
members shall be submitted to the College Research Coordinator. When
approved, the College Research Coordinator shall issue appointments to
members of the panel.

THESIS WRITING AND DEFENSE

The Adviser approves research topic and endorses it to CRC through

the Research Instructor. Students writes research proposal in consultation
with adviser and statistician. Adviser schedules final oral presentation for

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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approval by the dean/head. Student submits copy of manuscript to the Oral
Examination Committee one week before the presentation.

The oral defense is open to limited number of audiences. Student

defends his findings before members of the committee. The committee in
accordance rates the defense. A weighted point average of at least 2.0 is
required for student to pass.

After defense, student completes paper following revisions suggested by the

committee. He prepares one final copy of manuscript to be signed by the
adviser who endorses this to the committee. Approval sheets are prepared
as required. Student then submits four copies of the bound manuscript to
CRC and the dean/head 10 days before the Academic Council deliberates
on the candidates for graduation. In addition, two copies of the abstract, title
page and approval sheet are submitted to the Campus Research
Development Service Office. No student is allowed to graduate without
compliance with the requirement.

1. Selection of Adviser

An adviser is assigned/selected based on the following:

1.1 He may come from any of the Institutes of any of the URS campuses
chosen according to the following criteria:
1.1.1 Possesses expertise in research and at least Masters’ degree
holder on the field being pursued by the students or equivalent
experience (serving as an adviser for 2 years or have attended
training in research).
1.1.2 Has the ability to advise maximum of five (5) advisees/groups in a
school year.
1.1.3 May be recommended by the students duly evaluated by the
research Instructor, endorsed by College Research Coordinator
and approved by Campus Research Coordinator.
1.2 Should there be a change of adviser later; the selection of replacement
must be guided of the same criteria stated in 1.1. A waver must be filed by
the former adviser.
1.3 Should a faculty member decline to accept the role as adviser/member
of the panel, waiver shall be signed by him/her to be submitted to the
Institute Research Coordinator.

2. The Oral examination Committee

The members of the Oral Examination Committee are the following:

The Chairman who is an expert on content, the statistician and the

critic reader who shall be designated by the IRC guided by the same criteria
as in 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3. The member of the panel on conference may decide
to postpone the oral defense to ensure quality of the research output.

2.1 Selection of the Chairman

2.1.1 The chairman may come from any of the College chosen
according to the following criteria:

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2.1.1.1 Possesses expertise in research and at least Engineering
degree holder or equivalent.

2.1.1.2 Ability to chair maximum of 10 groups of researchers per

school year.

2.1.2 The chairman shall be assigned by the College Research

Council upon the recommendation of the research instructors from
the start of the preparation of thesis proposal.

2.1.3 Should there be a change of chairman later, the selection of

replacement must be guided by the criteria stated in 2.1.

2.2 Selection of Critic Reader

2.2.1 The Critic Reader should come from the English or Filipino
department or in any manner has taken English/Filipino as a
major/minor subject, chosen according to the following criteria.

2.2.1.1 expertise in research;

2.2.1.2 proficiency in language;

2.2.1.3 mastery of the thesis format required by the University and;

2.2.1.4 has the capacity to critic a maximum of 10 group per school

year.

2.3 Selection of Statistician

2.3.1 The Statistician should come from any of the institute, chosen
according to the following criteria.

2.3.1.1 has experienced to be statistician in research activities;

2.3.1.2 has a maximum of fifteen (15) groups of researchers per

school year;

2.3.1.3 establishes rapport with the advisees and the advisers and;

2.3.1.4 knowledgeable in statistics.

3. The Roles and Responsibilities of the Adviser and the Oral

Examination Committee

3.1 The Adviser

3.1.1 Supervises and monitors the research work of the advisees

upon accepting the assignment as an adviser;

3.1.2 Sees that thesis meet the requirements of research before

endorsing to the members of the panel and research instructor for
consultation;

3.1.3 Certifies to the readiness of the advisees to render final defense;

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3.1.4 Requires the advisees to give copy of the manuscript to the
panel members one week before the scheduled oral defense;

3.1.5Works closely with the advisees and monitors the revision of the
manuscript considering the suggestions of the panel and research
instructors;

3.1.6Coordinates with the College Research Coordinator matters related

to research activities;

3.1.7Undertakes the function of the recorder who records proceedings of

the defense and supplies the advisees with the summarized
recommendations/suggestions of the panel.

4. The Oral Examination Committee

4.1 Consists of three members who sit en banc during the oral defense;

4.2 Is composed of the following:

4.2.1For pre-oral defense/proposal defense

4.2.1.1 Research Instructor/Critic Reader

4.2.1.2 Area Specialist (who will serve as chairman)

4.2.1.3 Statistician

4.2.2 For final defense

4.2.2.1 Area Specialist

4.2.2.2 Critic Reader

4.2.2.3 Statistician

4.3 Reviews the manuscript at least twice before final oral defense.

5. The chairman (area specialist)

5.1 Acts as presiding officer;

5.2 Decides on the procedure of the defense;

5.3 Settles disagreements among panel members and/or comments and

suggestions;

5.4 Reads and emphasizes the suggestions and comments;

5.5 Solicits the decision of the panel and;

5.6 Consolidates and announces the rating.

6. Critic Reader

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6.1 Review all the grammatical aspects including organization of ideas.

6.2 Certifies that the manuscript is already free of grammatical errors and is
ready for submission to the dean of the college who in turn will submit to
the office of the registrar.

7. The Statistician

7.1 suggest appropriate statistical treatment for the study;

7.2 guides the researchers in the computation data;

7.3 guides the researchers in the correct analysis and interpretation of data.

BIBILIOGRAPHY (APA Style)

BOOKS

The basic format for a book entry includes: author’s name; title of book;
editor; translator; edition; place of publication; publisher; and date of
publication.

Book by One Author

Mazon, C.M. 1999. Study and thinking skills in English. Manila: St.

Augustine Publication.

Book by Two Authors

Keene, M.L. and K.H. Adams. 2002. Easy access: The reference

Handbook for writers. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Book by Three or More Authors

Bourhis,J., Adams, C., Titsworth, S., Harter, L. 2002. Style manual

for communication studies. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Bales, R. 1950.Interaction process analysis: A method for the study

of small groups. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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Book with an Editor

Collins, R. (Ed.) 1985. Three Sociological Traditions: Selected

readings. New York: Oxford University Press.

Book with Two Editors

Knapp, M. and Miller, G. (Eds.) 1985.Handbook of Interpersonal

Communication. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Edition Other Than the First

Babbie, E. 1997.Survey research methods. 2nd ed. Belmont:

Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Book by a Corporate Author or Group

U.S. Bureau of the Census.Statistical Abstract of the United States.

1999 (118thed.). 1999. Washington, DC: US Government
Printing Office.

ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

The basic format for an article entry includes: author’s name; title of
article; name of periodical; volume number; date of publication; and page
numbers. The page numbers at the end citation indicate the first and last
pages of the article. Two-digit page numbers appear as they are in the article.
The first two digits of identical three-digit page numbers are omitted (101-03).
If the first two digits of four-digit page numbers are identical, delete the first
two-digits of the second page number (1113-14).

Articles in Weekly Periodicals

Gorospe, Arturo H. “Onward and upward with the arts: Thirty

seconds”. The Baguio Midland Courier 15 October 2003,
pp.146-55.

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Article with Two or Three Authors

Ayres, Joe and Brian Heuett. 1997. The relationship between

visual Imagery and public speaking apprehension
Communication Reports 40, pp.87-94.

Article with Four or More Authors

Builer, David, et al. 1991 Interpersonal deception: Deceivers’

reactions to receivers’ suspicions and probing Communication
Monographs. 58, pp. 1-24.

Article in a Monthly or Bimonthly Periodical

Tuchman, Barbara W. 2 November, 1980. The decline of quality

New York Times Magazine, pp.38-57.

Article in a Weekly or Biweekly Periodical

Cloud, John. 31 May, 1999. Just a routine school Time, pp. 38-57

NEWSPAPERS

The basic format for a newspaper entry includes: author’s name; article
title; name of newspaper; date; and page.

Signed Article from a Newspaper

Gordon, Michael. 15 April 2001. Spy plane episode sharpens

debate over Taiwan arms The New York Times, p.1.

Unsigned Article from a Newspaper

Surprise: More nuclear families. 13 April, 2001. The Christian

Science Monitor, p.1.

Signed Editorial from a Newspaper

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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Santiago, S. Congress brings in best researches. 31 March, 2007.
The Hallmark.p.4.

Unsigned Editorial from a Newspaper

It’s time for greens to go nuclear. 17 April, 2001. The Wall Street
Journal.p.A20.

MANUSCRIPT

Unpublished Manuscript

Campo, A. B. 2007. Online journalism: The URS Perspective.

Unpublished Manuscript.

Unpublished Paper Present at a Meeting

Bueza, Lara Marie. Sept., 1996. Enhancing Classroom Interactions

in Literature Classes. Paper presented at the Rizal Polytechnic
College English Department monthly in-service meeting, Morong,
Rizal.

Personal Interviews

The basic format for a personal interview includes: interviewer’s name;

the kind of interview conducted (personal or telephone interview); and date.

P.Q. Tiburcio, personal interview, May 1, 2007.

Lectures

The basic format for a lecture includes: lecturer’s name; title of lecture;
the sponsoring organization or meeting; place where lecture was delivered;
and date.

M. Allen, lecture, Sept.1, 2002.

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format

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Film or Television or Radio Program

Information such as performers, writers and names of series episodes

can be included in an entry with the name of the series underlined and
quotation marks around the title of the episode.

Zemeckis, R. (Director). 1994. Forrest Gump (Film). Hollywood. CA:

Paramount Pictures.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary

The basic format for citing an article in an encyclopedia includes: article

title; title of ecyclopedia; edition; and year.

Television.Encyclopedia Britannica.15th ed. 1997.

Theses and Dissertions

Campo, A. B. Development of an achievement test in

English for second year high school students
(Master’s Thesis, Rizal State College, 1994).

Legal Case

The following is a citation from a US Supreme Court decision in 1967.

It was recorded in Volume 388, on page 1, of the United States Reports.

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1. 1967

Government Documents

U.S. President Proclamation. 15 January, 1988.

Martin Luther King Day. Washington, DC.

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ELECTRONIC SOURCES

References to electronic sources use the format for books and

periodicals but also show the electronic medium such as online serial,
database or CD-ROM in brackets after the title. These references provide
information to enable retrieval of the material.

CD-ROMS and Other Unchangeable Database\

Hills, C. 1998, Oct.16.Ascending the Mountain of Words. (CD-ROM)

New Statesman, 58. Retrieved Aug. 1998 from InfoTrac online
databes (InfoTrac General Periodical Index)

INTERNET AND ONLINE SOURCES

Professional or Personal Site

Here listed are the name of the site’s creator, the title of the site, the
name of any organization associated with the site, the date of access, and the
URL. The URL refers to the exact internet address.

Snyder, A. (Ed.) (n.d.). University of Vermont. Available:

http://debate.uvm.edu/academy.html. 5 May, 1998.

Information Database

Dr. F. Aull 2000, March 21. Literature, arts and medicine database
38th ed. Jan.2000.NYU School of Medicine.
http://www.mchipoomed.nyuedu/lit-medlit-med-db/topview.html

Article in an Online Periodical

Articles in online journals, magazines, and newspapers include the

author’s name, the title of the article, the name of the periodical, the volume
and issue numbers, the date of publication, the page or paragraph numbers,
the date of access, and the URL.

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Sauer, G. Mar. 2000. Wireless eavesdropper.Bad Subjects: Political
Education for Everyday Life. Retrieved 21 Mar. 2000, from the
World Wide Web: http://eserver.org/bs/48/sauer.html.

Online Book

This includes the author’s name, the title of the work, publication
information about the printed version, the name of the editor or translator, the
date of electronic publication, the date of access, and the URL.

Cather, W. O Pioneers!1913.1992Alex Catalogue of Electronic

Texts.U of California at Berkeley.Retrieved March 21, 2000 from
the World Wide Web.http://sunsite.barkeley.edu/-
emorgan/texts/literature/American/1900-/cather-o-366.txt

Discussion List/Online Posting

This includes the writer’s name, the title of the posting, the description
Online posting, the date the message was posted, the name of the forum, the
database of access, and the URL or the e-mail address of the list’s
moderation.

Lachance, F. 4 Nov. 1999. Phoenician Disputations Humanist

Discussion Group. Retrieved March 21, 2000 from the World
Wide Web.
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/Humanist/v13/
0251.html

OTHER SOURCES

Recording

Verdi, G.(1978) “Triumphal March.” Aida. Perf. National

Philharmonic Orchestra. Cond. James Levine.RCA Red Seal.

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Work of Art

Da Vinci, L. (Artist) 1495-1498. The Last Supper (Painting) Santa

Maria delle Grazie, Milan.

Personal Communication (Including E-mail)

These unpublished documents such as e-mail messages and letters

provide the name of the writer, a description of the document that includes the
recipient, and the date. E-mail messages include the subject line in quotation
marks.

Hernandez, A. Letter to Ami Hernandez. 12 Aug. 2007.

Engineering Undergraduate Thesis Format