FORMAT AND STYLE OF RESEARCH/MANUSCRIPT

TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF APPENDICES

CHAPTER
I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1 Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Definition of Terms

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature
Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Related Studies
Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis of the Study

III METHODOLOGY
Research Method

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 Population and Sampling Scheme
Description of the Respondents
Research Instruments
Validation of Instruments
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment of Data

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCONMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES

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 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING RESEARCH/ MANUSCRIPT
 Research Agenda
1. Researches shall compliment to the School’s Mission, Vision, Goals and
Objectives.
 Main Headings, Sections, and Subsections
1. Main Heading. It shall be capitalized and centered.
2. Section Heading. It shall be centered
3. Sub-section Heading. It is to be flushed with the left hand margin. The first letter
of each important word should be capitalized.
4. All heading should be brief and consistent throughout the paper.
 Spacing, Indents and Tables
1. The research manuscript must be double-spaced all throughout.
2. Three spaces shall be observed before and after the main heading, section, and
subsection headings.
3. Indent paragraphs five characters to the right.
4. When numerals are used to start the sentence, it shall be written out as words,
5. When numerals 1 to 9 are used as part of a formula or as a table number (e.g.,
Table 3) it shall be written in figures.
6. Each table in Chapter IV should be presented or placed in its entirely in one page
and should not be divided into halves.
7. Each table should be properly labelled for easy identification and reference.
 Punctuation
1. Use punctuations only when it is needed. If it does not clarify the text,
punctuation may be removed.
2. Period. After a period in a sentence, two spaces shall be left in between it and the
beginning word of the next sentence.
3. Commas, semi-colons and colons. Where a comma, semi-colon or a colon is used
in between series of words and phrases.
4. Title of papers, center headings, sub-headings and legends of tables do not require
terminal punctuation.

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  For Research Proposal it includes the following:
1. Chapter I – The Problem and its Setting
2. Chapter II – Review of Related Literature and Studies
3. Chapter III- Methodology
4. References/ Bibliography
5. Appendix (e.g., Research Instruments)
 Style
1. Twelve-point Times New Roman shall be used as a font style.
2. The use of words must be appropriate, straightforward, precise, and business-like
as are required in scientific writing.
 Use of Impersonal Style of Writing
1. A third person word shall be used throughout the manuscript.
2. First person words such as “I”, “Our” etc. shall not be used as these will cause the
manuscript to appear informal and literary.
 Spelling
1. If a word can be spelled correctly in more than one way, settle upon the most
appropriate spelling and use it consistently.
 Use of Numbers
1. When used in narrative text, numbers one (1) to nine (9) shall be written out in
words. Numbers ten (10) and up shall be in figures.
 Margin
1. Margin shall be 1½ inches on the left and on top, and 1 inch on the right and
bottom.
 Paging
1. Pages having major headings as the first page of a chapter shall omit the page
number.
2. Roman numerals shall be used at the bottom center of the page for preliminary
pages.
3. Title page shall bear no page number but is considered “i” (the first page of the
manuscript.)

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 4. Other preliminaries should follow the order from the title page e.g., “ii” for
approval sheet and “iii” for table of contents.
 Bibliography or References
1. A cover page labelled in bold letters, BIBLIOGRAPHY OR REFERENCES shall
be used and placed at the upper center portion of the page to separate it from the
succeeding appendix division.
2. It shall follow the APA style on citing references or bibliography.
 Appendix
1. A cover page labelled in bold letters, APPENDIX shall be used and placed at the
upper center portion of the page to separate it from the succeeding appendix
division.
2. For every attachment, it should be labelled as APPENDIX A, B, C and so on.
 Proposal Hearing
1. After finishing the research proposals, the school will schedule for a proposal
hearing wherein all the proposals presented/submitted to the research coordinator
will be defended by the researchers.
2. The proposal hearing shall compose of five (5) panelist who are experts on their
field of specialization and a research expert and scholarly oriented.
3. The panelist may have varying styles of doing their job but ultimately, they all
have the same goals of helping to improve the researcher’s written work.
4. All the suggestions of the panelists must be considered by the researcher. And
must reflect on his/her manuscript.
 Final Oral Defense
1. After completing the research, the researcher will again defend his/her manuscript
to the panelist.
2. The researcher must consider all the suggestions of the panelist.
3. After revising the research/manuscript, the researcher must furnish some copies
for the school.

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 GUIDELINES FOR THE REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH/ MANUSCRIPT

The Research Proposal

The research proposal is a written presentation of the plan on the topic which the
researcher contemplates to undertake for his study. It is reviewed by the panelist consisting of 5
members who are experts on their respective specialization.

The research proposal is expected to contain the first three chapters, Chapter I – The
problem and its setting, Chapter II – Review of related literature and Chapter III – Methodology.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PAPER

Title

 The title is a brief label which subsumes the theme of the whole study. It names the major
variables that are the subject of the investigation. It provides the reader with an instant
grasp of what the study is all about. The title should be clear and concise as well as eye
catching to attract the intellectual readers. If possible the title should answer the “what,
“who”, and “where” of the study. The “when” need not be included in the title but in the
chapter I of the paper.
 To achieve brevity, avoid using the phrase, “A study of…”, “An Evaluation of…” and
“An Analysis of…” for these will only lengthen unnecessarily the title of the study.
Verbosely worded titles should be recast to its brief version.

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Rationale of the Study

 The rationale of the study begins with the broad introductory statements on the existing
problem situation to narrow down progressively and finally, linked with the background
of the research project. Accordingly, it is presented in deductive form.
 The following sequence may help on the formation of the rationale of the study.

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 1. A brief resume of the events that truly depict the present state of the issue within and
outside of the country,
2. A brief but provocative quotation that is applicable to the theme of the study.
3. A striking fact or statistics that objectivity portrays the existing problem situation. And
4. A concluding paragraph of the researcher’s firm stands on the need to address the issue
and/or to bridge the gap between the existing body of knowledge and prevailing situation.

Statement of the Problem

 The general statement of the problem which is expressed in the declarative is consistent
with the title of the study. It is derived from a perplexing situation where difficulties are
observable to exist. It is followed by specific research problems, also called sub-
problems, which are usually expressed in question form.
 A good research problem must be (a) original or novel, (b) of interest to the researcher,
(c) relevant to society needs, (d) reflect a contribution to national development and
progress, (e) express relationships of two or more variables, and (f) imply the possibilities
of empirical testing.

The Objective

 State the objectives in numeral form.

Significance of the Study

 This portion identifies the beneficiaries or stakeholders who will be benefited by the
findings of the study and a description of the corresponding that each of the beneficiaries
or stakeholders would derive from the study.

Scope and limitations of the Study

 For the scope, identify the coverage of the study in terms of “what,” “where,” “when,”
“who,” and “how”

 For delimitations, identify the constraints that limited the coverage of the study to what it
is. The constraints may come in the form of time, resources, materials, equipment,
references, manpower, finances, expertise, etc.

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Definition of Terms

 This presents a glossary of terms that must be understood by the reader. Only key terms
would be defined
 The terms are to be defined operationally. This means that the terms would be defined in
terms of how these are used in the study

NOTES

 Come up with the list of references in the order that these were cited in the chapter

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 This portion of the study addresses each problem using the “library research approach.”
As such, it is thematically organized according to the logical construction of the problem.
 Use main headings and subheadings corresponding to each specific problem
 Clinch each portion by showing how your literary citations are related to the problem
being investigated Review the slides of our past lesson on the review of related literature.
 The review of related literature is divided into three parts. These are related legal bases,
related literature and related studies.

Theoretical Framework/ Conceptual Framework

 This portion of the Chapter III provides the theoretical foundation for the study. Identify
and describe the theories that account for the problem under investigation.

 From these, identify and describe the variables in the study and depict how these
variables will be used or interrelate in the form of a paradigm

Hypothesis

 State the research hypothesis for each problem

NOTES

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  Come up with the list of references in the order that these were cited in the chapter

CHAPTER III

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

 Identify the design of the study and the method used and justify why this is the most
appropriate method for the investigation

Population and Sampling Scheme

 Identify the respondents of the study and their number

 Identify the sampling tool used
 Describe the sampling procedure used

Research Instruments and Validation of Instruments

 Identify the instrument used for data gathering

 Describe the parts of the instruments and the legends used (if any)
 Describe how the instrument was constructed
 Describe how the instrument was validated and tested for reliability (optional)

Data Gathering Procedures

 Describe the process of how the instrument was used to gather the data needed for the
study
 Describe the data management procedures employed

Statistical Treatment of Data

 Identify the appropriate method of quantification and measurement relative to each

problem
 Describe how the quantified data would be statistically treated relative to each problem

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

 Describes the summarized or statistically treated data that is presented in a tabular or

graphical form.
 Describes trends, patterns, differentials, characterizations, emerging themes, and
categorizations observed in the data (this is the for the analysis of descriptive data)
 Describe the behavior of variables from computed statistical indices (this is for the
analysis of statistical data)
 Articulate the main results or findings from the analysis of data providing sufficient detail
to legitimize arriving at a conclusion.

Discussion

 Interprets the findings in terms of meanings and implications relative to the postulated
hypotheses
o The interpretation can cite relevant related literature and/or studies to search for
the broader meaning of the answers to the research questions. This search has two
major aspects: First, the effort to establish continuity in social research through
linking the results of one study with those of another; and second, interpretation
leads to establishing explanatory concepts. ( Sellitz and Jahoda, 1971)
o This discussion can take place of the review of related literature (in the old
format). Unlike, however, in the former format, now the reviews are more
relevant and directed to the results of the present study and no longer just a
historical review.
o Similarities and differences between the results and the work of others should
clarify and/or to confirm the hypotheses;
o In the discussion, take note of the following guide questions:
 How did the study help or resolve the problems?
 What important implications can be drawn from the study?

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

 Answers each stated research question in the form of a generalization derived from
the analysis and interpretation of findings. The conclusion should have sufficient.

Recommendation

 Prescribes concrete and doable interventions that address, alleviate or arrest the
problem situation. Strength to serve as the foundation for theory-building.

BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES

 Write the list of books, journals, and other literary references in APA style. The
following APA rules are adopted from www.english.purdeu.edu/owl/resources/590/01/.

Basic Rules

1. All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half
from the left margin. This is called hanging indention.
2. Authors’ names are inverted (last name first), give the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work for up-to and including seven authors, list the first six authors
and then use ellipses after the sixth author’s name. after the ellipses, list the last author’s
name of the work
3. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each
work.
4. If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author author references or
multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed
in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
5. When referring to any work that is NOT a journal such as a book, article, or web page,
capitalized only the letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the word after a colon or

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 a dash on the title, and proper noun. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in
a hyphenated compound word.
6. Capitalized all major words in journal titles.
7. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
8. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collection.

Example:

Adair, G. (1984). The hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(2), 334-5.

Agus, A. and Makhbul, Z.K. (2002). An empirical study on academic achievement of business
students in pursuing higher education: An emphasis on the influence of family
backgrounds. Paper presented at International Conference on the Challenges of
Learning and Teaching in a Brave New world: Issues and Opportunities in Borderless
Education. Hatyai Thailand.

Jackson, L.et.al. (2006). Does home internet use influence the academic performance of low-
income children? Journal of Developmental Psychology, 42, 429-435.

Notallof. N. (2010). The use of audio-visual technology in school libraries and students’
academic performance, Retrieved from
http://www.myprojecttopics.com/payment338.html

APPENDIX

 Append your questionnaire or research instrument

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