ao Fs a Manish ShrikhandeDownloaded from www.panchayatrajengineers.wordpress.com Tomy Rs. 425.00 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrichande © 2006 by Prentice-Hall, of india Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-81-203-2892-2 ‘The export tights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Third Printing . September, 2006 Published by Ascke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed’ by Jay Print Pack Private Limited, New Delhi-110015.Contents rajeni wordpress.com ry Preface .. Contributors .... __Part I EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION L._ Engineering Seismology «...s.ssessesseessee 1.1 Introduction .... a 1.2 _Reid’s Elastic Rebound Theory 1.3 _ Theory of Plate Tectonics 1.3.1 _Lithosph 1.4.1 Body Waves.. eA ac Wa TT 1.5 Earthquake Size 1.5.1__Intensity 1.5.2 _Isoseismal Map 1.5.3__ Earthquake Magnitude 1.5.4 Energy Released in an Earthquake .. 1.5.5 Earthquake Frequency .. 1.6__Local Site Effects ....cssssssssssssesee 1.6.2 Lateral Discontinuity Effects 16:3. Bffect: of the Surface ‘Topography vii1.8 Seismotectonics of India. 1.9. Seismicity of Indi 1.10 Classification of Earthquakes DAN Ta i aa ian aaa at caaaassaacaiaias SEF 1.11.1 Tsunami Velocity 1.11.2 Run-up and Inundation Summary Glossary of Earthquake/Seismology References Seismic Zoning Map of India. 2.1 Introduction . 2.2. Seismic Hazard Map 2.3. Seismic Zone Map of 1962 2.4 Seismic Zone Map of 1966 2.4.1 Grade Enhancement 2.4.2. Review of Tectonic. 2.5. Seismic Zone Map of 1970 2.6 Seismic Zone Map of 2002 2.7. Epilogue Summary References Strong Motion Studies in India 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Understanding the Nature of Ground Motions ... 3.2.1 Source Effect 3.2.2 Path Effect.. 3.2.3 Site Effect 3.3. Estimation of Ground Motion Parameters 3.4 The Indian Perspective 3.5 Utilization of Strong Motion Data Summary References42 5. Evaluation of Seismic Design Parameters......... 5.1 5.2 537i 54 5.5 Summary References. 6. Initiation into Structural Dynamics .... Content) QED Terminology of Strong Motion Seismology Amplitude Parameters... Spatial Variation of Earthquake Ground Motion Damage Potential of Earthquakes .. Introduction .. Types of Earthquakes . 5.2.1 Intensity 5.2.2. Magnitude. Fault Rupture Parameters Earthquake Ground Motion Characteristics 5.4.5 Geographical, Geophysics and Geotechnical Data Deterministic Approach Part I STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS ReferenceseaGa: — ) 7. 8. wees 115-128 Dynamics of Single Degree of Freedom Systems... 7.1. Introduction 7.2 __ Free Vibration of Viscous-Damped SDOF Systems Underdamped Case (6 < 1). Critically-damped Case (¢ Overdamped Case (6 > 1) Response of SDOF Systems to Harmonic Excitations Excitation by Base Motion. Response of SDOF Systems to a Finite Duration Excitation Response of SDOF Systems to a Short Duration Impulse 7.3.5 Response of SDOF Systems to General Dynamic Excitation 7.4 Vibration Isolation .. ‘Summary. References Theory of Seismic Pickups... 8.1 Introduction ..... 8.2. The Physics of Operation 8.3 Which Parameter to Measure’ 8.4 _Seismometers..... 8.4.1 Displacement Pickups. 8.4.2 Velocity Pickups .. BORE References Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response 9.1 Numerical Solution Based on Interpolation of Excitation 9.2 Numerical Solution ‘Based on Approximation of Derivatives 9.3 Stability and Accuracy Considerations. Summary References 10.2 Fourier Spectra .11. 12. 10.3.4 Smooth Spectrum 10.3.5. Seismic Demand Diagrams Summary References Dynamics of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems ...+..0.+ 157-188 11.1, Introduction 157 11.2. System Property Matrices 158 11.3 Dynamics of Two Degree of Freedom Systems. 159 11.4. Free Vibration Analysis of MDOF Systems 162 11.4.1 Orthogonality Conditions 163 115 Determination of Fundamental Frequency .. 165 11.5.1 Rayleigh Quotient 165 11.5.2. Stodola Method 165 11.5.3 Converging to Higher Modes . 166 11.6 Forced Vibration Analysis. 169 11.6.1. Mode-superposition Method 11.6.2 Excitation by Support Motior 11.6.3 Mode Truncation . 11.6.4 Static Correction for Higher Mode Respons: 11.7 Model Order Reduction in Structural Dynamics 171 175 177 11.8 Analysis for Multi-Support Excitation 178 11.9. Soil-Structure Interaction Effects. 181 11.9.1 Dynamic Analysis including SSI Effects .. 182 Summary * 187 References 187 Part I CONCEPTS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING Earthquake and Vibration Effect on Structures: Basic Elements of Earthquake Resistant Design .. «0 191-206 12.1 Introduction 191 12.2. Static and Dynamic Equilibrium. 192 12.3 Structural Modelling .. 194 12.3.1 Structural Models for Frame Building... 194ED Gatun ) 13. 14. 12.4 Seismic Methods of Analysis. 12.4.1 Code-based Procedure for Seismic Analysis 12.5 Seismic Design Methods .... 12.5.1 Code-based Methods for Seismic Design. 12.6 Response Control Concepts... 12.7 trofitting 12.7.1 Methods for Seismic Evaluation . 12.7.2 Methods for Seismic Retrofitting 12.8. Seismic Test Methods 128.1 Methods for Seismic Testing Summary References Identification of Seismic Damages in RC Buildings 13.1. Introduction ... 13.2. Reinforced Concrete Building Construction Practices 13.3 Identification of Damage in RC Buildings .. 13.3.1 Soft Storey Failure 13.3.2 Floating Columns . 133.3 Plan and Mass Irregularity 13.3.4 Poor Quality of Construction Material and Corrosion of Reinforcement .. 214 13.3.5 Pounding of Buildings.. 215 13.3.6 Inconsistent Seismic Performance of Buildings .. 13.4 Damage to Structural Elements .. 13.5 Damage to Non-Structural Panel Elements 13.5.1, Damage to Infill Walls.. 13.5.2 Damage to Exterior Walls 13.6 Damage to Water Tank and Parapets 13.7 13.7.2 Damage to Elevator 13.8 Effect of Earthquake on Code Designed Structures 13.9 Lessons Learnt from Damages of RC Buildings... Summary References Effect of Structural Irregularities on the Performance of RC Buildings during Earthquakes .......cseccsrsssseeessersse 226-238, 14.1 Introduction ...15. Contents) GT 14.2 Ventcal Inegularities... 227 14.2.1 Vertical Discontinuities in Load Path 14.2.2 Inegularity in Strength and Stiffness 14.2.3 Mass Irregularities 14.2.4 Vertical Geometric Irregularity . 14.2.5 Proximity of Adjacent Buildings 143° Plan Configuration Problems 14.3.1 Torsion Irregularities 14.3.2 Re-entrant Corners. 14.3.3 Non-parallel Systems 14.3.4 Diaphragm Discontinuit 144 Recommendations tse stetssssessscnnnssnnnnnsnnncsnsnnssnsssnesnnnemnnsnssnnnse DIT Summary References Seismoresistant Building Architecture 15.1 Introduction ..... 15.2 Lateral Load Resisting Systems 15.2.1 Moment Resisting Frame 15.2.2 Building with Shear Wall or Bearing Wall System 15.2.3 Building with Dual System .... 15.3_ Building Configurat 15.3.1_Problems and Solutions ......00 15.4 Building Characteristics 15.4.1 Mode Shapes and Fundamental Period 15.4.2 Building Frequency and Ground Period 15.4.3 Damping 15.4.4 Ductility 15.4.5. Seismic Weight 15.4.6 Hyperstaticity/Redundancy 15.4.7_Non-structural Elements. 15.4.8 Foundation Soil/Liquefaction 15.4.9 Foundation: 15.5 Quality of Construction and Material 15.5.1 Quality of Concrete. 15.5.2 Construction Joints .. 15.5.3 General Detailing Requirements Summary References 246 248 . 248GD Contenes ) Part IV SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING 16. Code Based Procedure for Determination of Design 163.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 163.2 Dynamic Analysis Procedure Summary References 17. Consideration of Infill Wall in Seismic Analysis of RC 17.3 Failure Mechanism of Infilled Frame ... 17.4 Analysis of Infilled Frames ‘Summary References _ 18. Step-by-Step Procedure for Seismic Analysis of a Four- storeyed RC Building as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 292-326 18.1 Introduction ... 18.2. Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method . : Determination of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Determination of Modal Participation Factors. Step 3: Determination of Modal Mass Step 4: Determination of Lateral Force at joor in Step 5: Determination of Storey Shear Forces in Each Mode ... Step 6: Determination of Storey Shear Force due to All Modes Step 7: Determination of Lateral Forces at Each Storey... B: Frame Considering the Stiffness of Infills.....19. 20. Step 1: Calculation of Modal Matrix Step 2: Calculation of Effective Force Vector Step 3: Calculation of Displacement Response in Step 4: Displacement Response in Physical Coordinates... Step 5: Calculation of Effective Earthquake Response Forces at Each Storey 18.4.6 Step 6: Calculation of Storey Shear Step 7: Calculation of Maximum Response Summary References Appendix I; Linear Interpolation of Excitatior Mathematical Modelling of Multi-storeyed RC Buildings...... 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Planar Models. 19.2.1 Shear Beam Model 19.2.2 Flexure Beam Model 19.3 3D Space Frame Model . 19.4 Reduced 3D Model 19.5 Some Important Issues in Modelling 19.5.1 Modelling of Floor Diaphragms .. 19.5.2. Modelling of Soil-Foundation 19.5.3 Foundation Model 19.5.4 Soil Models 19.5.5, Modelling of Staircases 19.5.6 Modelling of Infill: Summary References Part V EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN (ERD) OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS Ductility Considerations in Earthquake Resistant Design of RC Buildings 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Impact of Ductility 20.3 Requirements for Ductility.ex ) 21. 23. 20.4 Assessment of Ductility . 20.4.1 Member/Eleme 20.4.2. Structural Ductility 20.5 Factors Affecting Ductility 20.6 Ductility Factors 20.7 Ductile Detailing Considerations as per IS 13920: 1993 Summary References Earthquake Resistant Design of a Four-storey RC Building Based on IS 13920: 1993...... 21.1 Introduction 21.2. Preliminary Data for Example 21.3 Loading Data. 21.4 Analysis of Sub-frame 4-4. 21.4.1 Dead Load Analysis . 21.4.2. Live (Imposed) Load Analysis .. 21.4.3 Earthquake Load Analysis 21.5 Load Combinations 21.6 Design of Sub-Frame 4-4 21.6.1 Design of a Flexure Member 21.6.2 Design of Exterior Columns .. 21.6.3 Design of Interior Column: 21.6.4. Detailing of Reinforcements. Summary References Earthquake Resistant Design of Shear Wall as per TS 18920: 1998 sssssoe 22.1, Introduction 22.2 Description of Building... 22.3. Determination of Design Lateral Forces 22.4 Design of Shear Wall. 22.5. Detailing of Reinforcements .. Summary References Capacity Based Design—An Approach for Earthquake Resistant Design of Soft Storey RC Buildings........... 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Preliminary Data for (G+3) Plane Frame. 23.2.1 Determination of Loadsc Contents) 23.3. Step-by-Step Procedure for Capacity Based Design. 409 23.3.1 Step 1: Seismic Analysis of Frame (G+3)...... 409 23.3.2. Step 2; Determination of Flexural Capacity of Beams....... 412 23.3.3. Step 3: Establishing a Strong Column—Weak Beam Mechanism 414 23.3.4 Step 4: Determination of Moment Magnification Factors for Columns..... 415 23.3.5. Step 5: Capacity Design for Shear in Beams 417 23.3.6 Step 6: Capacity Design for Shear in Columns. 418 23.3.7 Step 7: Detaiting of Reinforcements 419 Summary 421 References 421 Appendix 1: Beam Flexural Capacity Calculation as per Design Aid 18456: 1978...... 422 Appendix 2: Determination of Moment Magnification Factor at Every Joint Part VI EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN (ERD) OF MASONRY BUILDINGS 24, Identification of Damages and Non-Damages in Masonry Buildings from Past Indian Earthquakes... 1427-448 24.1, Introduction 427 24.2. Past Indian Earthquakes .427 24.3 Features of Damages and Non-damages.. 429 24.3.1 Bhuj Earthquake, January 26, 2001 429 24.3.2 Chamoli Earthquake, March 29, 1999 431 24.3.3. Jabalpur Earthquake, May 22, 1997 433 24.3.4 Killari Barthquake, September 30, 199: . 436 24.3.5. Uttarkashi Earthquake, October 20, 1991 438 24.3.6 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake, August 21, 198! .441 24.4 Lessons Learnt 444 245 Recommendations 445 Summary 445 References 446 Appendix 1: Muzaffarabad Earthquake of October 8, 2005.... 25. Elastic Properties of Structural Masonry .... 25.1 Inuoduction 25.2 Materials for Masonry Construction .. 25.2.1 Unit 25.2.2 Mortar 25.23 Grout 25.2.4 Reinforcement 449 449 449 450 451 451ND Gantenes ) 26. 27. 25.3. Elastic Properties of Masonry Assemblage 25.3.1 Compressive Strength 25.3.2 Flexural Tensile Strength 25.3.3 Shear Strength Summary References Lateral Load Analysis of Masonry Buildings ... 26.1 Introduction ..... 26.2 Procedure for Lateral Load Analysis of Masonry Buildings.. 464 26.2.1 Step 1: Determination of Lateral Loads 262.2 Step 2: Distribution of Lateral Force 26.2.3 Step 3: Determination of Rigidity of Shear Wall 26.2.4 Step 4: Determination of Direct Shear Forces and Torsional Shear Forces 262.5 Step 5: Determination of Increase in Axial Load Due to Overturnin; 26.2.6 Step 6: Walls Subjected to Out-of-plane Bendin; Summary References Seismic Analysis and Design of Two-storeyed Masonry Building$s.........sesss: 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Building Data 27.3 Step 1: Determination of Design Lateral Loa 27.4 Step 2: Determination of Wall Rigidities . 27.5. Step 3: Determination of Torsional Forces 27.6 Step 4: Determination Increase in Axial Load due to Overturning 27.7 Step 5: Determination of Pier Loads, Moments and Shear. 27.8 Step 6: Design of Shear Walls for Axial Load and Moments 27.9 Step 7: Design of Shear Wells for Shear 27.10 Step 8: Structural Details Summary References Part VIL SEISMIC EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND MASONRY BUILDINGS Seismic Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Practical Approach 28.1 Introduction 505-52329, 30. 28.2 Components of Seismic Evaluation Methodology 28.2.1 Condition Assessment for Evaluation ... 28.2.2 Field Evaluation/Visual Inspection Method 28.2.3 Concrete Distress and Deterioration Other than Earthquake .. 28.2.4 Non-destructive Testing (NDT)... Summary References Seismic Retrofitting Strategies of Reinforced Concrete Buildings...... 29.1 Introduction .. . 509 worerneeeree 524-555, 29.2 Consideration in Retrofitting of Structures: 528 29.3 Source of Weakness in RC Frame Building 528 29.3.1 Structural Damage due to Discontinuous Load Path 529 29.3.2 Structural Damage due to Lack of Deformation 29.3.3. Quality of Workmanship and Materials 29.4 Classification of Retrofitting Techniques 29.5. Retrofitting Strategies for RC Buildings. 29.5.1 Structural Level (or Global) Retrofit Methods 29.5.2. Member Level (or Local) Retrofit Methods 29.6 Comparative Analysis of Methods of Retrofitting Summary References Seismic Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Buildings—Case Studies ......1.....sssssess 30.1 Introduction ... 30.2 Methodology for Seismic Retrofitting of RC Buildings 30.3 Case Study 1: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building with Jacketing and Shear Walls. 30.4 Case Study Shear Wall 30.5 Case Study 3: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building with Steel Bracing 30.6 Case Study 4: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building by Jacketing of Frames. 30.7 Case Study 5: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building with Shear Walls and Jacketing 30.8 Case Study 6: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building by Adding Frames 30.9 Case Study 7: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building by Steel Bracing and Infill Wall 30.10 Case Study 8: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building with Shear Walls ic Retrofitting of RC Building with Bracing and .-- 568 570 30.11 Case Study 9: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building by Seismic Base Isolation .. 571 30.12. Case Study 10: Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building by Viscous Damper ....... 573 Summary ReferencesaE Gan 5 31. 82. Index. Seismic Provisions for Improving the Performance of Non-engineered Masonry Construction with Experimental Verifications... 31.1 Introduction 31.2. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Provisions 31.3 Salient Features of Earthquake Resistant Provisions .. 314 Seismic Strengthening Features. 31.5 Experimental Verification of Codal Provisions 31.5.1 Features of Model 31.5.2 Seismic Strengthening Arrangements 31.6 Shock Table Test on Structural Models 31.6.1 Behaviour of Models in Shock Tests 31.6.2 Recommendations Summary References Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings...... 32.1 Introduction .... 32.2. Failure Mode of Masonry Buildings 32.2.1 Out-of-plane Failure 32.2.2 Inplane Failure 32.2.3 Diaphragm Failure 32.2.4 Failure of Connection 32.2.5 Non-structural Components 32.2.6 Pounding 32.3. Methods for Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings . 323.1 Repair 32.3.2 Local/Member Retrofitting 323.3. Structural/Global Retrofitting 32.4. Repairing Techniques of Masonry 32.4.1 Masonry Cracking 32.4.2 Masonry Deterioration 32.5 Member Retrofitting 32.5.1 Retrofitting Techniques 32.6 Structural Level Retrofitting Methods 32.6.1 Retrofitting Techniques 32.7. Seismic Evaluation of Retrofitting Measures in Stone Masonry Models 32.7.1 Behaviour of Retrofitted Models .. 32.7.2. Findings Summary References