VENTILATION REPORT

• Basement spaces can be used for various purposes, ranging from habitable spaces
of offices, shops, commercial spaces, part of residences to service zones like
parking spaces or installation of STP, UGR, machinery for air conditioning etc.
• Ventilation and ambient environment of basement spaces needs to be maintained
as per its use.
• Ventilation of basement has three objectives;
1. Adequate number of air changes and removal of radon gases so that
that space becomes safe for human activity and in some cases human
habitation.
2. Removal of fumes/gases during the regular day to day use of space for
automobile parking or operating certain machinery.
3. Emergency removal of smoke during the instance of fire. Air changes
required in the space is as per the activity carried out in that space and
also number of people occupying the space or performing activity in
that space. Parking spaces or underground parking require minimum 6
air changes/hour (as per Nbc 2017) while shops and supermarket need
8-15 air changes/hour.
• Openings in the peripheral walls of required size with proper orientation and in
some case with some mechanical assistance is sufficient in most cases to provide
the required number of air changes.
• There are broadly two methods of complying with the Building Regulations
regarding ventilation and these are by natural or mechanical ventilation
• Natural Ventilation, this is the preferred method of ventilating car parks and
simply requires openings to fresh air being provided to equal a percentage of the
floor area of the car park Mechanical Extract.
• Mechanical assistance is chiefly required in cases where openings are not located
appropriately or their sizes are very small.
• Basements which are 900mm to 1200 mm (as per the Nbc norm) above
surrounding ground level can be installed with ventilators.
• As per the required air changes, passive natural ventilation or mechanically
assisted by means of exhaust fans is generally adequate.
• Basements which are entirely below surrounding ground level necessarily have
to be installed with mechanical system of bringing in fresh air and removal of
used air.
• Removal of exhaust gases (in case of basement vehicular parking or operation of
certain machinery) and radon gases is the main concern of the ventilation
provided to the basement floor.
• For ventilation and removal of exhaust gases by passive natural ventilation, the
ventilator area has to be at least 5% of the floor area of basement and at least 50%
of it has to be installed on opposite walls.
• If the ventilator area is provided around 2.5%, then mechanical system is
required to be employed for removal of co and other exhaust gasses.
• This method obviously relies on a path to outside being freely available, which is
not usually the case in underground car parks - hence the need for mechanical
extract systems.
• These systems use powered fans to control the build-up of CO in the car park.
• The regulations for fume exhaust state that the system should be capable of
limiting the concentration of CO within the car park to below 30 parts per million
(averaged over an eight-hour period).

• The regulations for smoke clearance state that the system should have an extract
facility which is split into two parts, each part capable of providing50% of the
required duty and extracting from both high and low level.
• Natural ventilation is often not adequate for maintaining the required air quality
in basement hence mechanical ventilation systems are used to take care of this
situation.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM:

• There are three kind of mechanical ventilation system -

A. Exhaust ventilation only, with a supply of replacement air by natural means
B. Input of air only, the exhaust air finding its ow way out of the ventilated space.
C. The balanced supply and extraction of air by an integrated system which is
called as the 'plenum system'
2. Mechanical ventilation will not provide the full environment control of the air
conditioner system; however, it is capable of meeting the basic ventilation needs.
• Modes of mechanical ventilation -
1. Plenum and exhaust
The placement of plenum and exhaust room should be at the opposite ends to
avoid the overlapping of ducts when the height if the basement is low
2. Size of plenum duct goes on reducing after every bay, vents are given at every
13m interval while exhaust ducts remain throughout
3. Duct size depends on the rpm of the fan and the area its serving
4. The vents of plenum and exhaust are staggered for better air circulation
5. Plenum duct is not provided where there is external wall.
• A centrifugal fan (also known as squirrel - cage fan) is a mechanical device for
moving. It is composed of a number of fan or mounted around a hub. The hub
turns on air that passes through the fan housing. The gas enters from the side of
the fan blades and exits the fan hosing.
Centrifugal fans can generate pressure forces in the gas stream accordingly. They
are also common in central heating/cooling systems.
• Fan components -
The major components of a typical centrifugal fan include the fan wheel. Fan
housing, drive mechanism. And inlet and/or outlet
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM:

• Broadly two systems are generally used;

1. Ducted mechanical extract system.
2. Impulse system and/or induction system

DUCTED MECHANICAL EXTRACT SYSTEM:

• These use sheet metal ductwork to transport the fumes or smoke being extracted
to the external atmosphere.
• The ducts must be evenly distributed around the car park and also drop to low
levels to provide the low-level extract points.
• Accommodating large ducts can be problematic due to the low headroom in most
car parks; low level ducts can be subject to damage from vehicles.
• Full capacity of fans has to be operated irrespective of smoke level or co
concentration. Fresh air inlets are either the ventilators or the shaft opening
above ground level.
IMPULSE SYSTEM OF EXHAUST:

• A series of jet fans and exhaust fans are used in ductless ventilation systems for
the removal of exhaust.
• The jet fans provide a high velocity to the gas stream entering into it and pass it
onto the next exhaust or jet fan which then releases the gas stream to the outside
surrounding while also replacing it with fresh air from outside.

ADVANTAGES OF DUCTLESS VENTILATION SYSTEMS:

• The first and foremost advantage that these systems have over ducted
ones is that due to the lack of ducts, it is extremely to install ductless
systems in car parking spaces.
• The time and cost taken for the installation is also considerably lower.
 • With the absence of ducts, the weight of the installation is also less. The jet
fans are made of lightweight; less density corrosion resistant aluminium
and the outer casting is made up of stainless steel.
• The overall height of the basement gets restricted due to the installation
height of the ducts and then the parking space is also convenient for small
and medium cars and larger cars do not fit in. Whereas with ductless
systems, one does have to face such issues.
• The jet fans in ductless systems are synced with co2 detectors and they
automatically adjust themselves to work according to the co2 level in the
parking space. Whereas in ducted systems, the fresh air and exhaust fans
would be required to work all day leading to more energy consumption.
• The jet, impulse or induction fans are designed to have a characteristic
thrust that ensures
• A relatively even distribution of air.
• The jet fans can be worked in single or in both directions, according to the
requirement.

COMPONENTS - DUCTLESS VENTILATION SYSTEM

1. Axial fans
2. Jet fans
3. Sensors
4. Control panel
5. Communication cabling
6. Cfd analysis
PURPOSE OF SMOKE CONTROL

• Clear the smoke after fire has occurred

• To create smoke free access point for firefighters

PLACEMENT OF JET FANS

• A common size axial jet fan creates 25n thrust

• 25n thrust could cover 300sqmt area
• The distance between 2 jet fans should be 25mt

PLACEMENT OF SENSORS

• Range of one sensor is around 500sqmtr

• The sensor should be installed above 1,8mtr to avoid vandalism

NEED OF CFD ANALYSIS

• To optimize the number and placement of fans

• Simulate the space in normal and fore mode
• Determine the visibility, smoke and temperature throughout the space

CONTAMINATE LEVEL - CO

• Nbc- 25ppm
• ASHRAE - 35ppm for 1 hr
• Most international standard use 35ppm as low level to balance cost and safety

CONTROL SEQUENCE

• 0ppm - only supply and exhaust fan ON (if required to maintain minimum
ACPH)
• CO > 15ppm - supply and exhaust fan ON
• 15<CO<35 ppm - select jet fans ON
• CO> 35ppm - all jet fans ON
• CO > 100 ppm - all fans on high speed (fire mode)

PRODUCT REQUIREMENT -

• High temperature fans and cabling required

• In India fire rating is 250deg Celsius to 300 deg Celsius

REQUIRED AIR CHANGES PER HOUR (ACPH)

• Nbc 2005 - 9 to 12 ACPH under normal operation, 30ACPH in fire mode

• MMRDA standard - 15 ACPH in normal mode, 30 ACPH in fire mode
• NBC2016 - 6ACPH under normal operation, 12ACPH in fire mode
BOQS

• As per NBC 2005 - 12ACPH and 18ACPH are considered

• As per NBC 2016 - 6 ACPH and 12ACPH are considered.

ACCESS TO BASEMENT:

• Vehicular access to basement from and to ground level and people access to
basement from and to ground level and upper storey of the building needs to be
given elaborate consideration for aspects of 'ease' and 'safety".
• Vehicular access from ground level to basement level is generally through a ramp
with appropriate gradient (1:10 is acceptable. 1:12 is comfortable and in
exceptional cases and for a short length 1:8 is permitted.)
• And preferably in straight lengths.
• If the ramp is with turn i.e., circular ramp or 'l' or 'c" shaped then the bents
should have proper turning radius as per the vehicles expected to access the
basement.
• Vehicle access to parking areas can be via:
1. External ramps
2. Internal ramps
3. End or centre ramps, or a combination
4. Vehicle lifts, mechanical parking systems
• With the advent of mechanical parking system, in certain cases elaborate
provision of access ramps can be altogether avoided.
• Similarly, vehicle circulation can be organized by:
1. Combined or separate entry/exit
2. One-way or two-way traffic
• Parking layout of the basement should be such that it is easy for wayfinding,
entry and exit are Clearly marked and on the main vehicular driveway while the
secondary driveways give access to the individual parking spaces.

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS:

• Pedestrian access to the basement from the ground level and upper floors should
be through staircases, ramps and elevators.
• Separate staircase should be provided from ground floor to basement and the
staircase giving access to upper floors should be discontinued on the ground
floor.
• Fire escape staircases should not be continued in the basement.
• The staircase in the basement should be enclosed in the lobby.
• Elevators of required numbers may continue in the basement and should have an
enclosed lobby.
• Separate pedestrian ramps from ground level to basement level are generally not
desirable unless justified by the specific use of the basement.
• Staircase bays are continuities of the space connected to upper floors.
• Care must be taken that they become the inlet of fresh air instead of places from
where polluted air or exhaust gases enter the upper floors.
• For this reason, basement (or at least the enclosed staircase lobbies at basement
level) should have mechanical exhaust which creates and maintains a negative
pressure at the basement levels.

Other important features of basement design are;

1. Appropriate lighting
2. Fire detection and firefighting installations.
3. Surface water drainage
4. Signage for easy way finding
5. Ventilation of Non-Industrial Buildings

VENTILATION IN NON-INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:

• Due to stack effect, unless there is a significant internal load, could be neglected,
except in cold regions, and wind action may be assumed to be predominant.
• In hot dry regions, the main problem in summer is to provide protection from
sun’s heat so as to keep the indoor temperature lower than those outside under
the sun. For this purpose, windows and other openings are generally kept closed
during day time and only minimum ventilation is provided for the control of
odours or for removal of products of combustion.
• In warm humid regions, the problem in the design of non-industrial buildings is
to provide free passage of air to keep the indoor temperature as near to those
outside in the shade as possible, and for this purpose the buildings are oriented
to face the direction of prevailing winds and windows and other openings are
kept open on both windward and leeward sides.
• In winter months in cold regions, the windows and other openings are generally
kept shut, particularly during night; and ventilation necessary for the control of
odours and for the removal of products of combustion can be achieved either by
stack action or by some infiltration of outside air due to wind action.

JET FANS:

• The number and location of fans are carefully chosen to match the system design
requirements and to ensure that there are no dead spots (where there is no
airflow) for fumes and smoke to stagnate and collect.
• In addition to the space saving as well as dead spots are prevented jet fan
systems have other advantages over traditional ducted systems.
• Energy saving Jet fan systems are often combined with CO detection to initiate
them for CO control and these can ensure that fans are precisely controlled to
dilute pollution without fans running unnecessarily with large potential energy
savings.
• Low noise Because the main extract fans are relatively smaller and for CO control
run at lower speeds than a traditional system the noise generated is considerably
lower. Low-cost Jet fan systems cost less than a comparable ducted system.

• Technology and material Jet fan JET Fans are available in many versions
according to its sizes. (Two fan sizes, 315mm and 400mm diameter, with overall
depths of 335mm and 365mm).
• The casing for all of these products is made of galvanised sheet steel and noise
suppressors integrated on both sides. The impeller wheel usually is made of
pressure die-cast Aluminium The centrifugal impeller is made of sheet steel,
welded and coat

OPERATION OF JET:

• Fan the Jet fan can be used for partial smoke extraction, ventilation or even in
case of Fire.
• In normal day-to-day operation, the Jet fans are controlled by the CO system – in
accordance with the concentration threshold setting.
• In this way, carbon monoxide- contaminated air is extracted from the car park.
• This takes place with either just a few Jet fans operating at a low speed, or with
all system components operating at a higher output level, depending on the
concentration in the air.
• The recommendation is that the system should provide 6 air changes per hour
(ACH) for day-to-day ventilation on all levels and 10 ACH on the fire floor in the
event of a fire.

SMOKE EXTRACTION:

• The Jet fan smoke extraction system in the event of smoke needing to be
extracted, the Jet fans are immediately activated at maximum speed by smoke
detectors, regardless of the CO system setting, in order to extract smoke from the
area of the fire.
• The central ventilation shafts are switched to full power at the same time.
• A significant advantage of the Jet fan smoke extraction system lies in the fact that
smoke can be partially extracted from the immediate area of the fire.
• In other words, the Jet fans can be used to control smoke levels as well. This
avoids the costly process of dividing a car park up into separate sections to
reduce the spread of fire.
• Examples of Fans for induction systems:

Jet thrust fan, jet fan, jet vent fan or impulse fan: An axial flow fan mounted within
an inlet and outlet cylindrical silencer. Jet fans can provide up to 50N of thrust.
Suitable for most small to medium sized car parks.

Induction fan: A centrifugal fan with an air inlet positioned beneath the body of the
fan and discharging through a reduced size opening, induction fans can provide up
to 100N of thrust. Suitable for medium to large car parks,

INSTALLATION OF JET FANS:

Ceiling features to make the system more effective, position Jet Vent Fans in-line
with supporting ceiling beams. If this is not possible, the system becomes less
effective and more fans may be needed.
• Vertical clearance Sufficient vertical clearance ensures maximum flexibility in
system design. Jet Vent Fans may be recessed between ceiling beams to minimise
the height of the system.

• Obstructions If there is no option and the Jet Vent Fans must blow across ceiling
beams, have to be positioned a sufficient distance away from the obstruction as
illustrated A horizontal distance eight times (8x) the height of the obstruction is
generally sufficient. Nozzles on the Jet Vent units are specially designed and
angled downwards for this purpose.

• Clashes with other services Place mechanical service components, such as

sprinklers, signs and pipework out of the Jet Vent’s discharge pattern area.

• Fans placed in series as shown at table below, the maximum and recommended
spacings between Jet Vent Fans for different levels of fan thrust. These spacing
distances are guidelines for fans placed in series. When using these spacings.
Analysis will determine whether this is achieved in a particular car park design.
In some ideal cases, designs using the maximum distances have been effective.