Assignment#1

Mechanics of Materials-II

Submitted By:
Muhammad Abubakar
Registration Number: 2016-ME-57
Section: B
Submitted To:
Engr. Rehmat Bashir

Date: 26-01-2018

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Table of Contents:
Stress 3
Types of Stresses 3
Normal Stress 3
Tensile Stress 4
Compressive Stress 4
Shear Stress 4
Other Types 5
Bending Stress 5
Torsional Stress 5
Thermal Stress 6
Hoop and Axial Stress6
Most Dangerous Stress 7
Mean value Theorem 7
References 8

Table of Illustrations:
Figure 1: Normal stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section 3
Figure 2: Tensile stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section 4
Figure 3: Compressive stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section 4
Figure 4: Shear stress on a cube turning it into parallelepiped 5
Figure 5: Bending stresses in a simply supported beam 5
Figure 6: Torsional stress in a shaft subjected to torsion 6
Figure 7: Cases of thermal stresses and strains 6
Figure 8: Hoop and axial stress in a cylindrical pressure vessels 7
Figure 9: Mean Value theorem 7

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Stress:
When a force is applied on a body, the body develops an internal resistance to
that force. The applied force is called load and internal resistance to that load per unit
area is called stress.
It is denoted by σ.
σ=F / A ------------------------------------------------- (1)
It has units of N/m2

Types of Stress:
There are mainly two types of stress.
1. Normal stress
2. Shear stress

1. Normal stress:
The stress which acts perpendicular to the area is called
normal stress. It is denoted by σ. It is given by

σ=F / A ------------------------------------------------- (2)

Normal stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section is shown in fig.1.[1]

Figure 7: Normal stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section

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Types of Normal stress:
There are two types of normal stresses:
1. Tensile stress
2. Compressive stress

1. Tensile stress:
When a load is applied in such a way that it tends to increase
the length of the body, the internal resistance to this load is called tensile stress.
[2] Tensile stress is shown in fig.2.

Figure 8: Tensile stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section

2. Compressive stress:
When load is applied on a body in such a way that it
tends to decrease the length of it, the internal resistance to this load is called
compressive stress. Compressive stress is shown in fig.3.

Figure 9: Compressive stress in straight bar of uniform cross-section

2. Shear stress:
The internal resistance of body to load which acts
tangentially to the surface is called shear stress. It is shown in fig.4.

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 Figure 10: Shear stress on a cube turning it into parallelepiped

Other types:
1. Bending stress:
When load is applied on body such as beam in such a way
that it tends to bend it, a neutral surface exists in the body. The upper surface of
the body at which load is applied is in compression and offers compressional
bending stress while the lower surface is in tension and offers tensile bending
stress. The stress at neutral surface is zero. The bending stress is shown in fig.5.

Figure 11: Bending stresses in a simply supported beam

2. Torsional Stress:
When a shaft is twisted, the stresses developed in it are
called torsional stress. These stresses are perpendicular to the radius.[3].
Torsional stress is denoted by Ƭ and is shown in fig.6.[4]

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 Figure 12: Torsional stress in a shaft subjected to torsion

3. Thermal stress:
Theses stresses are caused by temperature differences.
When a rod is heated, it expands and when cooled, it contracts. In these cases,
no stresses are generated. When the motion is restricted, the thermal stresses
are generates. These types of stresses can cause severe damage to material
and can cause plastic deformations such as expansion, contraction, etc.[5]
Different cases of thermal stresses and strains are shown in fig.7.

Figure 7: Cases of thermal stresses and strains

4. Hoop stress and Axial stress:

The stress which acts along the circumference of a circular
shape like cylinder, sphere, etc. are called hoop stress. This stress is shear in
nature and tends to tear off the body in radial direction. The stresses opposite to
hoop stresses are axial stresses which act along the length of body. These
stresses are shown in fig.8.[6]

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 Figure 8: Hoop and axial stress in a cylindrical pressure vessels

Most dangerous stress:

Stress depends upon nature, geometry and type of
material on which it is acting. We cannot say that particular stress is most
dangerous. As material fail due to stress acting on it, so this failure depends
upon magnitude and direction of stress and time duration for which stress is
acting. For example, for brittle materials, shear stress is most dangerous and for
ductile materials, tensile stress is most dangerous. Similarly, hoop stress is major
cause of failure in cylindrical objects. Beams usually experience bending so
bending stress is most dangerous for them.

Mean Value theorem:

Let f(x) be differential in (a, b) and continuous in [a, b] then
there is at least one point c in (a, b) such that [7]

f‘(c)=f(b)-f(a)/(b-a)

Figure 9: Mean Value theorem

References:

1. wikipidea. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org.

2. Tensile stress. Available from: https://www.corrosionpedia.com.

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3. Zahid-ul-islam. Torsional Stress. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net.
4. R.C.Hibbler, Mechanics of Materials. 9th ed. 2014.
5. Wikipedia. Thermal stress. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org.
6. Hoop stress. Available from: https://www.quora.com.
7. Mean Vaue Theorem. Available from: http://mathworld.wolfram.com.