Chapter 2: Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment
Important thinkers of the Enlightenment
John Locke (1632-1704)
Voltaire (1696-1778)
Voltaire's Wit
Rousseau (1712-1778)
Rousseau's political ideas
Motesquieu (1689-1755)
The Principle of the Seperation of Powers
The Enlightened despots
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Foreign Policies
Domestic Policies
Peter the Grea of Russia
Catherine the Great of Russia
Maria Theresa of Austria
Joseph II of Austria
Science and Medicine
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton
Newton's Discovery
William Harvery
Edward Jenner
Arts

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 Architecture
Painting
Peter Paul Rubens
Thomas Gainsborough
William Hogarth
Francisco de Goya
Rembrandt
Literature
Moliere
Voltaire
Jonathan Swift
Edward Gibbon
Music
Johann Sebastian Bach
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The Enlightenment
What was the enlightenment?
a movement which developed in the 17th and 18th centuries

What does enlightenment mean?

freedom from ignorance and superstition

What happened during reformation?

Martin Luther openly criticized the Roman Catholic Church. He was an outstanding
figure of the reformation

What did the thinkers begin to do during the age of Enlightenment?

they began to question accepted beliefs, particularly religious beliefs

believed that liberty, equality, and human rights should exist for everyone and
questioned the diea of absolute government

no longer believed in miracles

believed that reason and science should solve most human problems

What did the idea of enlightenment help to do?

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 it helped to overthrow governments

What did enlightenment grow out of?

It was not a completely new movement. Instead, it grew out of other movements
which changed people's thinking

What would have happened without the rich middle class?

Science would not have developed fast

What did the enlightended despots do?

makes reforms to improve people's lives

Important thinkers of the Enlightenment

John Locke (1632-1704)
Who was John Locke?

An English philosopher

What did he believe?

he believed man had a natural right to life, libery, and property

he was against any form of absolute government

he did not believe kings had a divine right to rule

he siad governments should rule according to the wishes of the people

he believed the people had the right to unchange their government if it was
unjust

Voltaire (1696-1778)
Who was Voltaire?
Voltaire was a French philosopher and writer

What was Voltaire famous for?

He is famous for his ideas on individual liberty.

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 What did Voltaire believe in?

had equal rights to libery, property, and the protection of the law

should be free to choose their religion

should be free to say what they believed without fear

should be able to publish what they wished

What did Voltaire reply with when someone questioned his ideas?

'I do not agree with a word you say, but I shall defend to the death your right to say
it.

Voltaire's Wit
What did Voltaire say when the king got rid of some horses to save money?

Voltaire said it would have been better to get rid of some of the asses at court (Ass
as in donkey but also means a stupid person)

Rousseau (1712-1778)
Who is Rousseau?

Jean Jacques Rousseau was a french philosopher

What did Rousseau believe?

reason was important but not the answer to everything

society was orrup. People should go back to simpler way of life. They should
return to nature

Rousseau's political ideas

In which book did Rousseau write his political ideas in?

The Social Contract

What is the famous statement that the book starts with?

'Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains'

What was the social contract?

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 Man's relationship with the state

What did this mean?

every citizen should give up his individual rights and accept the wishes of the
majority

the wishes of the majority are expressed through the state. They are carried out
by the government

if the government does not carryo ut the wishes of the majority, the people have
the right to overthrow it and set up a new government

Motesquieu (1689-1755)
Who was Montesquieu?
a french philosopher

What did he believe in?

if a monarch had absolute power, his government might be cruel and unjust

government should be shared by people with different interests (such as

landowners and businessmen)

the english Parliamentary system was a good model

What did he also belive in?

Montesquieu also believed in hte seperation of powers

What did Montesquieu say in his book?

He said there should be seperation of:

legislative power (which makes law)

executive power (which carries out the laws)

the judicial power (which decided when the laws have been broken)

What will happen if these powers all belonged to one monarch or

government

There will be tyranny

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 The Principle of the Seperation of Powers
What did Montesquieu say about the principle of the seperation of powers?

"When the power of making laws and the power of enforcing them belong to the
same person, or the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty, because
fears may arise that the monarch of magistrate will make laws and enforce them in
a tyrannical way. There is no liberty if the power of judging is not seperated from the
legislative and executive powers"

What did the political ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers help to do?

They helped to bring about revolution in America and France. Today, many
governments follow the principle of seperation of powers

The Enlightened despots

What did the new ways of thinking do?

Influecne the thinking of absolute rulers of many european countries.

What did these rulers become?

Enlightened despots

What did the Enlightened despots have?

They had absolute power. They used this power to make reforms and improve
people's lives.

Some enlightened despots

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia

Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Who was Frederick the Great of Prussia?

Freredrick II who rued the German state of Prussia from 1740-1786

What became of Prussia during his reign?

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 it became very powerful

What did Frederick do when he was young?

He read the books of French thinkers

Why did he quarrel with his Father?

His father was angry that his son preferred reading and music to hunting and
learning about war

What did Frederick proove when he became the ruler

Thtat he could govern Prussia well

What did Frederick call himself?

The first servant of the state

Foreign Policies
What was Frederick?

A great miliary leader

What was Frederick's miliatry like?

It was well-trained and well-armed. Discipline was strict. His army won many
victories

What did Frederick conquer?

much new land including Silesia and part of Poland

What did Frederick's army do in the seven years war?

In the seven years war (1756-63) Frederick's army defeated the armies of France,
Austria, and Russia

What did Prussia become?

one of the greatest states of europe

What was the cost of Frederick's wars?

They were expensive and killed many people

What did Frederick encourage during the end of his reign

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 He encouraged trade, industry, and agrisulture to try to repair the damage caused
by war

Domestic Policies
What did Frederick try to be?
A fair and just ruler

His policies

he stopped torture

made many legal reforms

built new schools, roads, and canals

started new industries

people could choose their own religion

What state was Prussia?

A protestant state, but catholics could worship freely

What happened to peasants during Frederick's reign?

They were not benefited much. Most were serfs and still belonged to nobles.

Why did Frederick not want to free those serfs?

Because he was afraid that he would loose the support of the nobles

What was Frederick?

A despot who ruled as he wished but he was enlightened. His reforms improved his
country and did not end the feudal system

Peter the Grea of Russia

Who was Peter the Great?

the emeperor (or Czar) of Russia from 1682 to 1725. He was an absolute-
enlightened ruler

What did Peter believe?

THat russia should learn from the western europe to become a great power

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 What did he do?

He went to holland to study shipbuilding

he learned about industry and commerce in England

he sent many young russians to europe to study

he brough workmen, engineers, and sailors from western europe to teach his
people

What did he move his capital from?

Moscow to St Petersburg (now Leningrad), the city he built on the gulf of Finland

What was the city of St Petersburg built like?

in the french style.

What became the language of the court

French

What did Petersburg become?

the home of the Czars until Russian Revolution in 1917

What did Peter try to do?

he tried to change the people

What did he think of long beards?

that it was the sign of backwardness. So he cut off the nobles' beards

What did he order his people to do?

to stop wearing long Eastern-style coats and made them wear European style
clothes instead

Peter's weak points?

Not everything that Peter did was wise. He wasted money on wars and killed
thousands of his opponents

Catherine the Great of Russia

Who was Catherine the Great

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 She was the Czarina of Russia from 1762-1796. Catherin was an absolute ruler

What did she believe in?

That Russia should be ruled by one monarch with complete power, however, she
was enlightened

What did Catherine do?

She read many books of French thinkers and intrdocuded by reforms. She improved
hospitals and education. Catherine also encouraged teachers to come to Russia
from Holland and England. They tuaght new methods of agriculture and industry

What happened to the serfs?

The lives of the serfs weren't imrpoved as Russia still had a feudal system and
Catherine could not free the serfs because she did not want to loose the support of
the nobles

What happened to Russia?

It became stronger and more modern

Maria Theresa of Austria

Who was Maria Theresa?
Maria Theresa was the absolute ruler of Austria from 1740-1780. She was
influenced by the ideas of the enlightenment

What did Maria Theresa do?

She built many new schools and tried to help the serfs

Joseph II of Austria
Who was Joseph II of Austria

The son of Maria Therea who ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790

What did Joseph do?

He was an absolute ruler but adopted many ideas of the Enlightenment

he gave his people freedom of worship

he abolished the torture and death penalty

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 he freed the serfs and allowed them to own the land they lived on

What happened to Joseph and the nobles

He became very unpopular with the nobles and churchmen. They did not like his
reforms

What did the nobles and churchmen do?

They revolted several times in the last years of his reing

What happened when Joseph died?

many of his reforms were abolished

Science and Medicine

What was the age of enlightenment for science
a period of great scientific progress

What did the use of reason lead to?

the development of a scientific method

What did the development of the scientific method lead to?

discoveries in science and medicine

Francis Bacon
What did Francis Bacon do?
He was an Englishman who developed a new scientific method

What did Francis Bacon believe in?

testing ideas by exeriment which would show whether the ideas were true or not

What happened to this scientific method?

it became widely used in Europe

Isaac Newton
Who was Isaac Newton?

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 Isaac Newton, from England, was one of the msot famous scientists and
mathematiciasn of the time

What did Newton discover?

the law of gravity

made several discoveries about lifht

invented a new kind of telescope

Newton's Discovery
How did Newton decide about gravity?
One day he was sitting underneath an apple tree. He saw an apple fall in the
ground and asked himself why it fell downwards insead of sideways or upwards. He
concluded that there must be a force pulling it down to the ground, that force or
power being gravity

William Harvery
What did William Harvey discover?
he discovered how blood circulates round the body

Edward Jenner
What was found during the 18th century?

new ways of preventing diseases were found

What did Edward Jenner find?

he foudn a way to fight small pox

Arts
Who else did the idea of Enlightenment influence?
writers and artists

What forms of art were developed during the age of Enlightenment?

news styles of architecture, painting, music, and literature

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 Architecture
What was the most popular architecture style during the 17th Century

the baroque style

What was the baroque style like?

The buildings were large and had extravagant decoration, domes, and columns

Examples of Baroque style

The Palace of Versailles

Who was Giovanni Bernini

An Italian architect who designed the square in front of St Peter's church in rome

Who was Sir Christopher Wren?

an Englishman who designed St Paul's cathedral in London

What styled buildings were constructed at this time?

Many baroque style buildings were constructed at this time and they still can be
seen in the capital cities of western europe

What appeared in the 18th century

the rococo style

Where did rococo style begin?

in France

What was the rococo style like?

buildings had flower scrolls and large windows

Difference between baroque and rococo

Rococo was lighter and more delicate than baroque. It could be sued for smaller
buildings

Example of rococo style

Queluz, an 18th century palace in Lisbon

Painting

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 Peter Paul Rubens
Who was Peter Paul Rubens?
an artist from Hollan

What was Rubens famous for?

his freedom of technique and the use of rich colors

Rubens painting

Helena Fourment with her son Francis

Thomas Gainsborough
Who was Thomas Gainsborough
an Englishman who painted graceful portraits

Gainsborough's painting
The Blue boy

William Hogarth
Who was William Hogarth
an Englishman

What did he paint

realistic pictures of life

Francisco de Goya
Who was Francisco de Goya
a spanish artist

What did he paint

realistic pictures of life

Rembrandt
Who was Rembrandt

A dutchman

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 What did he use?
light and shade skillfully

Literature
What did writers use during this time?
they used humor to to criticize religious and political attitudes of the period

Moliere
Who was Moliere?
a french playwright

What did Moliere write?

he wrote witty plays which made fun of man's weaknesses

What was the principle on which Molier wrote his plays?

'No truth without comedy, no comedy without truth'

Voltaire
What did Voltaire write during this time?
his most famouse book Candide in 1760

What was Candide about?

it described the travels of a young man named Candide. It shoed the injustices and
prejudices of the age, written in a form of satire

Jonathan Swift
Who was Jonathan Swift
An English writer who was one of the greatest Satirist of the enlightenment

Jonathan's book
One of his most famous book was Guliver's Travels where humor was used to make
fun of political and religious leaders and to attack the corruption of the church

Edward Gibbon

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 Who was Edward Gibbon
an english writer and the first great modern Historian

What did he believe in

He believed history should be studied scientifically and that all facts should be
checked carefully

What did he write

He took 12 years to write The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire which is one fo
the most important works of 18th century

Music
What happened to music during the age of enlightenment
The organ and violin were improved.The piano was invented. Great composers
arrived

Johann Sebastian Bach

Who was Bach
a german composer who wrote music

What was Bach's music like?

it was typical of the age of enlightenment- orderly and mathematical

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Who was Mozart
an Austrian composer who best represented the music of the period. He was the
musical genius of the 18th century

When did Mozart start composing?

When he was five

When did he first play in public?

When he was six

When did he first publish his music?

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 When he was seven

When did he die?

at the age of 35

His famous operas

The Marriage of Figaro and The magic Flute

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