SCIENCE

Class 10

BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, RAJASTHAN, AJMER

 Text Book Writing Committee
Book - Science
Class - 10

Convener and Author

Dr. Manoj Kumar Yadav

Associate Professor
Department of Botany
Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan
Government College, Ajmer

Authors

Dr. Hari Shankar Sharma Dr. Vivek Mandot

Associate Professor Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry Department of Physics
Government College, Kota V.K.B. Government Girl’s College,
Dungarpur
Dr. Abhisek Vashishtha Dr. Manisha Maheshwari
Assistant Professor Lecturer in Chemistry
Department of Microbiology Government Sr. Sec. School,
Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Pratapnagar, Bhilwara
Bikaner
Dr. Narendra Choudhary
Lecturer in Biology
Government Sr. Sec. School,
Banar, Jodhpur
 Text Book Syllabus Committee
Book - Science
Class - 10

Convener : Pro. Madhur Mohan Ranga

Department of Environmental Science
Sarguja University, Ambikapur (Chhatisgarh)

Members : 1. Shri Dinesh Chand Sharma, Principal

Govt. Adarsh Sr. Sec. School, Kanch Roli
Teh. Hindon, Karoli

2. Shri Vishnu Prasad Chaturvedi

Retired Principal
2, Tilak Nagar, Pali

3. Shri Abhaya Singh Rathore, S.D.I.

Divisional Sanskrit Education Office, Udaipur

4. Shri Ajay Kumar Sharma, Sr. Teacher

Government Sr. Sec. School, Surwal, Sawai Madhopur

5. Mrs. Indira Sharma, Sr. Teacher

Govt. Sr. Sec. School, Balchandpada , Bundi

6. Shri Ambika Prasad Tiwari, Sr. Teacher

Govt. Sec. School, Dakatara, Jalore
 Foreword

For students, textbook is the basis of sequential studies, confirmation,

review and future studies. The level of school text book becomes very important
from the content and teaching - method's perspective. Text-books should not be
made insentient or to glorify things. Even today text-books are an important
instrument of teaching-learning process, which cannot be ignored.
For the last few years the syllabus of Board of Secondary Education,
Rajasthan was felt to be lacking in representation of linguistic and cultural
events of Rajasthan. Keeping this in view the state government decided to
implement its syllabus through Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, for
the students of class 9-12. In accordance to this, Board, has got assembled the
text-books for classes 9 to 11 from the session 2016-17 based on the set syllabus.
Hope these text books will be instrumental in providing the students with
originality of thought process, contemplation and expression.

Prof. B.L. Choudhary

Chairman
Board of Secondary Education Rajasthan
Ajmer
 Preface

This text-book of science for class X of Board of Secondary Education

Rajasthan has been written for the creative learning of the students.
According to the syllabus, twenty chapters have been compiled in this
text-book. Recent information has been incorporated at relevant points which
will enhance the utility and content of the text book.
In the text-book information regarding food, human health, genetics,
blood groups, chemistry in everyday life, atomic theory, light, electric current,
natural resources, economic importance of plants and animals, biodiversity and
its conservation etc., have been incorporated.
Important points have been outlined at the end of each chapter which will
help students while studying. From examination preparation point of view,
objective type questions, very short type, short type and essay type questions
have been included.
The technical words have been used in the text in accordance with the
standard dictionaries. Figures, charts and tables have been used in the text-book,
as per the need. The sequentiality of content has been maintained in the text.
Efforts have been made to maintain the level according to the students of
class X.
Suggestions are invited from intellectuals, authors and teachers. Despite
all efforts, some errors may have persisted in the present text. The suggestions of
readers are welcomed in this aspect too. Your suggestions will go a long-way in
the betterment of the present text.

Convener
 CONTENTS

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.No. Chapter Page No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Food and Human Health 1-8
2. Human System 9-33
3. Genetics 34-40
4. Immunity and Blood Groups 41-51
5. Chemistry in Everyday Life 52-60
6. Chemical Reaction and Catalyst 61-72
7. Atomic theory, Periodic Classification and 73-86
Properties of Elements
8. Carbon and its Compounds 87-104
9. Light 105-131
10. Electric Current 132-146
11. Work, Energy and Power 147-165
12. Main Natural Resources 166-176
13. Waste and its Management 177-183
14. Economic Importance of Plants and Animals 184-193
15. Structure of the Earth 194-202
16. Universe and Organic Evolution 203-214
17. Search of Life Outside the Earth 215-223
18. Indian Scientists : Biography and Achievements 224-230
19. Biodiversity and Its Conservation 231-241
20. Road Safety Education 242-247
Glossary 248-254
1.1

1.1.1
1.2.1

1.2.2
1.3
1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.4
 1.4

1.3.5

1.3.6
34
Tt ´tt

F2
 CaSO 4 .2H 2 O, K 2SO 4 .Al2 (SO 4 )3 .24H 2 O

HCl (aq) ® H + (aq) +Cl- (aq)

 H + (aq) +OH - (aq) ® H 2 O

OH -
H+
OH - was

( )

HA + B ® A- + HB+
Acid Base Conjugate Conjugate
base acid
CH 3COOH, H 2CO 3

KOH (aq) ® K + (aq) +OH - (aq) (B-HB+)

Eg-
H 2 O+NH 3 ƒ NH 4 + (aq) +OH -(aq)

(OH - ) (NH3)

(NH +4 )
(NH +4 -NH3 )
(H 2O-OH -)
H+

NH 4OH, Mg(OH) 2 HCl(aq) +H 2 O ƒ Cl-(aq) +H 3O + (aq)

H+ OH -
CO 2 ,SO2,BF3
 [H + ]
[OH - ] 1×10-7 mol/litre

(CaCO3 )

(AgNO3 )

(K 2SO 4 .Al2 (SO 4 )3 .24H 2 O) OH -

H+
OH -

pH = - log10 [H + ]
H+ [Mg(OH)2 ]

[ H 3O + ]

pH = - log10 [H 3O + ]
[H + ]
 2NaCl(aq.) +2H 2 O ® 2NaOH (aq) +Cl2(aq) +H 2(g)

(MgCl2 ), Ca(OH 2 ) + Cl2 ® CaOCl2 + H 2 O

(CaCl2 ).

Cl2 +H 2 O ® 2HCl+[O]Atomic oxygen

NaOH, Na 2 CO3 ,NaHCO3 ,
 D
2 NaHCO3 ¾¾ ® Na 2 CO3 +H 2 O+CO 2 ­
Crystallization
Na 2 CO3 +10H 2 O ¾¾¾¾¾ ® Na 2 CO3 .10H 2 O

(NaHCO3 )

CO 2

NaCl+H 2 O+CO 2 +NH 3 ® NH 4 Cl+NaHCO3

Na 2 CO3 +CO 2 +H 2 O ® 2NaHCO3

393 K
2CaSO 4 2H 2 O ¾¾¾ ® 2CaSO 4 . 1 2 H 2 O+3H 2 O
Heat
2NaHCO3 ¾¾¾ ® Na 2 CO3 +H 2 O+CO 2 ­

(Na 2 CO3 . 10H 2 O)

 Ca +2 and Mg +2

CH2 COOR CH2 OH

CH C OOR + 3 NaOH 3RCOONa + CH OH

CH2COOR soap CH2 OH

higher fa y acids glycerol

C17 H 35COONa ® C17 H 35COO- +Na +

COO
 [H 2 O] [OH - ]
[H + ] [Na + ]

OH -

used-

[H + ] NaHCO3 NaCl
CaSO 4 . 12 H 2 O Na 2 CO3 . 10H 2 O

NaCl,NaHCO3 ,Na 2 CO3 .10H 2 O, H2 O2

1 Cl2 CO 2
CaOCl2 ,CaSO 4 . H 2 O
2
 6.1.3

6.1

6.1.1

colling water (H2O) Heat Vahour(H 2O)

liquid state gaseous state
Hea ng
condensa on
ice (H 2O) solid
state

6.2
6.1.2

Carbon + oxygen ¾¾
® Carbon dioxide
C + O2 ¾¾
® CO 2
6.2.1

N2 (g) +3H 2 (g)

ˆˆˆˆˆˆ
773k/200atm
‡ˆˆˆˆˆ †
ˆ 2NH 3 (g)

V
N 2 +3H 2 ¾¾
® 2NH 3 +10.5 Kcal/mole
N 2 +2O 2 ¾¾
® 2NO 2 -21.6 Kcal/mole

CH2 CH3
II I
CH2 (g) + H2 (g) Ni CH3
ethe ne ethane
 6.3.1

6.3 A + B AB

C(s) + O 2(g) ¾¾® CO 2(g)

12 (2 ´16) (12 + 2 ´16)
12 + 32 12 + 32
44 44
 Blue colour Blue colour disappear
Decreasing order of reactivity

AB + CD AD + CB

Sulphate ions (SO ) of copper sulphate

4
-2

displaces hydroxide ions (OH )of sodium hydroxide

-

and as a result ,copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2 ] and

 6.3.5

light (hv)
2HBr ¾¾¾¾ ® H2 + Br2 -
Hydrogen Bromide Hydrogen Bromine
6.3.4

NaOH+HCl ® NaCl+ H 2 O
(10-10 s )

AgNO3 +HCl ® AgCl +HNO3

white ppt

10-12

ƒ
ˆˆˆ†
(1)
A+ B ‡ˆˆ
(2) ˆ
C+ D

4Fe+3O 2 +6H 2 O ® 2Fe 2 O3 .3H 2 O

(2) C+D ® A+B

D ® 2KCl+O
2 KClO3 ¾¾ 2

CH 3COOH+C2 H 5OH ® CH 3COOC2 H 5 +H 2 O

Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl acetate
 2H 2S+O 2 ® 2H 2 O+2S

ƒ (o)
CH 3CH 2 OH ¾¾ ® CH 3CHO+H 2
Ethanol Ethanal
H 2 O+H 2 CO3 ƒ H 3O + +HCO3-

H2
6.4

O2 H2 CH2 CH3
Ni
|| + H2 473 k/
|
CH2 100 atm CH3
Ethene Ethane

6.4.1 H 2 + Cl2 ¾¾
® 2 HCl

2Mg+O 2 ® 2 MgO
6.4.3
S+O 2 ® SO 2

6.4.2
Cl2 +Mg ® MgCl2
 CO 2

H+
OH - H+
-
e

e-
HCl+ NH 4 OH ¾¾
® NH 4 Cl+ H 2 O
e-
e-

(H + ) OH -
(OH )
-

CH 3COOH+NaOH ® CH 3COONa+NaOH
Acetic acid Sodium acetate

6.6

H+
OH -

H+ OH -

HCl+ NaOH ¾¾
® NaCl+ H 2 O
 C2 H 5OH
2CH Cl3 +O 2 ¾¾¾¾ ® 2COCl2 +2HCl
Chloroform Phosgene

CH 3 COO C2 H 5 + H 2 O ® CH 3 COOH+C2 H 5OH

6.6.2

MnO2
2KCl O3 ¾¾¾ ® 2KCl+3O 2
V
No
2SO 2 +O 2 ¾¾ ® 2SO3

Fe / Mo
N 2 +3H 2 ¾¾¾ ® 2NH 3
 Fe
N 2 +3H 2 ¾¾ ® 2NH 3
 ­
¯ ƒ

Zn+CuSO 4 ® ZnSO 4 +Cu

(iv) Fe 2 O3 +3CO ® 2Fe+3CO 2

 Deflected particles

Straight going
particles
particles

Positive
sphere

electrons

7.3

Arnest Rutherford

ray of a - Deflected
Maximum
particals particles
particles were
not deflected

Spherical
flouroscent
shield
Thin gold foil
Fig 7.2 Gold foil experiment of Rutherford
7.6
 Chapter -8
Carbon and Its Compounds

H Cl
H–C–H Cl – C – Cl
H Cl
Methane Carbon tetra chloride

D
(NH 4 )2 SO4 + 2KCNO ¾¾ ® 2NH 4 CNO + K 2SO 4
Potassium Amoniums
Ammonium
Sulphate
cyanate cyanate H
C=0
H

H-Cº N

O=C=O
 CH3
CH3
CH3– C – CH 2–– CH
CH3
CH3

H
C
H–C C–H
H–C C–H
C
H

–C–C– C=C –C=

–C–

H
H H
H C
C –– C – H
H
H C H H
H

H H
H – C –– C – H

H – C –– C – H
H H
 CH 4 CH 3 - CH - CH 3
|
(Methane ) CH 3
CH3OH CH 3 - CH 2 - OH
(Carbinol )

CH3COOH CH3
CH – CH2– COOH
(Acetic acid ) CH3
>C=C<
- C º C-

CH 3
< CH 3

-Br
-I
-F
- NO2
 H
|
H - C- H
|
H

H H
| |
C2 H 6 H - C- C- H
| |
H H

H H H
| | |
C3 H 8 H - C- C- C- H
| | |
H H H

H H H H
| | | |
C3 H 8 H - C- C- C- C- H
| | | |
H H H H

H
H H
H C
H C –– C – H
C4 H10 2-Methyl propane
H –C H H
H
¼vkblksC;qVsu½
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
CH3– CH 2– CH – CH – CH–2CH 3

CH2 CH3
CH3
 1 2 3 4
CH 2 = CH - CH = CH 2
HC º CH
(Acetylene )
T
 -11
-12
-112
-113

é ù
êCH 2 = CH - C = CH 2 ú Polymerisation é -CH 2 - CH = C - CH 2 ù
nê | ú ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê | ú
ê CH3 ú êë CH3 úû n
êë Isoprene úû Polyisoprene
(Nautral rubber )
 O O
n HO – C – O – C – OH + n HO – CH2– CH–2 OH

O O
–– C – O – C – O – CH2– CH–2 O –– + nHO2
n

Polymerization
® -[ - CH 2 - CH 2 -
nCH 2 = CH 2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ]n
Ethene Polythene
 æ CH 2 = CH ö Polymerization æ -CH 2 - CH - ö
nç | ÷ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ç | ÷
ç Cl ÷ ç Cl ÷
è ø è øn
Vinyl chloride Poly vinyl chloride

æ CH 2 = CH ö Polymerization æ -CH 2 - CH - ö
nç | ÷ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ç | ÷
ç CN ÷ ç CN ÷
è ø è øn
Vinyl Cyanide Poly vinyl cyanide
or or
Acrylo nitrile Poly acrylo nitrile (PAN)
(orlon)

æ CH 2 = CH ö Polymerization æ -CH 2 - CH - ö
nç | ÷ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ç | ÷
ç C H ÷ Peroxide ç C H ÷
è 6 5ø è 6 5 øn
Styrene Polystyrene
CH3
> C = CH 2
CH3
Chapter - 9
Light

Light rays

Image

Fig. 9.1 (b) Image of an object

Fig. 9.1 (c) Red colour of an apple

 Ð POO' = Ð P'OO'
Ð PO'O = Ð P'O'O
Reflective surface
D POO' D P'OO'
M
\ PO=P'O Principal axis C F
O Pole
PO'=P'O' Centre of curvature

PO'M & P'O'M N

Ð PO'M=Ð P'OM Fig. 9.6 (a) Concave mirror

& PO' = P'O' Reflective surface
M
MO'
Centre of curvature
Principal axis O Pole
D PO'M & D P'O'M F C
PM=P'M
N

Fig. 9.6 (b) Convex mirror

 Ð RPC = Ð QPC

Ð RPC = Ð PCF
Ð PCF = Ð QPC = Ð FPC

B
F F
O O
B' M
B' M
PF ; OF B

1
OF = OC
2

F
C O O F C

A'

A
L F
O
C O O F C
 P'Q' c
=
PQ a - c

OL OF c
= =
P'Q' P'F b - c

1 1 1
+ = PQ c
v u f ;
P'Q' b - c
c b- c
=
a- c c

1 1 1
+ =
a b c

1 1 1
- - =-
u v f
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
OM OF c
= =
PQ PF a - c
P'Q' ; OM
1 1 1 1 1
= - = -
u f v 30 20

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= - = - = +
v f u 1 (-4) 1 4

4
v= = 0.8 m
5
119
 h' v
m= =
h u

1 1 1
- =
v u f

1 1 1 1 1 1- 3
= - = - =
u v f 60 20 60

h ' v +60
m= = = = -2
h u -30
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + =- -
v f u (-30) (-15) 30 15

v -10 2
m= = = = 0.66
u -15 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + = -
v f u 50 (-30) 50 30 1 1
P= = = +4
f 0.25
10.1
1
n=
1.6 ´10-19

10.3

ne
t

10.2

Columb
Unit of I = = Ampere
second
 Its unit is Joule/Coulomb (Volt)

¥
W
VA - V¥ =
Q
W
VA - VB =
Q
(Q V ¥ = 0)

Table 10.1 Symbols of common component and equipments used in different circuits
134
135
 L = 1 Meter

Area of cross section

1 meter2

10.7.1
RA
K=
L
Ohm×meter 2
Unit of K= = Ohm×Meter
Meter

10.7
10.7.2

V
10.8
R
I I

V
Equivalent circuit of fig 10.7
difference across the equivalent resistance is
V = IR
Putting this value in equation 10.4 we get
IR = I (R1+ R2+ R3)
or R = R1 + R2 + R3
Thus we can say that total resistance of a
series combination of a number of resistances is
equal to the sum of resistatnces of that
combination.

Example 4 : Resistanaces of 3 W, 4W & 5W are

connected in series in a circuit in which a battery of
6 V is also connected. Find the following :
(a) current in each resistance
(b) Potential difference across each of the
138
V æ 1 1 1 ö
=V ç + + ÷
R è R1 R2 R3 ø

1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R 2 R 3

1 1 1 1 R1 + R 2
= + =
R R1 R 2 R R 1R 2

R 1R 2
R=
R1 + R 2
1 W, 2 W 3W

1 1 1 1 ì R1 = 1W
= + + ï
R R1 R 2 R 3 ï R2 = 2W
í
1 1 1 1 ï R3 = 3W
= + +
R 1 2 3 ïî R = ?

1 11 6
= R= W
R 6 11
 R = R1 + R 2 + R 3 H a I2
2 2 2 + 6 + 2 10
R= +2+ = = W
3 3 3 3 Ha R
10.9
Ha t

Work done (W)

Total Time (t)

W VI t
P= =
t t

P = I2 R

1 1000 10
1 1000000 10
1 746

H = IR ´ It é From Ohm's law ù

H = I 2 Rt ê V = IR ú
ë û
1
 B K
Electrical Power P (Watt) ´ time (hour) + – (. )
1000 Rh

P Q
N S
p (watt)×time(hour)
=
(100 ´ 2 )´ (30 ´ 8)
1000 1000
B K
+ – (. )
Rh

P S Q

B K
– + (. )
Rh
50 W

P N Q

10.10
10.11

10.11

10.13

10.12
10.12
10.13.1

10.14
1.

2.

3.

4.
 5. (a) 3 2.5
10 2
2.
6.

3.

7.
4. 1 W, 2 W 3
8.

9. 5.

6.
10.

11.

12.
7.

8.

1. 9.

10.
 [250W]

2W
2W

A 2W B
4
3
2W
2W

A B

2W
2W
2
2W
B

2W 2W

A
2W

2
3W 3W
A 3W 1W 3W B
3W 3W

1 W, 2 W 3W
[6W, 6 11 W]

146
 Chapter -11
Work, Energy and Power

Plane

F
q F cos q

A s B
Fig. 11.2 Work when force and displacement are at
an angle θ
 1
Ek = mv 2
2

Ek = 2500 (J)

v2 - u 2 v=?
a=
2s

F=m a
2 Ek 2 ´ 2500 J
or v2 = = = 100
æ v2 - u 2 ö m 50 Kg
F = m. ç ÷
è 2s ø
v = ±10 m / s

W = F .s.
1
W = m(v 2 - u 2 )
2

m=100 gm=0.1 kg
1 1
W = mv 2 - mu 2 v = 500 m / s
2 2
1 1
Ek = mv 2 = ´ 0.1kg ´ (500 m / s ) 2
2 2
25000
= J
2
= 12500 J
152
 Highest Potential
Energy
Highest Kinetic
Energy

1 mg 2
Ep = .x
2 l
Surface Surface mg
k= Q
l
1
E p = kx 2
2

1 2
kx
1 2
E p = kx 2
2

g = 10 m / s 2 )
m = 3 kg
h = 50 cm = 0.50 m
 W F´s
p= =
t t

P=Fv
= mav
 J
3.6 ´106 .s
s

h=5m

W F´s
p= =
t t

60 ´ 10 ´ 5
=
30

Work VQ
Power P= =
Time t

= 380 N
h = 15 m
t = 15 s
 mg
=k θ
l
W=FScosθ
F = kx

dW = F dx = kxdx

x
W = Skxdx = ò kxdx
1 2
0
mv
2
x
W = Skxdx = ò kxdx
0

1
W = kx 2
2

9.

1 mg 2
\ W= x
2 l

W = DE p = E p - E p0

E p0

1 mg 2
\ W = Ep = x
2 l
1
E p = kx 2
2
 1 2
kx
2
FS sin q FS q
FS cos q FS tan q

mv mgv
1 2
mv 2 mv
2

mg
mgh
h
mh 1
mgh 2
g 2
12.1

12.2
 12.3.2

12.3

12.3.3

12.3.1

12.3.4
12.3.5

12.4
 Table 12.1 India’s Main National Parks

12.4.2

12.5

12.4.3
12.5
12.5.1
12.5.1

12.6
12.6.1
18.1

18.2
18.3

18.4
18.5
 18.7

18.6
18.6
 10.
1.

2.
11.

3.

4.

1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.
8.

9.
5.
 15.

6.

7.
8.

9.
16.
10.
17.
11.
18.

19.
254