S. J.

B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
B G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY,
Kengeri, Bangalore-560060.

Mini-Project Report

on

“COMBINATION OF PEAUCELLIER-LIPKIN STRAIGHT LINE

MECHANISM AND WHITWORTH QUICK RETURN MECHANISM”

Submitted

By

Name: Dhanush Dundasi (1JB16ME021)

Guided by,

Dr.Sateesh,
Assistant Professor
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®

S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bangalore-560060.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled ““COMBINATION OF PEAUCELLIER-LIPKIN

STRAIGHT LINE MECHANISM ANDWHITWORTH QUICK RETURN MECHANISM”
was carried out by Mr Dhanush Dundasi is a bonafide student of Department of Mechanical
Engineering, S J B Institute of Technology.
This mini project work was taken up during V Semester. The work is completed successfully
and the report is submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Guide HOD

[Assistant Prof] [Dr.T.Madhusudhan]

Dr.Sateesh
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our profound homage to His Divine Soul Sri Sri

Sri Padmabushana Dr. Balagangadharanatha Maha Swamiji, for being blessed to study

in this esteemed Institution and nurtured to take the right path in the society. My humble

pranams to His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Nirmalanandanatha Maha Swamiji and

Reverend Sri Sri Dr.Prakashnatha Swamiji for bestowing their blessings.

I have immense pleasure in acknowledging the guidance and support of our respected

Principal Dr.Puttaraju, who is the source of support and guidance for all activities in this

Institution.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr.T.Madhusudan, Head of the Department,

Mechanical Engineering, for providing valuable support and guidance in this project work.

I wish to express my gratitude to our guide Dr.Sateesh Assistant Professor,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his guidance, suggestions and encouragement to

carry out this project work successfully.

I also thank all the faculty members and technical staff of SJBIT for their support.

Last but not the least I am greatly indebted to my parents for providing this opportunity.

Regards,

Dhanush Dundasi
Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT

INTRODUCTION TO 3-D PRINTING

3D printing refers to processes in which material is joined or solidified under

computer control to create a three dimensional object with material being added
together.3D printing is used in both rapid prototyping and additive
manufacturing (AM).Objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and
typically are produced using digital model data from a 3D model or another
electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing. Stereo lithography
(STL) is one of the most common file type that is used for 3D printing. Thus
unlike material removed from a stock in the conventional machining process,3D
printing or AM builds a three-dimensional object from computer-aided
design(CAD)model or AMF file, usually by successively adding material layer
by layer. The term “3Dprinting" originally referred to a process that deposits a
binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More
recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to encompass a wider
variety of additive manufacturing techniques .United States and global technical
standards use the official term additive manufacturing for this broader sense,
since the final goal of additive manufacturing is to achieve mass production,
which greatly differs from 3D printing for Rapid prototyping.
TERMINOLOGY
The umbrella term additive manufacturing (AM) gained wide currency in the
2000s, inspired by the theme of material being added together (in any of various
ways). In contrast, the term subtractive manufacturing appeared as
a heteronym for the large family of machining processes with
material removal as their common theme. The term 3D printing still referred
only to the polymer technologies in most minds, and the term AM was likelier
to be used in metalworking and end use part production contexts than among
polymer, inkjet, or stereo lithography enthusiasts. By the early 2010s, the
terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing evolved senses in which they
were alternate umbrella terms for AM technologies, one being used in popular
vernacular by consumer-maker communities and the media, and the other used
more formally by industrial AM end-use part producers, AM machine
manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations. Until recently, the
term 3D printing has been associated with machines low-end in price or in
capability. Both terms reflect that the technologies share the theme of material
addition or joining throughout a 3D work envelope under automated control.
Peter Zelinski, the editor-in-chief of Additive Manufacturing magazine, pointed
out in 2017 that the terms are still often synonymous in casual usage but that
some manufacturing industry experts are increasingly making a sense
distinction whereby AM comprises 3D printing plus other technologies or other
aspects of a manufacturing process. Other terms that have been used as AM
synonyms or hyponyms have included desktop manufacturing, rapid
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manufacturing (as the logical production-level successor to rapid prototyping),

and on-demand manufacturing (which echoes on-demand printing in the 2D
sense of printing). That such application of the adjectives rapid and on-
demand to the noun manufacturing was novel in the 2000s reveals the
prevailing mental model of the long industrial era in which almost all
production manufacturing involved long lead times for laborious tooling
development. Today, the term subtractive has not replaced the term machining,
instead complementing it when a term that covers any removal method is
needed. Agile tooling is the use of modular means to design tooling that is
produced by additive manufacturing or 3D printing methods, to enable
quick prototyping and responses to tooling and fixture needs. Agile tooling uses
a cost effective and high quality method to quickly respond to customer and
market needs, and it can be used in hydro-forming, stamping, injection
moulding and other manufacturing processes.
BRIEF HISTORY
Early additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed in the
1980s. In 1981, Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research
Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three-dimensional plastic
models with photo-hardening thermoset polymer, where the UV exposure area
is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fibre transmitter.
On 16 July 1984, Alain Le Méhauté, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude
André filed their patent for the stereo lithography process. The application of
the French inventors was abandoned by the French General Electric
Company (now Alcatel-Alsthom) and CILAS (The Laser Consortium). The
claimed reason was "for lack of business perspective".
Three weeks later in 1984, Chuck Hull of 3D Systems Corporation filed his own
patent for a stereo lithography fabrication system, in which layers are added by
curing photopolymers with ultraviolet light lasers. Hull defined the process as a
"system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional
pattern of the object to be formed,". Hull's contribution was the STL
(Stereolithography) file format and the digital slicing and infill strategies
common to many processes today. The technology used by most 3D printers to
date—especially hobbyist and consumer-oriented models—is fused deposition
modelling, a special application of plastic extrusion, developed in 1988 by S.
Scott Crump and commercialized by his company Stratasys, which marketed its
first FDM machine in 1992.
The term 3D printing originally referred to a powder bed process employing
standard and custom inkjet print heads, developed at MIT in 1993 and
commercialized by Soligen Technologies, Extrude Hone Corporation, and Z
Corporation

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PRINCIPLE OF 3-D PRINTING

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional
solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved
using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying
down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these
layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual
object. 3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing which is cutting
out / hollowing out a piece of metal or plastic with for instance a milling
machine. 3D printing enables you to produce complex (functional) shapes using
less material than traditional manufacturing methods . It all starts with the creation of
a 3D model in your computer. This digital design is for instance a CAD (Computer Aided
Design) file. A 3D model is either created from the ground up with 3D modelling software or
based on data generated with a 3D scanner. With a 3D scanner you’re able to create a digital
copy of an object. 3D printable models may be created with a computer aided
design (CAD) package, via a 3D scanner, or by a plain digital camera and
photogrammetric software .3D printed models created with CAD result in
reduced errors and can be corrected before printing, allowing verification in the
design of the object before it is printed. The manual modelling process of
preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such
as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and
appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it. Before printing
a 3D model from an STL file, it must first be examined for errors. Most CAD
applications produce errors in output STL file. Generally STLs that have been
produced from a model obtained through 3D scanning often have more of these
errors. This is due to how 3D scanning works as it is often by point to point
acquisition, reconstruction will include errors in most cases. Once completed
,the STL file needs to be processed by a piece of software called a "slicer,"
which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a G code file
containing instructions tailored to a specific type of 3D printer. This G code file
can then be printed with 3D printing client software (which loads the G-code,
and uses it to instruct the 3D printer during the 3D printing process). Printer
resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dots per inch (dpi) or
micrometres (μm). Typical layer thickness is around 100 m (250DPI), although
some machines can print layers as thin as 16 m (1,600DPI).X-Y resolution is
comparable to that of laser printers .The particles (3Ddots) are around 50 to
100m (510 to 250 DPI) in diameter. Higher resolution creates larger files. For
an STL file type, a mesh resolution of 0.01-0.03 mm and a≤0.016mm chord
length produce optimal results in the print of the part. Construction of a model
with contemporary methods can take anywhere from several hours to several
days, depending on the method used and the size and complexity of the model.
Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours, although it

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varies widely depending on the type of machine used and the size and number
of models being produced simultaneously. Traditional techniques like injection
moulding can be less expensive for manufacturing polymer products in high
quantities, but additive manufacturing can be faster, more flexible and less
expensive when producing relatively small quantities of parts.3D printers give
designers and concept development teams the ability to produce parts and
concept models using a desktop size printer. Seemingly paradoxical, more
complex objects can be cheaper for 3D printing production than less complex
objects.

3D PRINTING PROCESSES

There are a variety of processes and equipment used in the synthesis of a three-
dimensional object. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing,
therefore the numerous available 3D printing processes tend to be additive in
nature with a few key differences. The main areas in which these processes
differ are the technologies used in the process and the materials.
Some of the different types of processes include extrusion, light polymerized,
continuous liquid interface production and powder bed. Each process and piece
of equipment has pros and cons associated with it. These usually involve
aspects such as speed, costs, as well as a material's properties and its available
colours.
The variety of processes and equipment allows for numerous uses by amateurs
and professionals alike. Some lend themselves better toward industry use whilst
others make 3D printing accessible to the average consumer. Some printers are
large enough to fabricate buildings whilst others tend to micro and Nano scale
sized objects.
Fused deposition modelling (FDM), derives from automatic polymeric foil hot
air welding system, hot-melt gluing and automatic gasket deposition. Such
principle has been further developed by S. Scott Crump in the late 1980s and
was commercialized in 1990 by Stratasys.After the patent on this technology
expired, a large open-source development community developed and both
commercial and DIY variants utilizing this type of 3D printer appeared. As a
result, the price of this technology has dropped by two orders of magnitude
since its creation, and it has become the most common form of 3D printing.
In fused deposition modelling, the model or part is produced by extruding small
beads or streams of material which harden immediately to form layers. A
filament of thermoplastic, metal wire, or other material is fed into
an extrusion nozzle head. The nozzle head heats the material and turns the flow
on and off. Typically stepper motors or servo motors are employed to move the
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extrusion head and adjust the flow. The printer usually has 3 axes of motion.
A computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package is used to generate
the G-Code that is sent to a microcontroller which controls the motors.
Plastic is the most common material for such printing. Various polymers may
be used, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene , polycarbonate , polylactic
acid high-density polyethylene PC/ABS, polyphenylsulfone and polystyrene In
general, the polymer is in the form of a filament fabricated from virgin resins.
There are multiple projects in the open-sourced community aimed at processing
post-consumer plastic waste into filament. These involve machines used to
shred and extrude the plastic material into filament. Additionally,
fluoropolymers such as PTFE tubing are used in the process due to the
material's ability to withstand high temperatures. This ability is especially useful
in transferring filaments.
Metal and glass may both be used as well, though they are much more
expensive and generally used for works of art.
FDM is somewhat restricted in the variation of shapes that may be fabricated.
For example, FDM usually cannot produce stalactite-like structures, since they
would be unsupported during the build. Otherwise, a thin support must be
designed into the structure, which can be broken away during finishing. Fused
deposition modelling is also referred to as fused filament fabrication (FFF) by
companies who do not hold the original patents like Stratasys does.

APPLICATIONS OF 3-D PRINTING

In the current scenario, 3D printing or AM has been used in manufacturing,
medical, industry and sociocultural sectors which facilitate 3D printing or AM
to become successful commercial technology. The earliest application of
additive manufacturing was on the tool room end of the manufacturing
spectrum. For example, rapid prototyping was one of the earliest additive
variants, and its mission was to reduce the lead time and cost of developing
prototypes of new parts and devices, which was earlier only done with
subtractive tool room methods such as CNC milling, turning, and precision
grinding. In the 2010s, additive manufacturing entered production to a much
greater extent. Additive manufacturing of food is being developed by squeezing
out food, layer by layer, into three-dimensional objects. A large variety of foods
are appropriate candidates, such as chocolate and candy, and flat foods such as
crackers, pasta, and pizza. 3D printing has entered the world of clothing, with
fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed bikinis, shoes, and dresses. In
commercial production Nike is using 3D printing to prototype and manufacture
the 2012 Vapour Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football,
and New Balance is 3D manufacturing custom-fit shoes for athletes. 3D printing
has come to the point where companies are printing consumer grade eyewear
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with on-demand custom fit and styling (although they cannot print the lenses).
On-demand customization of glasses is possible with rapid prototyping.
Vanessa Friedman, fashion director and chief fashion critic at The New York
Times, says 3D printing will have a significant value for fashion companies
down the road, especially if it transforms into a print-it-yourself tool for
shoppers. "There's real sense that this is not going to happen anytime soon," she
says, "but it will happen, and it will create dramatic change in how we think
both about intellectual property and how things are in the supply chain." She
adds: "Certainly some of the fabrications that brands can use will be
dramatically changed by technology."
In cars, trucks, and aircraft, AM is beginning to transform both (1) unibody and
fuselage design and production and (2) power train design and production. For
example: In early 2014, Swedish super car manufacturer Koenigsegg announced
the One: 1 a super car that utilizes many components that were 3D printed.
Urbee is the name of the first car in the world car mounted using the technology
3D printing (its body work and car windows were" printed"). In 2014, Local
Motors debuted Strati, a functioning vehicle that was entirely 3D Printed using
ABS plastic and carbon fibre, except the power train .In May 2015 Airbus
announced that its new Airbus A350XWB included over 1000 components
manufactured by 3Dprinting. In 2015, a Royal Air Force Euro fighter Typhoon
fighter jet flew with printed parts. The United States Air Force has begun to
work with 3D printers, and the Israeli Air Force has also purchased a 3D printer
to print spare part. In 2017, GE Aviation revealed that it had used design for
additive manufacturing to create a helicopter engine with 16 parts instead of
900, with great potential impact on reducing the complexity of supply chains.
In 2005, academic journals had begun to report on the possible artistic
applications of 3D printing technology. As of 2017, domestic 3D printing was
reaching a consumer audience beyond hobbyists and enthusiasts. Off the shelf
machines were increasingly capable of producing practical household
applications, for example, ornamental objects. Some practical examples include
a working clock and gear sprinted for home woodworking machines among
other purposes. Web sites associated with home 3D printing tended to include
backscratchers, coat hooks, door knobs, etc.
3D printing, and open source 3D printers in particular, are the latest technology
making inroads into the classroom. Some authors have claimed that 3D printers
offer an unprecedented "revolution" in STEM education. The evidence for such
claims comes from both the low cost ability for rapid prototyping in the
classroom by students, but also the fabrication of low-cost high-quality
scientific equipment from open hardware designs forming open-source
labs. Future applications for 3D printing might include creating open-source
scientific equipment. In the last several years 3D printing has been intensively
used by in the cultural heritage field for preservation, restoration and
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dissemination purposes. Many Europeans and North American Museums have

purchased 3D printers and actively recreate missing pieces of their relics.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the British Museum have started using
their 3D printers to create museum souvenirs that are available in the museum
shops. Other museums, like the National Museum of Military History and
Varna Historical Museum, have gone further and sell through the online
platform Threading digital models of their artefacts, created using Artec
3D scanners, in 3D printing friendly file format, which everyone can 3D print at
home.

LIMITATIONS OF 3-D PRINTING

 Surface texture is generally too rough.

 Material save low heat deflection temperatures.
 Materials generally have low strengths.
 Material prices are far too high restricting the growth of the market.
 Parts are generally not as dense as parts made by CNC
And other processes.
 Colour is only possible with Mcorp and Zcorp and these do not provide
for functional parts.
 It is too difficult to design for 3D printing.
 The software tool chain is too complex.
 It is too difficult to 3D model.
 Making complex parts or organic parts requires a lot of 3D modelling
training.
 3D scanners are not good enough and create holes in final files.
 Re-meshing software is not good enough.
 Surface texture is generally too rough.
 Materials have low heat deflection temperatures.
 Materials generally have low strengths.
 Material prices are far too high restricting the growth of the market.
 Parts are generally not as dense as parts made by CNC and other
processes.
 Colour is only possible with Mcor and Zcorp and these do not
provide for functional parts.
 It is too difficult to design for 3D printing.
 The software tool chain is too complex.
 It is too difficult to 3D model.
 Making complex parts or organic parts requires a lot of 3D modelling
training.
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 3D scanners are not good enough and create holes in final files.
 Remising software is not good enough.
 Printers are not large enough.
 Printers are not fast enough.
 Build quality and uptime on desktop systems is terrible.
 Industrial AM machines are too expensive.
 Machines are generally too slow.
 Very little R&D is done in 3D printing.
 Every process is different so silos are being developed not one
common development effort.
 The AMF file format has not been widely adopted by software tools
leaving us stuck with STL.
 Many desktop people are over-promising and using over claim to sell
their products.
 The media is saying "with a 3D printer you can make anything on the
desktop" which it untrue.
 There is a reality distortion field whereby people assume that all the
inventions done by many companies over many decades are
simultaneously happening now.
 Many industrial 3D printing vendors are prisoners of their own
patents, developing only technologies that fit squarely into their
portfolio.
 There is too much manual labour in manufacturing with 3D printing,
30% of costs.
 Certification of materials is taking too long and not enough materials
are certified for many uses.
 There is no closed loop control on machines. It is difficult to obtain
surface finishes and looks of parts that are comparable to mass
production parts.

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RAPID PROTOTYPING
Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale
model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided
design (CAD) data. Construction of the part or assembly is usually done
using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology.
The first methods for rapid prototyping became available in the late 1980s and
were used to produce models and prototype parts. Today, they are used for a
wide range of applications and are used to manufacture production-quality parts
in relatively small numbers if desired without the typical unfavourable short-run
economics. This economy has encouraged online service bureaus. Historical
surveys of RP technology start with discussions of simulacra production
techniques used by 19th-century sculptors. Some modern sculptors use the
progeny technology to produce exhibitions. The ability to reproduce designs
from a dataset has given rise to issues of rights, as it is now possible to
interpolate volumetric data from one-dimensional images.
As with CNC subtractive methods, the computer-aided-design – computer-aided
manufacturing CAD -CAM workflow in the traditional Rapid Prototyping
process starts with the creation of geometric data, either as a 3D solid using a
CAD workstation, or 2D slices using a scanning device. For Rapid prototyping
this data must represent a valid geometric model; namely, one whose boundary
surfaces enclose a finite volume, contain no holes exposing the interior, and do
not fold back on themselves. In other words, the object must have an "inside".
The model is valid if for each point in 3D space the computer can determine
uniquely whether that point lies inside, on, or outside the boundary surface of
the model. CAD post-processors will approximate the application vendors'
internal CAD geometric forms (e.g., B-splines) with a simplified mathematical
form, which in turn is expressed in a specified data format which is a common
feature in additive manufacturing: STL (stereo lithography) a de facto standard
for transferring solid geometric models to SFF machines. To obtain the
necessary motion control trajectories to drive the actual SFF, rapid
prototyping, 3D printing or additive manufacturing mechanism, the prepared
geometric model is typically sliced into layers, and the slices are scanned into
lines (producing a "2D drawing" used to generate trajectory as in CNC's tool
path), mimicking in reverse the layer-to-layer physical building process.
The term rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that are used to
produce physical objects layer-by-layer directly from computer-aided design
(CAD) data. These techniques allow designers to produce tangible prototypes of
their designs quickly, rather than just two-dimensional pictures. Besides visual
aids for communicating ideas with co-workers or customers, these prototypes

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can be used to test various aspects of their design, such as wind tunnel tests and
dimensional checks. In addition to the production of prototypes, rapid
prototyping techniques can also be used to produce moulds or mould inserts
(rapid tooling) and even fully functional end use parts (rapid manufacturing).
Because these are non-prototyping applications, rapid prototyping is often
referred to as solid free-form fabrication or layered manufacturing. For small
series and complex parts, these techniques are often the best manufacturing
processes available. They are not a solution to every part fabrication problem.
After all, CNC technology and injection moulding are economical, widely
understood, available, and offer wide material selection. In rapid prototyping,
the term “rapid” is relative; it aims at the automated step from CAD data to
machine, rather than at the speed of the techniques. Depending on the
dimensions of the object, production times can be as long as a few
days, especially with complex parts or when long cooling times are
required. This may seem slow, but it is still much faster than the time
required by traditional production techniques, such as machining.
This relatively fast production allows analysing parts in a very early
stage of designing, which decreases the resulting design cost. The
costs can also be reduced because rapid prototyping processes are
fully automated and therefore, need the skill of individual craftsmen
for no more than finishing the part.

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PEAUCELLIER-LIPKIN STRAIGHT LINE MECHANISM

The Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage or mechanism, invented in 1864, was
the first true planar straight line mechanism – the first planar linkage
capable of transforming rotary motion into perfect straight-line
motion, and vice versa. It is named after Charles-Nicolas Peaucellier
(1832–1913), a French army officer, and Yom Tov Lipman Lipkin
(1846–1876), a Lithuanian Jew and son of the famed Rabbi Israel
Salanter. Until this invention, no planar method existed of producing
exact straight-line motion without reference guideways, making the
linkage especially important as a machine component and for
manufacturing. In particular, a piston head needs to keep a good seal
with the shaft in order to retain the driving (or driven) medium.The
mathematics of the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage is directly related to
the inversion of a circle.
From the construction of the Peaucellier linkage it is clear that this is
a much more complex mechanism than the mechanisms generating
approximate straight lines, which were simple four bar linkages. This
mechanism has eight members and six joints. Peaucellier linkage can
convert an input circular motion to the exact straight line motion. The
construction of this mechanism is such that the point which is
connected to the crank moves in a circular path and the point
traversing the straight line is selected as the output point. The linkage
has a rhombic loop formed of the equal lenght members, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Two equal length length links are connected to the opposite corners of
the rhombus at one end and to a common fixed point at the other ends.
The point A of the rhombus is connect to fixed point O2 through the
link 2. The length of the link 2 is equal to the distance between points
O2 and O4. By the constraints of the geometry point A moves in a
circular path and as the point A moves in a circle point P traverses an
exact straight line path normal to the line joining O2 and O4.

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WHITWORTH QUICK RETURN

MECHANISM
The Whitworth quick return mechanism converts rotary motion into
reciprocating motion, but unlike the crank and slider, the forward
reciprocating motion is slower rate than the return stroke. This is why
it is called quick return mechanism. This mechanism is made of a
driving crank and of a driven slider crank. In the considered
configuration, the fixed pivot of the driven crank is located on the
outside of the circle on which the end of the driving crank moves.
This leads to an alternated motion of the slider crank. The angular
speed of the driven crank is variable. The duration of the motion for
its part corresponding to the blue arc is shorter than the one related to
the red arc. This is why this device is named quick return mechanism,
which was used in crank shapers, with the slow part or the stroke
being used for the working time of the tool and the quick part for the
non-productive time.
Design of Whitworth Quick Return Mechanism
The disc influences the force of the arm, which makes up the frame of reference
of the quick return mechanism. The frame continues to an attached rod, which is
connected to the circular disc. Powered by a motor, the disc rotates and the arm
follows in the same direction (linear and left-to-right, typically) but at a
different speed. When the disc nears a full revolution, the arm reaches its
furthest position and returns to its initial position at a quicker rate, hence its
name. Throughout the cut, the arm has a constant velocity. Upon returning to its
initial position after reaching its maximum horizontal displacement, the arm
reaches its highest velocity.
The quick return mechanism was modeled after the crank and slider (arm), and
this is present in its appearance and function; however, the crank is usually hand
powered and the arm has the same rate throughout an entire revolution, whereas
the arm of a quick return mechanism returns at a faster rate. The "quick return"
allows for the arm to function with less energy during the cut than the initial
cycle of the disc.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering SJBIT

Application of Whitworth Quick Return Mechanism

Quick return mechanisms are found throughout the engineering industry in
different machines:

 Shaper
 Screw press
 Power-driven saw
 Mechanical actuator
 Revolver mechanisms
 Rotary Engines
 Water pumping system

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