Number of offsprings Observed Number of offsprings Expected

Number of offsprings with 159 143.25

weary phenotype
Number of offsprings with 414 429.75
upright phenotype

Number of offsprings with weary phenotype Number of offsprings with upright phenotype
159 414

Degrees of freedom Probability

0.01 0.05 0.1
1 2.71 3.84 6.64
2 4.61 5.99 9.21
3 6.25 7.82 11.35
4 7.78 9.49 13.28

Number Number O-E (O – E)2 (O – Number Number O-E (O – E)2 (O –

of of E)2/ E of of E)2/ E
offsprings offsprings offsprings offsprings
with with with with
 weary weary upright upright
phenotyp phenotyp phenotyp phenotyp
e e e e
(observed (expected (observed (expected
) ) ) )
159 143.25 15.7 248.062 1.731 414 429.75 15.7 248.062 0.577
5 5 7 5 5 2

Number of offsprings with weary Number of offsprings with

Phenotype
phenotype upright phenotype
Observed numbers (O) 159 414
Expected numbers (E) 143.25 429.75
O–E 15.75 15.75
(O – E)2 248.0625 248.0625
(O – E)2 ÷ E 1.7317 0.5772
Total 2.31

2 (O−E)2
χ =Σ
E

χ 2=1.7317 +0.5772=2.31
df =( no . of rows−1 ) × ( no . of columns−1 )=( 2−1 ) × ( 2−1 )=1

A test cross was carried out between two maize plants, one with yellow, smooth cobs and the other
with white, wrinkled cobs.

The table shows the results of this cross.

yellow and yellow and white and white and

Type of maize cob
smooth wrinkled smooth wrinkled
Observed 30 34
28 33
numbers (O)
Expected numbers 31.25 31.25
31.25 31.25
(E)
O–E -3.25 1.75 -1.25 2.75
(O – E)2 10.5625 3.0625 1.5625 7.5625
(O – E)2 ÷ E 0.338 0.098 0.05 0.242
Total 0.73

Degrees of Levels of significance (p)

freedom (df) 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001
1 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 10.83
2 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60 13.81
3 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47