CHAPTER 1: PSYCHODYNAMIC Analytic process – allows patients to

PERSPECTIVE rework important relationships to a more

satisfactory resolution
Origin:

o Psychoanalysis began with the case

history of Joseph Breuer’s patient,
Anna O.
o Anna O. experienced conversion
disorder (hysteria)
o Breuer used hypnosis and “talking
method”
o Freud used the “talking method” to
assist his patients in remembering
past traumatic events
o Resistance – force that prevented the
patient from becoming aware of
events and kept them in the
unconscious
o Repression – blocking of a wish or PSYCHOANALYSIS by Sigmund Freud
desire from the consciousness Freud viewed the mind as a closed
o An emotion that is prevented from system in which psychic energies flows
being expressed normally may be from one compartment to the next.
expressed through a neurotic
symptom Hypothesis 1: Internal parts and
subpersonalities need to be heard,
The psychoanalytic method of understood, and coordinated
assessment and research included two
primary procedures: LEVEL OF AWARENESS or the
TOPOGRAPHIC APPROACH
o Free association was used to help
patients recover repressed ideas. It
involved having the patient verbalize
whatever comes to mind and then
reflecting on those associations.
o Interpretation of dreams and slips
involves free association with the
dream or slip.
• Manifest meaning
• Latent meaning

PSYCHOANALYTIC PROCESS we are consciously aware of only a small

Transference – patient transfers to
the analyst emotional attitudes felt
as a child toward significant persons
percentage of the mind’s activities.
Some information is located in the
preconscious mind and can become
conscious at any moment.

o Positive & Negative

Information in the unconscious mind can
affect our behavior without our awareness
PSYCHIC ENERGIES
He believed humans are filled with
mental or psychic energy. This energy
comes from two essential sources:
o Eros or Libido (energy associated with
life and sex)
o Thanatos (energy associated with
death and aggression).
PSYCHIC DETERMINISM
All thoughts, emotions, impulses, and
behaviors have psychological
explanations
o Freudian’s Slip or Slip of the tongue
Based on Freudian drive (dynamic)
theory, every sexual/aggressive drive has:
Origin, Aim, Object, and Intensity
Freud’s STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
It is the job of the ego, or self, to balance
the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id
with the morality imposed by the
superego.
ID
o rooted in the biology of the individual
o Consists unconscious and aggressive
instincts
o Amoral and unconcerned with the
conventions of society
o Operates according to pleasure
principle
Pleasure Principle: maintains that people
always strive to maximize pleasure and
minimize pain.
EGO
o Organized aspect of the id, formed to
provide realistic direction for the
person’s id impulses
SUPEREGO
o Internalized societal values
o CONSCIENCE Acquired through the
use of punishment by the parent AND
EGO-IDEAL is learned through the
use of rewards
Anxiety (neurosis) for Freud represents a
continuing conflict between the ego and
the id, superego, or both.
Should the conflict become so great as to
produce a conflict between the ego and
reality, psychosis (including abnormal
behaviors characteristic of schizophrenia
and other serious disorders) might occur.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
When the ego is faced with anxiety, it
engages in a variety of protective
behaviors referred to as defense
mechanisms
Hypothesis 4: Unconscious dynamics
(defense mechanisms keep thoughts and
emotions out of awareness)
o Each of these mechanisms helps us
channel potentially self-destructive
or painful psychic energy into more
constructive or manageable
behaviors.
o Each mechanism has its limits; if a
person continually uses a particular
defense mechanism or even
defense mechanisms in general,
she risks doing damage to the self
as well.
Repression is an attempt by the ego to
keep undesirable id impulses from
reaching consciousness.
Freud considered repression the most
fundamental of all defense mechanisms.
As he put it, “the theory of repression is
the pillar upon which the edifice of
psychoanalysis rests” (Freud, 1938a, p.
939)
Suppression involves the individual’s
active and conscious attempt to stop
anxiety-provoking thoughts by simply not
thinking about them.
Denial refers to a person’s refusal to
perceive an unpleasant event in external
reality.
Displacement refers to the unconscious
attempt to obtain gratification for
impulses by shifting them to substitute
objects if objects that would directly
satisfy the impulses are not available.
Sublimation a form of displacement in
which the un-acceptable id impulses
themselves are transformed, rather than
the object at which they aim.
The unacceptable impulses are displaced
by ones that are socially acceptable
Regression when the ego is threatened,
the person may revert to an earlier, more
infantile form of behavior as a means of
coping with the stress.
Projection When a person protects the
ego by attributing his or her own
undesirable characteristics to others,
Undoing Sometimes a person who thinks
or acts on an undesirable impulse makes
amends by performing some action that
nullifies the undesirable one
Compromise formation involves the use
of contradictory behaviors to gain some
satisfaction for an undesirable impulse
STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
Freud believed that, as children matured,
the libido (sexual drive) moved around to
several different areas of the body called
erogenous zones. If the child received too
much or too little gratification during any
stage, the result could be mental
disturbance as an adult.
FIXATION
Hypothesis 2: Feelings and needs from
early childhood are reactivated and
patterns from family origin are repeated
Oral Fixation (0-2 years old) have
problems later in life that are related
primarily to receiving or taking things
from the external world
Hypothesis 3: Failure to progress from
immature sense of self and conception of
others
The Oral receptive personality is
preoccupied with eating/ drinking and
reduces tension through oral activity such
as eating, drinking, smoking, biting nails.
They are generally passive, needy and
sensitive to rejection. They will easily
'swallow' other people's ideas.
The Oral aggressive personality is hostile
and verbally abusive to others, using
mouth-based aggression tends to envy
others their success and to try, using
manipulative strategies, to dominate
them.
Anal Fixation (2 - 4 years old)
The Anal-retentive personality is stingy,
with a compulsive seeking of order and
tidiness. The person is generally stubborn
and perfectionist. (H2)
The Anal expulsive personality is an
opposite of the Anal-retentive
personality, and has a lack of self-control,
being generally messy and careless. (H3)
Phallic Fixation (4 - 5 years old) Boys
experience Oedipus Complex (family
drama): sexual attraction toward mother
Boys suffer a castration anxiety, where the
son believes his father knows about his
desire for his mother and hence fears his
father will castrate him. He thus represses
his desire and defensively identifies with
his father.
Girls experience Elektra Complex (family
drama): sexual attraction toward father
Girls suffer a penis envy, where the
daughter is initially attached to her
mother, but then a shift of attachment
occurs when she realizes she lacks a
penis. She desires her father whom she
sees as a means to obtain a penis
substitute (a child). She then represses
her desire for her father and incorporates
the values of her mother and accepts her
inherent 'inferiority' in society.
EX. a child who does not receive
adequate stimulation in the oral stage
may experience an oral fixation.
According to Freud, this person may
continue to pursue oral gratification, in
the form of overeating, smoking, or
drinking, throughout adulthood.
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
Free Association
The patients were told to report all
thoughts, no matter how trivial,
unimportant, mortifying, embarrassing,
and illogical they seemed to be.
Parapraxis (a.k.a. Freudian Slip) a
cognitive failure such as a slip of the
tongue, a mishearing of a word, or the
forgetting of an obvious word or thing.
Dream Analysis to analyze and interpret
the symbols present in the manifest
content of patient’s dreams, to discover
the latent or hidden meanings.
Dreams are always disguised attempts at
wish fulfillment. The wishes are
unconscious motives that are
unacceptable to the individual and are
nearly always erotic in nature.
Transference patients inevitably began to
relive their old conflicts and interactions
with authority figures (most notably, their
parents)
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Alfred Adler
OVERVIEW OF INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
o It presents an optimistic view of people
while resting heavily on the notion of
social interest, that is, a feeling of
oneness with all humankind.
o To Adler, people are born with weak,
inferior bodies—a condition that leads
to feelings of inferiority and a
consequent dependence on other
people. Therefore, a feeling of unity
with others, or social interest, is
inherent in people and the ultimate
standard for psychological health.
o Each person is unique and indivisible.
Thus, individual psychology insists on
the fundamental unity of personality
and the notion that inconsistent
behavior does not exist.
o The one dynamic force behind
people’s behavior is the striving for
success or superiority.
o People’s subjective perceptions shape
their behavior and personality.
o Personality is unified and self-
consistent.
o The value of all human activity must be
seen from the viewpoint of social
interest.
o The self-consistent personality
structure develops into a person’s style
of life.
o Style of life is molded by people’s
creative power.
STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY OR
STRIVING FOR SUCCESS:
MOTIVATORS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Individual psychology holds that
everyone begins life with physical
deficiencies that activate feelings of
inferiority— feelings that motivate a
person to strive for either superiority or
success.
Psychologically unhealthy individuals
strive for personal superiority.
Psychologically healthy people seek
success for all humanity (striving for
success).
THE FINAL GOAL
o The final goal of either success or
superiority toward which all people
strive for unifies personality and makes
all behavior meaningful though final
goal is just fictional. Each person has
the power to create a personalized
fictional goal, one constructed out of
the raw materials provided by heredity
and environment.
o It is neither genetically nor
environmentally determined.
o Rather, it is the product of the creative
power, that is, people’s ability to freely
shape their behavior and create their
own personality.
STRIVING FORCE AS COMPENSATION
o Because people are born with small,
inferior bodies, they feel inferior and
attempt to overcome these feelings
through their natural tendency to
move toward completion.
o The striving force can take one of two
courses: personal gain (superiority) or
community benefit (success).
STRIVING FOR PERSONAL SUPERIORITY
o Psychologically unhealthy individuals
strive for personal superiority with little
concern for other people. Although
they may appear to be interested in
other people, their basic motivation is
personal benefit.
o People who strive for personal
superiority are motivated largely by
exaggerated feelings of personal
inferiority, or the presence of an
inferiority complex and superiority
complex.
o Inferiority Complex-- the presentation
of the person to himself and others that
he is not strong enough to solve a
given problem in a socially useful way
o Superiority Complex- means of
inflating oneself importance to
overcome inferiority feelings.
o People who demonstrate a superiority
complex may often be boastful, self-
centered, arrogant, or sarcastic. Such
people are likely to feel important by
making fun of or demeaning others.
STRIVING FOR SUCCCESS
In contrast to people who strive for
personal gain are those psychologically
healthy people who are motivated by
social interest and the success of all
humankind.
These healthy individuals are concerned
with goals beyond themselves, can help
others without demanding or expecting a
personal payoff, and are able to see
others not as opponents but as people
with whom they can cooperate for social
benefit.
SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS
People strive for superiority or success to
compensate for feelings
of inferiority, but the way they strive is not
shaped by reality but by their subjective
perceptions of reality, that is, by their
fictions, or expectations of the future.
Fictionalism
Fictions are people's expectations of the
future.
Adler held that fictions guide behavior
because people act as if these fictions are
true.
Adler emphasized teleology over
causality, or explanations of behavior in
terms of future goals rather than past
causes.
Physical or Organ Inferiorities
Adler insisted that the whole human race
is “blessed” with organ inferiorities.
These physical handicaps have little or no
importance by themselves but become
meaningful when they stimulate
subjective feelings of inferiority, which
serve as an impetus toward perfection or
completion.
Some people compensate for these
feelings of inferiority by moving toward
psychological health and a useful style of
life, whereas others overcompensate and
are motivated to subdue or retreat from
other people.
UNITY AND SELF-CONSISTENCY OF
PERSONALITY
Adler believed that all behaviors are
directed toward a single purpose.
When seen in the light of that sole
purpose, seemingly contradictory
behaviors can be seen as operating in a
self-consistent manner.
ORGAN DIALECT
The disturbance of one part of the body
cannot be viewed in isolation; it affects
the entire person.
Deficient organ expresses the direction of
the individual’s goal.
Ex.: ““See my deformity. See my
handicap. You can’t expect me to do
manual work.”
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS
Conscious and unconscious processes
are unified and operate to achieve a
single goal.
Conscious thoughts are those that are
understood and regarded by the
individual as helpful in striving for
success.
Unconscious thoughts are those that are
not helpful in attaining success.
SOCIAL INTEREST
It is defined as an attitude of relatedness
with humanity in general as well as an
empathy for each member of the human
community.
It manifests itself as cooperation with
others for social advancement rather than
for personal gain.
It is the natural condition of the human
species and the adhesive that binds
society together. The natural inferiority of
individuals necessitates their joining
together to form a society.
ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST
It originates from the mother-child
relationship during the early months of
infancy. The mother’s job is to develop a
bond that encourages the child’s mature
social interest and fosters a sense of
cooperation. Ideally, she should have a
genuine and deep-rooted love for her
child—a love that is centered on the child’s
well-being, not on her own needs or
wants.
Father is the second important person in
the child’s environment. Paternal
detachment or authoritarianism may lead
to strivings for personal superiority.
The relationship a child has with the
mother and father is so powerful that it
smothers the effects of heredity.
IMPORTANCE SOCIAL INTEREST
According to Adler, social interest is "the
sole criterion of human values," and the
worthiness of all one's actions must be
seen by this standard.
Without social interest, societies could
not exist; individuals in antiquity could not
have survived without cooperating with
others to protect themselves from
danger. Even today, an infant's
helplessness predisposes it toward a
nurturing person.
SUMMARY OF STRIVING TOWARDS THE
FINAL GOAL
STYLE OF LIFE
The term Adler used to refer to the flavor
of a person’s life. It is the product of the
interaction of heredity, environment, and
a person’s creative power.
It includes a person’s goal, self-concept,
feelings for others, and attitude toward
the world. Therefore, it determines how a
person adapts to obstacles in his life and
ways in which he creates solutions and
means of achieving goals.
It can be understood by observing how
individuals approach five major
interrelated tasks: self-development
spiritual development, occupation,
society, and love.
A person’s style of life is fairly well
established by age 4 or 5.
Psychologically unhealthy individuals
often lead rather inflexible lives that are
marked by an inability to choose new
ways of reacting to their environment.
Psychologically healthy people behave in
diverse and flexible ways with styles of life
that are complex, enriched, and
changing. They see many ways of striving
for success and continually seek to create
new options for themselves.
CREATIVE POWER
Each person, Adler believed, is
empowered with the freedom to create
her or his own style of life. Ultimately, all
people are responsible for who they are
and how they behave.
It is a dynamic concept implying
movement, and this movement is the
most salient characteristic of life. All
psychic life involves movement toward a
goal, movement with a direction.
It places people to control their own lives;
to be responsible for their final goal; to
determine their method of striving for
that goal, and to contribute to the
development of social interest.
FAMILY DYNAMICS AND
CONSTELLATION
It comprises one’s perception of
childhood development; and thus
important in assessing one’s style of life
and formation of creative power.
It includes early family relationship
information that describes the dynamics
shared by a person with his/her siblings;
the dynamics of child–parent interaction
within the family, and changes in the
family over time. It is the patients’
perceptions.
THEORY OF BIRTH ORDER
States that interaction with siblings and
one’s position in the family influences
one’s development; however, the
perceived role that one plays is more
important than the actual birth order
itself.
BIRTH ORDER CHARACTERISTICS AND
ITS SURROUNDING FAMILY DYNAMICS
❖ ONLY CHILD
• Family Situation
o Birth is a miracle
o Parents have no previous experience
o Retains 200% attention from both
parents
o May become rival of one parent
o Can be over-protected and spoiled
• Child’s Characteristics
o Likes being the center of adult
attention
o Often has difficulty sharing with
siblings and peers
o Prefers adult company and uses adult
language
ELDEST CHILD
• Family Situation
o Dethroned by next child
o Has to learn to share
o Parent expectations are usually very
high
o Often given responsibility and
expected to set an example
• Child’s Characteristics
o May become authoritarian or strict
o Feels power is his right
o Can become helpful if encouraged
o May turn to father after birth of next
child
SECOND CHILD
• Family Situation
o He has a pacemaker
o There is always someone ahead
• Child’s Characteristics
o Is more competitive, wants to overtake
older child
o May become a rebel or try to outdo
everyone
o Competition can deteriorate into
rivalry
MIDDLE CHILD
• Family Situation
o Is “sandwiched” in
o May feel squeezed out of a position of
privilege and significance
• Child’s Characteristics
o May be even-tempered, “take it or
leave it” attitude
o May have trouble finding a place or
become a fighter of injustice
YOUNGEST CHILD
• Family Situation
 o Has many mothers and fathers
o Older children try to educate him
o Never dethroned
• Child’s Characteristics
o Wants to be bigger than the others
o May have huge plans that never work
out
o Can stay the “baby”
o Frequently spoiled
TWIN CHILDREN
• Family Situation
o One is usually stronger or more active
o Parents may see one as the older
• Child’s Characteristics
o Can have identity problems
o Stronger one may become the leader
“GHOST CHILD”
• Family Situation
o Child born after the death of the first
child may have a “ghost” in front of him
o Mother may become over-protective
• Child’s Characteristics
Child may exploit mother’s over-concern
for his well-being, or he may rebel, and
protest the feeling of being compared to
an idealized memory
ADOPTED CHILD”
• Family Situation
o Parents may be so thankful to have a
child that they spoil him
o They may try to compensate for the
loss of his biological parents
• Child’s Characteristics
o Child may become very spoiled and
demanding
o He may resent or idealize the
biological parents
ONLY BOY AMONG GIRLS
• Family Situation
o Usually with women all the time if
father is away
• Child’s Characteristics
o May try to prove he is the man in the
family, or become effeminate
ONLY GIRL AMONG BOYS
•Family Situation
o Older brothers may act as her
protectors
•Child’s Characteristics
o Can become very feminine, or a
tomboy to outdo the brothers
o May try to please the father
ALL BOYS
• Family Situation
o May be dressed as a girl
• Child’s Characteristics
o Child may capitalize on assigned role
or protest it vigorously
ALL GIRLS
•Family Situation
o May be dressed as a boy
•Child’s Characteristics
o Child may capitalize on assigned role
or protest it vigorously
ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
The most important factor in abnormal
development is lack of social interest.
The most important factor in abnormal Libido – to Jung, a broader and more
development is lack of social interest. generalized form of psychic energy

Characteristics of people with a useless Jung who minimized the importance of

style of life: sex in his personality theory, maintained a
vigorous, anxiety free sex life and enjoyed
o set their goals too high
a number of extramarital affairs
o have a dogmatic style of life
o live in their own private world he surrounded himself with adoring
women patients and disciples who
Three factors that relate to abnormal
typically fell deeply in love with him
development:
Psychic Energy concept of a principle of
Exaggerated physical deficiencies--
activity powering the operation of the
which do not by themselves cause
mind.
abnormal development, but which may
contribute to it by generating subjective According to Jung LIBIDO is: A broader
and exaggerated feelings of inferiority and more generalized form of psychic
energy.
Pampered style of life-- which contributes
to an overriding drive to establish a Psyche Jung’s term of personality.
permanent parasitic relationship with the
Three Basic Principles to explain the
mother or a mother substitute
functioning of psychic energy
Neglected style of life-- which leads to
1.) Principle of Opposites / Opposition
distrust of other people.
Principle
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY BY CARL
Jung’s idea that conflict between
JUNG
opposing processes or tendencies is
Areas of Improvement necessary to generate psychic energy.

Jung broadened Freud’s definition of Opposition / antithesis –conflict between

libido by redefining it as a more polarities.
generalized psychic energy that includes
2.) Principle of Equivalence
sex but is not restricted to it.
The continuing redistribution of energy
Jung argued that we are shaped by our
within a personality; if the energy
future as well as our past. We are affected
expanded on certain conditions or
not only by what happened to us as
activities weakens or disappears, that
children, but also by what we aspire to do
energy is transferred elsewhere in the
in the future.
personality
He probed deeply into the unconscious
Equivalence – implies that the new area to
and added new a new dimension: the
which the energy has shifted must have
inherited experiences of human and non-
an equal psychic value.
human species
3.) Principle of Entropy
Psychic Energy: Opposites, Equivalence,
and Entropy A tendency toward balance or
equilibrium within the personality’ the
ideal is an equal distribution of psychic
energy over all structures of the
personality.
Entropy – equalization of energy
differences
Systems of Personality
1.) Ego is the center of
consciousness; carries out daily
activities.
2.) Personal unconscious Individual’s
thoughts, memories, wishes,
impulses; like Freud’s
Preconscious + Unconscious.
3.) Collective unconscious
Storehouse of memories inherited
from the common ancestors of the
whole human race; no
counterpart in Freud’s theory
The Ego: The Attitudes: Extraversion and
Introversion
Extraversion An attitude of the psyche
characterized by an orientation toward
external world and other people.
Introversion An attitude of the psyche
characterized by an orientation toward
one’s own thoughts and feelings.
Psychological Functions of Psyche
a.) Sensing-Reproduces an experience
through the senses the way the
photograph copies an object.
b.) Intuiting-Does not arise directly from
an external stimulus.
c.) Thinking-Involves a conscious
judgement of whether an experience is
true or false.
d.) Feeling-Expressed in terms of like or
dislike, pleasantness or unpleasantness,
stimulation or dullness
Psychological Types
To Jung, eight types based on
interactions of the attitudes and the
functions.
Extraverted thinking Logical, objective,
dogmatic
Extraverted feeling Emotional, sensitive,
sociable, more typical of women than
men
Extraverted sensing Outgoing, pleasure-
seeking, adaptable
Extraverted intuiting Creative, able to
motivate others and seize opportunities
Introverted thinking More interested in
ideas than in people
Introverted feeling Reserved,
undemonstrative, yet capable of deep
emotion
Introverted sensing Outwardly detached,
expressing themselves in aesthetic
pursuits
Introverted intuiting Concerned with the
unconscious more than everyday reality
The Collective Unconscious
Archetypes – images of universal
experiences contained in the collective
unconscious
Other names: dominants, imagos,
mythological, primordial images
o Persona archetype
o Anima Archetype
o Animus Archetype
o Shadow Archetype
o Self-Archetype
o Other Archetypes: The Mother,
The Child, The Father, Family, The
Hero, The Maiden, The Wise Old
Man
Persona archetype – the public face or
role in a person presents to others
➢ the word persona refers to a mask that
an actor wears to display various roles or
faces to the audience
➢ This necessary because we are forced
to play many roles in life to succeed in
school and on the job and to get along
with others
Anima– the psyche of the woman contains
masculine aspects
❑ Animus – the psyche of the man
contains feminine aspects
➢ The anima and animus archetypes
refer to Jung’s recognition that humans
are essentially bisexual
➢ He insisted that both archetypes must
be expressed. A man must exhibit his
feminine side as well as his masculine
characteristics and a woman must express
her masculine characteristics along with
her feminine ones
➢ Otherwise, these vital aspects will
remain dormant and undeveloped,
leading to one-sidedness of the
personality
The Shadow – the dark side of the
personality; the archetype that contains
primitive animal instincts
➢ Shadow is not only the source of evil, it
is also the source of vitality, spontaneity,
creativity, and emotion. Therefore, if the
shadow is totally suppressed, the psyche
will be dull and lifeless
➢ If the shadow is fully suppressed, not
only does the personality become flat,
but the person also faces the possibility
that the shadow will revolt.
➢ The animal instincts do not disappear
when they are suppressed, rather, they lie
dormant, awaiting a crisis or a weakness
in the ego so they can gain control
The Self – the archetype that represents
the unity, integration, and harmony of the
total personality
❑ It involves bringing together and
balancing all parts of the personality
❑ The full realization of the self lies in the
future that serves motivating force,
pulling us from ahead rather than
pushing is from behind
❑ This occurs around middle age, a
crucial period of transition
❑ The actualization of the self involves
goals and plans and an accurate
perception of one’s abilities
❑ Because development of the self is
impossible without self-knowledge, it is
the most difficult process we face in life
and requires persistence, perceptiveness,
and wisdom.
The Mother – the mother archetype is our
built-in ability to recognize a certain
relationship, that of "mothering.“
The mother archetype is symbolized by
the primordial mother or "earth mother"
of mythology, by Eve and Mary in western
traditions, and by less personal symbols
such as the church, the nation, a forest, or
the ocean.
According to Jung, someone whose own
mother failed to satisfy the demands of
the archetype may well be one that
spends his or her life seeking comfort in
the church, or in identification with "the
motherland," or in meditating upon the
figure of Mary, or in a life at sea.
The Father – often symbolized by a guide conscious and unconscious facets of the
or an authority figure personality

The Family - represents the idea of blood KAREN HORNEY: PSYCCHOANALYTIC

relationship and ties that run deeper than
those based on conscious reasons.
The Child - represented in mythology and
art by children, infants most especially, as
well as other small creatures
The Hero – He is the mana personality and
the defeater of evil dragons. Basically, he
represents the ego – we do tend to
identify with the hero of the story – and is
often
engaged in fighting the shadow, in the
form of dragons and other monsters.
The hero is, however, often dumb as a
post. He is, after all, ignorant of the ways
of the collective unconscious.
The hero is often out to rescue the
maiden - she represents purity,
innocence, and, in all likelihood, naive. In
the beginning of the Star Wars story,
Princess Leia is the maiden. But, as the
story progresses, she becomes the
anima, discovering the powers of the
force – the collective unconscious – and
becoming an equal partner with Luke,
who turns out to be her brother.
SOCAIL THEORY – NEED PSYCHOLOGY
o Importance of early years to
adulting
o Childhood was dominated by
safety need
o A child’s security depends on how
parents treat them
o Children know if parent’s love is
genuine
o Great emphasis on infant’s
helplessness
o Children's sense of helplessness
depends on their parents’
behavior.
o May be fearful because of parent’s
punishments
o Love can be another reason for
repressing hostility toward
parents
o Guilt is yet another reason
children repress hostility.
o repressed hostility called basic
anxiety (“insidiously increasing,
all-pervading feeling of being
lonely and helpless in a hostile
world”)
o

The hero is guided by the wise old man – BASIC ANXIETY: FOUNDATION OF
He is a form of the animus, and reveals to NEUROSIS
the hero the nature of the collective In child- hood we try to protect ourselves
unconscious. In Star Wars, he is played by against basic anxiety in four ways:
Obi Wan Kenobi and, later, Yoda.
1. Securing affection and love being
Notice that they teach Luke about the 2. Submissive
force and, as Luke matures, they die and 3. Attaining power
become a part of him. 4. Withdrawing
INDIVIDUATION Goal of self-protective mechanisms: To
A condition of psychological health defend against basic anxiety. Motivates to
resulting from the integration of all seek reassurance and security than
happiness and pleasure
Another characteristic of these self-
protective mechanisms is their power and
intensity.
NEUROTIC TRENDS AND NEEDS
NEUROTIC NEEDS
o Self-protective mechanisms
o Irrational defenses against anxiety
o Becomes a permanent part of the
personality
10 NEUROTIC NEEDS
1. Affection and approval
2. Dominant partner
3. Power
4. Exploitation
5. Prestige
6. Admiration
7. Achievement or ambition
8. Self-sufficiency
9. Perfection
10. Narrow limits to life
Karen Horney concluded that 10 neurotic
needs could be presented in three
groups and she called it Neurotic Trends
1. Movement toward other people
(compliant)- urge to be loved
2. Movement against people
(aggressive) everyone is hostile
3. Movement away people
(detached) emotional distance
FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY
o critical of Freud’s notion of Penis Envy
o envy a male feel toward a female
because she can bear children and he
cannot (womb envy)
THE FLIGHT FROM WOMANHOOD
A condition that can lead to sexual
inhibitions. (Horney, 1926)
Women may choose to deny their
femininity and to wish, unconsciously,
that they were men because of feelings of
inferiority.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - ERIK
ERIKSON
The Epigenetic Principle -” Anything that
grows has a ground plan, and that out of
this ground plan the parts arise, each part
having its time of special ascendancy,
until all parts have arisen to form a
functioning whole."
o Each stage involves certain
developmental tasks that are
psychosocial in nature
o Each stage has a certain optimal time
o If a stage is managed well, we carry
away a certain virtue or psychosocial
strength which will help us through the
rest of the stages of our lives.
o Maladaption: too much of positive and
too little of negative
o Malignancy: too little of the positive
and too much of negative
The Eight Psychosocial Stages
The Role of Culture in Relation to the
Eight Stages
Racial and Ethnic Identity is the
exaggerated sense that many groups
have, especially national and ethnic
groups, that they are different from
others, leading to conflict among groups
Gender - Children’s Play, Male and
Female, Identity Resolution
Research on Development Through the
Psychosocial Stages -Identity Status
,Other Psychosocial Stages
Correlates of Stage Measures
Identity, career choice, mature defense
mechanisms, self-concept, Generativity
parenting, Ego integrity ,lower fear of
death, Relationships Among the Stages:
Positive
Toward a Psychoanalytic Social
Psychology
Psychosocial Stages
o life span approach
o Psychosocial: offered as an alternative
to Freud’s psychosexual approach
emphasizes social interactions,
culture, and trust
INTERPERSONAL THEORY HARRY
STACK SULLIVAN
“A personality can never be isolated from
the complex of interpersonal relations in
which the person lives and has his being”
“Everyone is much more simply human
than otherwise (Sullivan, 1953).”
o Potentials for participation in
interpersonal relations are what make
humans differ from animals
o Healthy personality is develop
through intimate and love
relationships
o Absence of healthy interpersonal
relationships leads to stunted
psychological growth
o There is a reciprocal relationship
between anxiety and interpersonal
relationships: Interpersonal relations
can transform a person into either a
healthy personality or one marked by
anxiety and a rigid self-structure.
Personality is an energy system:
Tension: potentiality for actions that that
may or may not be experienced in
awareness.
Needs are tensions brought on by
biological imbalance between a person
and the physiochemical environment,
both inside and outside the organism
Interpersonal Needs:
o Tenderness - requires actions from at
least two people.
o General Needs: concerned with the
overall wellbeing of a person
o Zonal Needs: Needs arise from
particular area of the body
Anxiety - More is diffuse and vague, and
calls forth no consistent actions for its
relief
o Transferred from the parent to the
infant through the process of
empathy.
o On adult: It is the chief disruptive
force blocking the development of
healthy interpersonal relations.
o Usually stems from complex
interpersonal situations and is only
vaguely represented in awareness
Produces behaviors that:
1.prevent people from learning from their
mistakes
2.keep people pursuing a childish wish
for security
3.generally ensure that people will not
learn from their experiences
Energy transformation
Dynamism is a pattern of energy
transformation that characterizes an
individual’s interpersonal relations
Resulted from experiences with other
people
Disjunctive Dynamisms
o Malevolence: disjunctive dynamism
of evil and hatred, characterized by
 the feeling of living among one’s
enemies (Sullivan, 1953)
o Withhold any expression of the need
for tenderness and to protect
themselves by adopting the
malevolent attitude
o Malevolent actions often take the
form of timidity, mischievousness,
cruelty, or other kinds of asocial or
antisocial behavior.
o Occurs during 2 or 3 years
o Sources: Parental relationship
(controlling or rejecting parents)
o “Once upon a time everything was
lovely, but that was before I had to
deal with people”
Conjunctive Dynamisms
o Intimacy: grows out of the earlier need
for tenderness but is more specific and
involves a close interpersonal
relationship between two people who
are more or less of equal status
o Intimacy requires equal partnership
o It is a rewarding experience that most
healthy people desire
o Two Extremely Painful Experiences:
Anxiety and Loneliness
o Self-system: The most complex and
inclusive of all the dynamisms
o An individual’s collection of self-
perceptions based on interpersonal
experiences
o Arises out of the child’s recognition of
potentially anxious situations
o Develops earlier than intimacy, at
about age 12 to 18 months. Security
operations during interpersonal
tensions
o Dissociation: Includes those impulses,
desires, and needs that a person
refuses to allow into awareness.
o Selective Inattention: Refusal to see
those things that we do not wish to see
o Sublimation: Refusal to see those
things that we do not wish to see
o As if Role: Acting of false but practical
roles
Isolating Dynamisms
o Lust: requiring no other person for its
satisfaction
o Attempts at lustful activity are often
rebuffed by others, which increases
anxiety and decreases feelings of self-
worth
o Often hinders an intimate relationship,
especially during early adolescence
when it is easily confused with sexual
attraction All mental disorders are
rooted from thwarted interpersonal
relationship ex: voyeuristic disorder
Fetishism Lust is extremely powerful
during adolescence which often leads
to low self-esteem
Personification: images of self and others
that are acquired throughout various
developmental stages:
Bad-mother personification grows out of
the infant’s experiences with the bad-
nipple: that is, the nipple that does not
satisfy hunger needs.
It is not an accurate image of the “real”
mother but merely the infant’s vague
representation of not being properly fed
Good-mother personification based on
the tender and cooperative behaviors of
the mothering one
ME PERSONIFICATION
The bad-me personification
o experiences of punishment and
disapproval that infants receive
from their mothering one
o The resulting anxiety is strong
enough to teach infants that they
are bad, but it is not so severe as
to cause the experience to be
 dissociated or selectively
unattended
The good-me personification
o Results from infants’ experiences
with reward and approval
o Infants feel good about
themselves when they perceive
their mother’s ex- pressions of
tenderness.
The not-me personification
o Caused by sudden severe anxiety
o An infant denies these
experiences to the me image so
that they become part of the not-
me personification
o These shadowy not-me
personifications are also
encountered by adults and are
expressed in dreams,
schizophrenic episodes, and
other dissociated reactions
o Unrealistic traits or imaginary
friends that many children invent
to protect their self-esteem
Eidetic personifications, however, are not
limited to children; most adults see
fictitious traits in other people. It can
create conflict in interpersonal relations
when people project onto others
imaginary traits that are remnants from
previous relationships.
Levels of Cognition- Ways of perceiving,
imagining, and conceiving
Parataxic Level - Seeing causal
relationship between events that occur at
about the same time, but which are not
logically related.
Ex: Superstitions
Parataxic distortion, or an illogical belief
that a cause-and-effect relationship exists
between two events in close temporal
proximity
Syntaxic Level - Experiences that are
consensually validated and that can be
symbolically communicated
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS –
ERICH FROMM
People Have Lost Their Connection with
Nature and One Another
This Separation from the Natural World
Has Resulted in Loneliness and Isolation -
The cost of freedom has exceeded its
benefits
Fromm’s Basic Assumptions
o Individual personality can only be
understood in the light of human
history
o Humans have been “torn away” from
their prehistoric union with nature
o “Human Dilemma” - Humans have
acquired the ability to reason about
their isolated conditions
2 fundamental dichotomies:
1. Life and death
2. Complete self-realization and the
fact that humans cannot reach
this goal because life is too short
Human Needs
Relatedness - Drive for union with
another person or other persons
(Submission, Power, Love)
Transcendence - Urge to rise above a
passive and accidental existence and
into “the realm of purposefulness and
freedom”
Humans also use malignant aggression
for reasons other than survival
Rootedness - Need to establish roots or
to feel at home again in the world
Sought through Fixation
Sense of Identity - Capacity for humans
to be aware of themselves as a separate
entity
Frame of Orientation - Being split off
from nature, humans need a road map
to make their way through the world
Summary of Human Needs – These
needs have evolved from human
existence as a separate species
Aimed at moving people toward
a reunification with the natural world
Lack of satisfaction of any of these
needs is unbearable and may result in
insanity
The Burden of Freedom
Mechanisms of Escape: Authoritarianism,
Destructiveness, Conformity
Positive Freedom - Spontaneous and full
expression of both rational and
emotional potentialities
while anything belonging to others is
worthless
Incestuous Symbiosis - Extreme
dependence on one’s mother to the
extent that one’s personality is blended
with that of the host person
Exaggerated form of mother
fixation
Psychotherapy - Concerned with the
interpersonal aspects of a therapeutic
encounter
Aim of therapy is self-knowledge for a
patient - The therapist must relate “as
one human being to another with utter
concentration and utter sincerity”
Goal of Fromm’s psychotherapy: Work
toward satisfaction of the basic human
needs of relatedness, transcendence,
rootedness, a sense of identity, and a
frame of orientation

Character Orientations

Relatively Permanent Ways of Relating to

the World

Nonproductive Orientations - Receptive,

Exploitative, Hoarding, Marketing

Productive Orientation

Three dimensions include

working, loving, and reasoning

Productive people work toward

positive freedom

Personality Disorders

Necrophilia- Focus of attention is death

and sexual perversion

Malignant Narcissism - Belief that

everything one owns is of great value,