SECH Spain

SECH PROJECT -SPAHOUSEC
Analyses of the energy

consumption of the household
sector in Spain
FINAL REPORT
IDAE
General Secretary
Planning and Studies Department
16th of June of 2011
SECH Project - SPAHOUSEC
Content
0. - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 33
1. - INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 66
2. - BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................... 99
3. - SPAHOUSEC PROJECT’S METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 1111
3.1. - Action Scheme .................................................................... 1212
3.2. - Phone Survey Operations ....................................................... 1515
3.3. - Face-to-face Survey Operation ................................................ 1818
3.4. - Measurement Operation .................................................... 2222
3.5. - Survey to Land Agents Operation .......................................... 2727
3.6. - Information from Energy Traders Operation ............................. 2828
3.7. - Information on Renewable Energies Operation .......................... 2828
3.8. - Integration of Results ........................................................... 2929
3.8.1. - Dwelling and Household Features ........................................... 2929
3.8.2. - Household Equipment ......................................................... 3030
3.8.3. - Aggregate energy consumptions by energy sources ...................... 3232
3.8.4. - Energy Consumptions by Services/Uses and by Energy Sources ........ 3535
4.- RESULTS AND VALIDATION ..................................................................................... 3737
4.1. Characterization of the Stock of Dwellings and Building Features ..... 3737
4.2. - Features of Households ..................................................... 3939
4.3. Joint Characterization of Dwellings and Households ..................... 4242
4.4. - Equipment ..................................................................... 4343
4.5. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector by Services and Uses 5454
4.5.1. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector in Spain: .............. 5454
4.5.2. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Climate Zones .... 5757
4.5.3. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Type of Dwelling . 6161
4.5.4. - Energy Consumption by Climate Zones and Type of Dwelling: ........ 6666
4.6.-Summary of Total Consumptions and Averages of the Households Sector 6969
4.7. - Validation and comparison of results ..................................... 7070
5. - DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS ........................................................................... 7373
6- GAINED EXPERIENCE AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS ................................................ 7474
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0. - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The residential sector is essential in the current energy sector, both at national
and EC level, because of the importance of its energy needs which in Spain, in
terms of final energy, account for 17% of the final energy consumption and for 25%
in terms of electric consumption. Various are the factors giving reason of the
representativeness and the upward trend of its energy consumption, such as the
increase in the number of households, the ensuing greater comfort demanded and
consequently, larger equipment. The whole is brought about by a higher purchasing
power and an improvement in the standard of living, which lets envisage upward
trends as regards the representativeness of the residential sector in energy
demand.
The remarkable impacts related to meeting energy needs by society in general and
by the residential sector in particular in terms of energy dependence, security of
supply and environmental impact, forcefully lead to the appropriate, well-founded
energy planning which rests on three large pillars in Spain: Planning of the Electric
Power & Gas Sectors, Energy Saving and Efficiency Planning and Renewable Energy
Plans. A key instrument to the devising of the various energy plans is to know the
extent of the demand and which the agents that have a bearing on it are.
Thus, one of the objectives of the energy statistics consists in providing the energy
manager and planner worked-out information as reliable as possible on the energy
sector. Energy statistics has its origin in the first energy crises of the 70’s in the XX
century. The first challenge it had to face was determining the energy offer, from
domestic energy production to the energy provided to end users, including balances
of trade, energy transformation and distribution. At present, most of the
developed countries have reasonably reliable energy statistics in terms of energy
offer. The explanation to society’s energy demand is also reasonably represented in
some sectors like industry, but shows significant weaknesses in other sectors, the
so-called “diffuse sectors”, where there are high heterogeneity and atomisation
degrees, like in the residential, trade and service sectors, and to a lesser extent, in
transportation.
Being aware of this situation, the European Commission through Eurostat and in
collaboration with the State Members wants to make sure that the statistics
corresponding to the final energy demand are comparable, transparent, detailed
and flexible. It is in this context that Eurostat proposed SECH Project (Development
of detailed Statistics on Energy Consumption in Households) to the State Members
in the Eurostat Statistics Work Group meeting on 29 th June 2009. The aim of the
project is the development of energy statistics in the residential sector through
Bottom-Up technologies for measurements and modelling.
The importance of the residential sector in Spain and the need of being more
acquainted with it led IDAE/MITyC to submit the Spanish proposal SPAHOUSEC
Project (Analysis of the Energy Consumption in the Spanish Households) before
Eurostat, within the framework of the SECH project.
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This report makes up the final document in the SPAHOUSEC survey and includes,
along with the rest of the documents associated with the Project, a phone survey
on equipment and energy consumption in the residential sector; electric energy
consumption measurements in the residential sector; the methodology used and
the results achieved in determining the aggregated energy consumption by
services, uses, climate zone area and kind of residence for the Spanish case.
The objectives set at the beginning of the study were ambitious and based on the
development of a methodology that would combine various methods and
information sources, both new and already existing, and that would enable to
determine consumption in the residential sector by means of a bottom-up
approach. The information resulting from integrating the various methods should
be contrasted with the energy information existing in the sector, and obtained
through top-down procedures.
The developed methodology has included the compilation of the existing

information of energy and social and economic kind relevant to the sector, phone
and face-to-face surveys, meant to know the Spanish houses and households as well
as their equipment, energy consumption and behaviour, and the “in situ”
measurements of the electric consumption in 600 households, an innovative that
has been carried out in Spain for the first time. Once the former information has
been compiled, the results have been validated through instruments developed by
IDAE to determine the energy consumption and costs of the Spanish households,
and their integration.
Likewise, the group of agents that have taken part in the development of the
Project has been large both in terms of number, representativeness and quality. A
remarkable factor has been the citizen’s participation, through surveys and
consumption measurements, the various energy traders, Red Eléctrica de España
(REE) (Spanish transmission and system operator), Land Agents through their
professional association, consumers’ associations and the various departments in
the Public Administration such as the MITyC and the National Statistics Institute
(INE). Without the help, collaboration and participation of them all the ambitious
goals of the projects could not have been reached.
As regards the results achieved in the SPAHOUSEC study, it can be said that the
bottom-up and integration methodology has accomplished a rapprochement to the
energy consumption in the sector, determined by the top-down methods, 6% lower
in terms of total consumption. As for the main energy supplies in the sector -
electricity, natural gas and diesel oil -deviations take place between +5% for diesel
oil and -7% for natural gas; this figure is put at -4% for electric power. Regarding
less representative energy sources as liquefied petroleum gas and coal, deviations
increase as a result of their lesser presence and penetration. Additionally, the
exploitation of these energies by non-residential users, such is the case of small
businesses, involves a distortion in energy consumption, calculated from top-down
methodologies, based almost exclusively on the information coming from energy
traders. These results, remarkably lower than the ones expected at the beginning
of the project, enable to determine the kind of rapprochement and provide an
explanation of the consumptions in the sector, from a technical point of view.
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The structural explanation of consumption for services and uses, historically

carried out by IDAE with information coming from former energy distributors,
shows some remarkable deviations yet absolutely assumable from a statistic point
of view. Energy consumption associated with sanitary hot water services were
overvalued by 7 points per cent, whereas the ones associated with electric
appliances account for 6 points per cent less than the ones provided by
SAPHOUSEC. Everything seems to point to the fact that there is a top-down
methodology estimate behind these deviations, not very much adjusted to the
electric consumption linked to sanitary hot water services.
The results of the SPAHOUSEC study have also delved into the explanation of
consumption per climate zone and type of building. The average Spanish household
consumes around 10,500 kWh per year, some 0.85 toe per year in line with the
rapprochements carried out earlier by IDAE/MITyC. Blocks of flats and apartments
in the Mediterranean area are shown as less energy intensive, with 0.53 toe per
year, whereas the single family houses in the continental sector use more energy,
1.69 toe per year. On average, single family houses use twice as much as flats.
Other remarkable data are the results of consumption in standby mode, which
reach almost 7% of electric consumption, largely exceeding cooling consumption
and equalling that of washing machines.
The results of the project have enabled to get to know the residential equipment
and its real consumption, confirming the high level achieved in Spain and the need
to stress rational use policies intended for households.
Given that the global differences achieved as opposed to conventional methodology

can be assumed and the said methodology does not allow pinpointing the non-
residential consumers included in the various supply fees, the experience gathered
with the SPAHOUSEC study advises replicating studies of this kind with a periodicity
between 4 and 6 years, as it is a key sector in global energy consumption. Likewise,
it would be necessary that Eurostat should adopt a methodology to establish the
residential consumption by uses with a homogeneous, common approach at EU
level. Additionally, it would be advisable to have suitable training for this kind of
energy statistics, aimed at technicians and statistical bodies, as well as having
resort to a methodology manual.
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1. - INTRODUCTION
The residential sector is essential within the energy national and EC context,
because of the importance of its energy needs. In terms of total and electric
consumptions, it reaches 17% and 25% respectively at national level, and 25% and
29% at EU27 level. Within the domestic scope, various factors as the increase of
households, consumption habits, the progressive equipment of households
enhanced by a far-reaching purchasing power and an improvement in the standard
of living lead to envisage some upward trends as regards the representativeness of
the residential sector in energy demand. This is backed by various relevant
prospective studies which are carried out at present ease the design and setting
more in accordance with the energy planning policies which will meet the coverage
of the said demand. On the other hand, this sector currently accounts for less
consumption if compared to other end-use sectors in Spain, even if it is one of the
sectors, along with the service one, that has registered a larger increase in its
energy consumption and associated intensity along the last years.
Trends in Energy Consumption (ktoe) within the Households Sector in Spain
18.000
16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
Energy Demand of Households Nº Households
4.000
2.000
0
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source: IDAE
Given the implication of the energy activities, both at environmental level and at
the level of our security of supply, and given also the high energy dependence, the
impact associated with the future evolution of the demand of a sector such as the
residential one is taken for granted in relation to the energy activities, uses and
services that take place in the said sector.
For all the above, this sector, takes a preference position at national level in the
energy and environmental policies, both present and future. Currently, there are
two important planning actions in Spain that make up the reference framework,
meant to give a response to the energy and environmental situation: the Spanish
Strategy on Energy Saving and Efficiency 2004-2012 (E4), implemented through
Action Plans horizons 2005-2007 & 2008-2012, and the recently finished Renewable
Energies Plan 2005-2010. These measures pretend a transition to a more
sustainable and diversified energy model, where local renewable sources of energy
gain greater prominence on meeting a more moderate energy demand, thanks to
applying actions and measures on energy saving and efficiency.
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The energy efficiency area in general, and the residential sector and its buildings in
particular, are given special attention within these plans as it can be inferred from
the budget increase of the Action Plan 2008-2012. In turn, the last Plan
corresponds to the first National Action Plan on Energy Saving and Efficiency
(NEEAP), demanded by Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and
energy services, with even more ambitious annual saving objectives, set up at 2% as
opposed to 1% as established by the said Directive. At present, and pursuant to the
above-mentioned Directive, the second National Plan (NEEAP) is being drafted –
Action Plan 2008-2020. This Plan shall lay the bases of the future policy in the field
of national energy efficiency. This political framework will be reinforced with the
New Renewable Energies Plan, 2011-2020, also under way, meant to improve the
synergy between the two key axes of the energy policy and energy demand; this
will enable the achievement of a more efficient and sustainable energy model.
In like manner, and given the synergy between energy and environmental policies,
the application of the above plans contribute to the accomplishment of the Spanish
Strategy on Climate Change as it eases the achievement of the emissions reduction
objectives set forth in the various National Emission Allocation Plans.
National policies in the field of energy efficiency and climate change are in turn,
coherent with EU directives in this respect, of which Directive 2006/32/EC on
Energy Services and Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Efficiency in Buildings and
its recast text into Directive 2010/31/EU, EU Action Plan on Energy Efficiency and
the EU legislative package on Energy and Climate Change make up a key reference.
These policies have in common highlighting the energy efficiency role. It is
estimated that an energy saving potential of 27% will be reached in the whole of
the EU residential area buildings in the 2020 horizon.
Table: Estimates for full energy saving potential in the end-use sectors
Energy
Energy consumption (Mtoe) Energy Saving
consumption
Sector 2020 Potential 2020
(Mtoe) 2005
(BAU scenario) (%)
(EE scenario)
Households (Residential) 280 338 27%
Commercial buildings (Tertiary) 157 211 30%

Transport 332 405 26%
Manufacturing Industry 297 382 25%
Source: European Commission EU-25 baseline Scenario and Wuppertal Institute 2005
All the above, along with the pressing need of adapting Energy Saving and
Efficiency and Renewable Energies Action Plans to the new imperatives imposed by
the EU energy policy, the expected evolution of the energy and social-economic
situation, leads to the need of deeper energy knowledge of the residential sector.
It is only from the right energy diagnosis of the sector through the development of
energy statistics linked to it that it will be possible to design suitable and
proficient energy efficiency and diversification policies, which envisage the
inclusion of more efficient equipment in terms of consumption as well as
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constructive elements and optimum designs, such is the case of new buildings,
which lead to the ideal concept of passive or low-consumption houses in the future.
Hence, the significance of initiatives such as SECH Project on the part of Eurostat,
branded as SPAHOUSEC in Spain, which will doubtless facilitate achieving these
objectives.
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2. - BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 nd

October 2008, on energy statistics, regulates known statistics by establishing a
common framework for the production, transmission, evaluation and dissemination
of comparable energy statistics in the EC. This Regulation applies to statistical
information on energy products and their aggregates at EC level.
Article 9 of the Regulation refers to statistics on renewable energy and final energy
consumption, pointing to the need to improve the quality of current statistics on
renewable energy and final energy consumption. To do this, in terms of final
energy consumption, the European Commission through Eurostat, in collaboration
with Member States, aims to ensure that the statistics are comparable,
transparent, detailed and flexible, through the examination and determination of
the methodology used at national and community level to generate these statistics,
on the basis of the current situation, existing studies and feasibility pilot studies,
as well as of the cost/benefit analysis still to be implemented, and evaluation of
the results of pilot studies and cost/benefit ones. The purpose of the above is to
establish a consumption breakdown key in each sector, according to sources and
uses of energy, and gradually integrate the resulting elements into statistics from
2012 on.
This becomes especially important from a political point of view, being key the
need of development of energy statistics by sectors through the reliable analysis of
energy consumption. This happens to be even more relevant in sectors such as the
residential one, where the unreliability of energy statistics available limited in
scope to aggregate energy consumption, involves the existing ignorance in terms of
delving into the issue. This entails a constraint at the time of devising efficient
policies and actions aimed at improving the efficiency in this sector, as well as at
their analysis and assessment. The latter is especially necessary in the context of
the monitoring of the EU policies currently in force in energy efficiency and
buildings. Some of the methods proposed by the various Directives propose the use
of a series of indicators based on both the top-down and the bottom-up
approaches, whose drafting requires a set of statistic data with minimum quality
and reliability standards.
It then seems required to implement methods that will contribute to lessening such
deficiencies, the most outstanding of which are the development of models,
surveys and in situ measurements of energy consumption. The experiences from
other countries where they have been implemented show large variability
regarding the used procedures, their quality and their cost.
In this context was held the meeting of the Eurostat Statistics Working Group on
29th June 2009, where all these considerations were recorded. The said meeting
witnessed the criticality of the residential sector due to its greater weakness
concerning statistics, and it was also stated the need to develop statistics oriented
towards this sector by means of the methods above mentioned, and to face the
difficulties that hinder its development, essentially those of an economic nature.
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To ease the said task, Eurostat ruled to allocate M€1 budget to facilitate the
studies targeting the analysis of the household energy consumption in the Member
States. It is thus that SECH Project (Development of detailed Statistics on Energy
Consumption in Households) started, promoted by Eurostat in the Member States,
which submitted a detailed proposal of the various projects to be approved in a
first phase, on 27th July 2009, to Eurostat, taking as a reference the coverage of
data acquisition recommended by the Eurostat Energy Statistics Working Group,
with the requirement of exceeding the scope of Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 on
Energy Statistics.
The importance of the residential sector in Spain, along with the need of more
involved knowledge of the sector, has led IDAE to develop sectorial studies on
various occasions so as to delve into the knowledge and monitoring of end-
consumption in the sector, with a view to improving energy statistics. IDAE’s
interest in taking part in SECH Project is double, as regards the need to explore
both into the characteristics and general trends of the household sector and the
itemisation of the consumption in this sector by uses. Bearing in mind the above,
Spain’s representation by the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (IDAE),
a public business entity ascribed to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade
(MITyC), joined Eurostat’s proposal through SPAHOUSEC Project (Analysis of the
Energy Consumption in the Spanish Households), which makes up the Spanish
version of Project SEC.
SPAHOUSEC Study, coherent with the premises laid down by Eurostat, aims
essentially at the development of the methodology that will determine the
consumption of the residential sector, both at global and segmented levels per uses
and services. It is expected that the results of SPAHOUSEC Study will contribute to
the improvement of energy statistics, as stated in the National Statistic Plan,
approved by Royal Decree 1708/2010 of 17th December.
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3. - SPAHOUSEC PROJECT’S METHODOLOGY
According to the initial project proposal, its main purpose is "to determine the
basic parameters of the residential sector, as well as the global and segmented
energy consumption by uses and services associated with the sector, and develop a
methodology with common criteria at European level for future information
collections." Additionally, "the information will be segmented and systematized
according to different areas: kinds of accommodations, climate zones, types of
services, types of applications or uses, etc. for which the reference to take into
account is Eurostat’s European Working Group on Statistics in terms of coverage of
data acquisition in the domestic sector. "
The climate zones that feature Spain were set up pursuant to the above; their
delimitation has been obtained according to the maximum, medium and minimum
average temperatures of the Spanish provinces for period 1997-2007.
Territorial distribution of climate zones in Spain
In like manner, and with respect to the kind of accommodation, the housing stock
has been segmented, paying attention to the type of buildings, whether they are
single-family houses or blocks of flats, given the incidence of this parameter on
energy consumption.
The information on the service section and the use of energy in the sector is
segmented as follows: heating, sanitary hot water, cooking, cooling, lighting and
electric appliances. For the latter, the following itemisation also applies: fridge,
freezer, washing machine, dryer, oven, TV, computer, standby and the rest of the
equipment.
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The base methodology of SPAHOUSEC Project consists in the combination of the

various methods and information sources, both existing and new, which may enable
to determine the consumption of the residential sector through a bottom-up
approach. The information resulting from the integration of the various methods
used is eventually checked against the existing official energy information available
in the residential sector, usually obtained through top-down procedures, and which
is also checked up with consumption calculations on the basis of equipment and
average consumption.
The various methods used all along the implementation of this Project, each of the
procedures and specific and the differentiated objectives are supplementary,
which enables to reach greater understanding of the energy consumption in the
sector. These methods stem from the choice of a statistically representative
sample, both at national level and at the level of climate zones, as well as of the
type of dwelling, of the permanently occupied houses, considered relevant for
energy purposes in this project.
Additionally, the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) has provided information
and statistical technical assistance alike.
3.1. - Action Scheme
With a view to giving response to the envisaged objectives, the work scheme
undergone has been structured through various operations spinning round four
action axes:
a) Compilation of the existing information of an energy and social-economic

kind, relevant to the residential sector
On the one hand, the information coming from the energy statistics of all kind
collected by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (MITyC)/IDAE has been
taken into account; the said information relates to the end-energy consumption
in the residential sector and its itemisation according to energy sources.
In like manner the information derived from studies and surveys has been
collected. These were essentially carried out by the National Statistics Institute
(INE) and the former Ministry of Housing, whose functions are currently
transferred to the Ministry of Development, within the framework of studies
aimed at knowing the standard, quality and living conditions of Spanish
households. The main information sources have been:
Population figures and Demographic Census 2001
Household Budget Survey (EPF).
Living Conditions Survey (ECN).
Survey on households and the environment Survey on Equipment and Use
of Information and Communication Technologies in Households.
Apart from the available information to the general public, IDAE and the MITyC
have closely collaborated with the INE with a view to gathering any additional
information of interest, not available according to the media commonly used. In
this way, the INE has played an essential role as regards the statistical
counselling provided to IDAE in terms of defining the household samples and
other variables.
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All the above has been supplemented with other information sources, and to do
so, key agents who have a direct or indirect bearing on the residential sector
have been contacted. Some of these have been the energy supply and trading
firms that operate on the Spanish energy market, national associations of estate
managers and consumers. Particularly, the information provided by Land Agents
as regards energy billing and the consumption associated with thermal services
in residents’ associations, such as collective systems for heating and sanitary
hot water, have been really useful as it sets up a reference to validate the
achieved results through other means with in terms of energy consumption in
households.
b) Definition of the Work Programme
It has been necessary to analyse and define the sample sizes, the problems
associated with every field work and the methodology to be used before
undergoing the field works with a view to guaranteeing a sufficient degree of
confidence, with a maximum deviation under ±3% in the crossings resulting
from the combination of the three climate zones and the two types of
dwellings considered. The cooperation and counselling received on the part of
the INE has really been useful on this point.
c) Field Work
The consumption complexity of the residential sector has demanded carrying
out “ad-hoc” studies through research field works. Three studies in the
residential sector, based on representative household samples have been
carried out with different, supplementary methodological approaches in their
goals:
Phone surveys
Face-to-face surveys and
“In situ” measurements of electric power consumption per kind of service
or the equipment in dwellings.
Work Scheme of SPAHOUSEC Project

(1) Existing Info at aggregated
level Results
Socioeconomic Data Consumption by Uses and

Fuels: By climatic zones and
types of dwellings
Climatic and Geographical

Data: HDD; CDD Assessment of the air
(4) Adjustment conditioning/heat pumps
and Evaluation
Energy indicators: unit
Constructive characteristics consumption; unit electricity
of buildings and dwellings consumption, per surface;
per appliances; per uses and
services, etc.
Energy Parameters: (2) Definition of the

Consumption by fuels in (3) Research work:
Framework:
physics and economic units
Interviews by phone Statistics considerations:
and on location Sample sizes; methodological
issues related to research
Equipment “In situ” measurement work, etc.
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Phone surveys have been used with a view to determining aspects such as: the
building features of dwellings and households; average occupancy; the average
energy expenditure estimated by the household, both in economic and physical
terms (energy units) and the availability and kinds of equipment.
Face-to-face surveys have been oriented, towards not only the features of the
dwellings, households and equipment , but also a more thorough diagnosis and
research , by means of the real consumption invoices and the energy situation
of the chosen samples, which has allowed delving into the aspects dealt with
the phone surveys.
The performance of two kinds of surveys with a common core is meant to

determine the limitations, good points and costs associated with every survey
with a view to a likely future replication of studies of this kind.
Finally, “in situ” measurements have been done over a total number of 22
electric equipment units that draw together all the energy services a household
can have so as to determine the associated electric consumption. These
measures are contrasted with the billing carried out by electric power traders.
Measurement campaigns have been done in summer, autumn and winter, both
on working days and bank holidays so as to record the “calendar effect” and
seasonality, and therefore achieve the most accurate estimation possible of the
average consumption of households in relation to their equipment. For energy
purposes, autumn has been assimilated with springtime.
The collection of the entire information above has been carried out all along
year 2010.
d) Analysis and Validation of Results
By processing the information from all previous proceedings, it has been

possible to determine the energy consumption of the residential sector in
Spain, by climate zones, by type of dwelling and by uses and services. Two
types of power supplies have been considered:
Thermal SHW/Heating/Cooking
Lighting/Electric Appliances/Air Conditioning
Electric
Cooling/SHW/Standby
With regard to thermal supplies and from the information gathered in surveys,
the first item determined has been the collective aggregate consumption of
households in terms of the fuel used; the inference of the consumption per
uses and services followed next, according to the equipment and bearing in
mind all the thermal energy sources.
As for electric uses, a similar procedure has been followed, working on the
electric equipment measurements and the data obtained from electric
consumption measurements.
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Average consumptions in households have also been estimated on the basis of

the consumption calculations per services/uses and equipment.
Finally, a coherence analysis has been done between the top-down methods -
used to draft official statistics- and the bottom-up one -applied to SPAHOUSEC
study-, so that the grouping of energy consumptions by sources of the various
uses should correspond to the energy consumption by sources in the residential
sector.
3.2. - Phone Survey Operations
The aim of surveys of this kind is to know the essential features of energy demand
in the residential sector: types of dwelling and equipment. For this purpose, a
population sampling carried out per climate zone and type of dwelling. Six sub-
samples have been obtained out of the crossing climate zone-type of dwelling,
whose sample size has been defined by the INE data as regards main houses and
population. 6,390 effective1 phone surveys have been done as a whole, ensuring a
maximum absolute error of ±3% and a confidence level of 95% in each of the six
sub-samples.
The distribution of the 6 sub-samples chosen and the one of the dwellings coming
from the INE Census are shown in the following table:
Distribution of Dwellings and Household Samples according to Climate Zones

and Types of Dwellings in Spain
Type of Dwelling
TOTAL
Climatic Zone Single-Family Houses Blocks of Flats
Dwellings Samples Dwellings Samples Dwellings Samples
North Atlantic 580,240 1,065 1,673,181 1,065 2,253,421 2,130
Continental 1,649,042 1,065 4,133,792 1,065 5,782,834 2,130
Mediterranean 2,867,948 1,065 6,295,427 1,065 9,163,375 2,130
TOTAL 5,097,230 3,195 12,102,400 3,195 17,199,630 6,390
Source: INE and Own Elaboration
As the number of units in each sub-sample is over 100,000 and bearing in mind that
from that amount the same sample2 error occurs, a same sample size is achieved
for each sub-sample.
The gathering of information has been done through computer-assisted phone

interviews with the help of a half-structured questionnaire with the following
sections: type of dwelling and building features, household features, household
equipment and annual average energy expenditure.
1
What is understood by effective interview is the one that responds to 75% of the questions in the
questionnaire at least; therefore, interviews with a lower answer percentage are discarded because of the
slant they may have introduced into the study.
2
Population sizes over 100,000 units can be considered infinite for statistical purposes; thus, variations on this
number do not translate into significant changes in the sample size, unlike error or level of confidence, which
have a direct bearing on its variations.
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A pilot test is carried out (Pre-test) as a previous step to the interviews on

household samples, with the aim of checking the suitability and validity of the
questionnaire in issues such as: the comprehension of questions on the part of the
interviewees; the categorisation of the answers and their coding; the adequacy and
logics of the question sequence stated in the questionnaire as well as its length
with a view to avoiding tiring the interviewee; and last, the understanding of the
instructions provided in the questionnaire; as well as the filter questions. The pilot
test has also been of use in the development of the survey, as it provides
interviewers with training; validates the follow-up and control systems and the
software application used in this process.
The choice of the household samples has been done through a random procedure
from a telephone directory in each climate area, managed through a Call Centre
software system which guarantees the randomness of each chosen dwelling until
the completion of the area sample size. In this way, all the dwellings in the area
with a fix telephone line are guaranteed the access, regardless of the locality of
residence and population figures. The choice of the dwelling according to its
typology has been done at the moment of the interview, based on a filter question
at the beginning of the questionnaire.
All the necessary calls have been made until completion of the quotas set up per
type of dwelling in each climate zone. On the other hand, and in order to avoid
possible slants in the results, a weekly follow-up was done of the effective
interviews obtained to control their distribution by provinces, according to the
proportional weight of the population in each of the provinces over the total, and
having into account the distribution per type of dwelling.
The field work control has been carried out by means of the CATI System
(Computer Assisted Telephoned Interviewing), which enables to do a follow-up of
all the events occurred during working time: calls made or attempted their results,
wrong numbers, date and time, interviewer, etc. The phone numbers are provided
to the system through a database that has identification and quota data apart from
these numbers. An advantage of the CATI System is the possibility of fixing a
telephone appointment with the interviewee beforehand.
The team of interviewers have been specifically trained, what enabled them to
become acquainted with the questionnaire. A head of the team was appointed, in
charge of coordinating and controlling the interviewers allotted, and a general co-
ordinator, in charge of leading the coordinators. The field work took place over 30
calendar days.
Special attention has been given to the validation and debugging of the information
obtained through the survey. These tasks started with the beginning of the works
(design of questionnaires, choice of samples, etc.) and went on till the end of the
survey (elevation to the national total). Moreover, a validation has been
implemented in relation to the issues considered in the questionnaire through the
Pre-test mentioned above. The research tool debugging has been supplemented by
a field control which revised 25% of the calls made. This revision enabled to check
the effective execution both of the telephone contacts with households and the
very interview.
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As a prior step to the collected information analysis, an exhaustive debugging of

the database to get rid and correct possible inconsistencies and errors was carried
out. The debugging procedure took up three phases:
1. Initial debugging: quota checking; no-answer rate analysis; code control;

recording control and information consistency control.
2. Elimination of inconsistent records: once the non-valid registers detected,

they have been eliminated and replaced by the corresponding ones. In like
manner, in the cases of incomplete information registers, these were
replaced by complete registers
3. First data tabulation: a first tabulation was done through syntax in the SPSS
statistic software, which showed the frequency distribution of all the
variables included in the database. This first analysis allowed observing
other possible non-detected inconsistencies or errors in former phases,
such as: variable recoding errors; spelling errors; errors in the flow of
responses; errors in syntax.
For their part, the systematization and processing of information have been
performed both at the initial stages of the interviews and in the final stages of the
survey. Initially, these works were directed to determining the sample size for the
6 sub-samples, calculated on the basis of the number of dwellings they contained,
and starting from a random sample design with stratification by province within
each one of them. On the other hand, statistical elevation factors and an
extrapolation method for results and statistical inference have been applied in
order to extrapolate the results of interviews with a national household universe.
Other tasks are included in the information systematisation and treatment, like
imputation and missing data treatment, and the calculation of the accuracy of
estimates - done with SPSS statistical programme -as well as the debugging of the
collective energy expenses.
Regarding the debugging process of energy consumption and expenditure for each
energy source, in a first phase, the results obtained have been annual energy
consumption and expenditures based on the semi-annual, quarterly or monthly
consumption as specified by the households interviewed, on the basis of assuming a
homogeneous and linear consumption behaviour, as the interviewees were asked to
specify their usual average energy expenditure in their dwellings, regardless of the
month the interview was done.
The following casuistries have been studied in a detailed way to determine the
household consumption in physical and money units, affected by the following
information singularities provided by IDAE: energy consumption in residents’
associations with centralised heating and/or sanitary hot water services, obtained
through a survey to Land Agents, and the real supply costs of the various energy
sources, obtained from the information provided by the various energy traders.
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The following algorithm has been used for this adjustment:
where m relates to the month.
In a first phase were discarded the interviews whose annual average costs for each
energy source were over 10% of the annual average cost of their climate zone
obtained from their traders. The average of each sub-sample was calculated with
the rest of the interviews, and was further applied to the interviews discarded in
the first phase.
This final assessment of the survey highlights a high level of reliability and a
statistical representativeness in accordance with the requirements envisaged at the
beginning. This accounts for the consistency of the research method used, as well
as of the design and choice of the sample sizes chosen for each population
segment. The maximum absolute errors obtained are as follows:
Error Distribution according to Climate zone and Type of Dwelling
CLIMATE ZONE Blocks of Flats Single-Family Houses TOTAL

North Atlantic 3% 3% 2.1%
Continental 3% 3% 2.1%
Mediterranean 3% 3% 2.1%
TOTAL 1.7% 1.7% 1.23%
Source: P Value
3.3. - Face-to-face Survey Operation
The objective sought by this survey has also been to know the essential features of
energy demand in the residential sector through the types of dwellings and
equipment, supplemented with respect to the phone survey, with the energy costs
derived directly from the users’ billing and an energy behaviour module. In this
case, the procedure started from a Pre-test and loyal panel of households,
representative of the whole of the Spanish households.
As in the telephone survey, the starting point of the research has been the
definition of the universe of primary households by climate zone and type of
dwelling, based on data supplied by the INE. The sample used to determine
households is stratified two-stage and stratified in the primary units. The first part
stems from the census sections defined by the INE covering the whole of the
national territory. This first choice is done according to the size of the municipality
each section belongs to. The following step deals with the choice of the sample
units, made up by the households that are going to be part of the final sample. This
stratified sampling system reduces the variance and costs, and ensures lower
standard error and therefore a more representative sample by province and
municipality size.
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For SPAHOUSEC Project, the choice of the section simple was done in a systematic
way with a probability proportional to the population in each sector. A sample and
its associated units were chosen to determine the minimum sample size of
households (3,000 units), which at a first stage was higher than 6,000 census tracts
in more than 1,500 municipalities. At a second stage, households were chosen
randomly within each census tract chosen but in such a way that all the social-
demographic variables would be represented either at area level or at the whole
level in the same proportion than the universe of reference. The resulting sample is
distributed according to the distribution of the population in the national whole,
but favouring the proportion in the breakdowns with a lower percentage. The aim
is to improve its representativeness by allotting a minimum number of households.
In like manner, what is sought factor is the representativeness per province
depending on the population density stated in the data of the last Municipal
Census.
The social-demographic features considered in the sample of household of choice

have been the following:
Household size and number of household members

Level of annual household income
Social class of home
Geographical area of the household according to climate zones
Size of habitat
Living with children under 12 years old at home
Activity of the housewife
Age of the housewife by intervals
Life Stages in the household: a classification that reflects the moment
the household is living at present, both by the age of the housewife and
the presence or absence of children. The life stages considered have
been: single junior adult, young couples, young families, and families in
progress, families with teenagers, families with older children at home,
elderly couples and senior adults only.
Lifestyles
The person chosen as a spokesperson within the household has been the
responsible for the food products purchase, who is usually the
housewife/husband, regardless of their sex, as they are considered to hold the
highest responsibility for the household purchases and expenses.
Taken all the above into account, a final sample with 3,035 valid households has
been reached, used as a basis for carrying out the face-to-face surveys. The
SPAHOUSEC Project sample has been rendered as follows:
SAMPLE OF DWELLINGS
North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean TOTAL
TOTAL
602 1.201 1.232 3.035
Blocks of Flats 408 818 842 2.068
TYPE OF DWELLING
Single-Family Houses 194 194 390 778
Source: Nielsen
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The sample error envisaged for the sample is 1.78% within a confidence interval of
95%. Given that the error will vary depending on the population segmentation
considered, and that the single-family houses in the North Atlantic climate area are
weaker as regards representativeness, intensification in the said segment has been
applied so that the errors in it are compatible with the ones in the rest of the
segments. The expected errors for the sub-samples resulting from the distribution
of the entire study sample by climate zones and type of dwelling, for a confidence
interval of 95% are:
Sample Error Distribution by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling
CLIMATE ZONE
TOTAL
TYPE OF DWELLING North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean
Blocks of Flats 4,85% 3,43% 3,38%

Single-Family Houses 7,05% 5,01% 4,96% 1,78%
TOTAL 3,99% 2,83% 2,79%
Source: Nielsen
Work field consists in a telecommunication system that enables collecting and

transmitting information, in this case, in relation to a questionnaire. This system
has an optic reader that permits the information capture by means of bar codes to
be sent to households on a weekly basis via modem. The questionnaire to apply is
self-managed with a scanner format, and electronically processed through the
computer tool stated earlier.
Tool Used in Face-to-Face Surveys
The designed questionnaire has closed questions and a scanner format, which
involves the allocation of a bar code to every answer. Additionally, the
questionnaire on paper format was sent to the households. These have had a
reasonable term, over 3 weeks, to answer the questionnaire. Once the answers
have been validated, the results have been processed to be analysed and
extrapolated over the entire household universe for further analysis.
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The validation and debugging of inconsistencies has been a critical element all
along the process in the interviews. All the phases of the survey have undergone
various quality controls meant to guarantee the validity of the data. Precisely, the
applied controls ranged from the sample determination and design, the design of
the questionnaire to the analysis and coherence of the results.
The quality of the sample design is implicit in the universe estimate. The
distribution of households was stratified, according to the most relevant
geographical and demographic breakdowns, proportionally to the universe. The
sample choice has been coherent with the sample design set up as ideal, ensuring
the maximum randomness to prevent unwanted slants.
The performance of the interviews has demanded an effort as regards the

information systematisation and processing, which becomes evident in the very
design of the questionnaire as well as in the quality controls of the answers.
Nevertheless, this has been supplemented with specific quality controls that ensure
the consistency of the reported data. The very design of the questionnaire does not
allow multiple answers in questions that do not require so, nor incomplete
questions, so a first formal validation of completeness or inconsistency has been
determined by the very design of the questionnaire3.
After the interviews, the interview validation and debugging processes and the
solution of incidences, the results have been extrapolated to the national
household universe. This has been done through a sample projection method,
whose aim is to determine a factor of expansion or of statistical elevation. These
factors are automatically calculated through an iterative calibration algorithm
called “Calmar IPF”, where factors are recurrently calculated through interactions
until achieving the best possible approximation to real universes. The achieved
factors in the final iteration are the ones used as “extrapolation factors”.
The energy consumption of the residential sector has been calculated on the basis
of the consumptions declared by the households through bills for a calendar year,
both in physical and money units. In the case of households without bills an
estimate has been realized depending on the type of dwelling, household size and
climate zone. These estimates are statistically representative after applying the
corresponding statistical elevation factors, according to the household typology and
sources of energy.
Finally, an analysis has been done of the total energy weighted expenditure per
kind of energy according to size, kind of dwelling, climate zone and depending on
the technological equipment to ensure the coherence of the results. In like
manner, a comparative analysis has been done of some of the results derived from
surveys with analogical data coming from other information sources, particularly,
the penetration of the equipment with respect to other sources of information such
as the INE, the average electrical expenditure of the household with respect to REE
(Spanish transmission and system operator), etc.
3
A questionnaire is considered complete and effective when the household has read all the questions with the
reader. In like manner, a maximum number of “don’t know, no answer” answers of 10% was accepted for the
total of the questionnaire.
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A control over the very content of the surveys has also been done, stressing the
analysis on the completeness and consistency of the block of questions relating to
the energy consumption and expenditure, particularly, between the energy sources
declared and the consumption and expenditure variables stated in relation to the
consumption or service block (heating, water, air conditioning, and cooking) and
energy source. This procedure has been extended to a more specific analysis for
possible inconsistencies in each kind of equipment, as well as in relation to the
identification of atypical households and possible anomalous data.
As relates to the debugging process of the energy consumptions and expenses of

each source of energy, annual energy consumption and expenses have been
obtained from the monthly invoices and consumptions provided by the interviewed
households. As in the telephone survey, to determine the household consumption in
physical and money units, the different casuistries have been studied in a detailed
way, as the information provided by IDAE affected these information singularities:
energy consumptions in residents’ associations, obtained through a survey to Land
Administrators, and real supply costs of the various energy sources, obtained from
the information provided by the various energy traders.
The following algorithm has been used for this adjustment:
Annual Average Cost =
where m corresponds to the month.
In a first phase were discarded the interviews whose annual average costs for each
energy source exceeded 10% of the annual average cost of its climate area, a
datum obtained through their traders. The average of each sub-sample was
calculated for the rest of the interviews, which was applied to the interviews
discarded in the first phase.
3.4. - Measurement Operation
The aim of this operation is determining the electric power consumption of the
electrical services and equipment in Spanish households by means of “in situ”
measurements in the various pieces of equipment.
Measurements have taken place in a total number of 600 dwellings, representing

the 3 climate zones over the summer, autumn and winter season, as well as over
four working days and two bank holidays. For methodological purposes and for
economic reasons, springtime has been equalled to autumn. With a view to
ensuring measurements in working and bank holiday days, the measurement
equipment have been installed in each house for four consecutive days, preferably
on Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. When it has not been possible to carry
out the measurements on any of the dwellings chosen initially, they have been
replaced for another one of similar features.
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The information obtained has enabled to achieve the average electric

consumptions, hourly, daily and season timetables, corresponding to working
schedules (working days and bank holidays) and annual ones for each kind of
equipment, climate zone and type of dwelling, both individually for each house and
grouped per scopes (types of dwellings and climate zones).
600 pieces of individual measurement equipment have been used to do the

measurements, whose features are the following:
Consumption measurement in real time in Watts-hour.

Memory for the whole of the costs and energy consumed in a period.
Information on the connection times and running.
Voltage: 230V AC.
Frequency: 50 Hz.
4 Digits (up to 9999 Wh).
Accuracy: deviation under +-5%.
Consumption measurement capacity up to 3.000 W.
Six time analysers in total have been installed for each type of dwelling, which
enabled to measure time consumptions and provide electric consumption curves for
ten months. Despite the amount of equipment being small, it provided a large
amount of information since it measured the consumption per hour for the stated
period. Therefore, each time analyser offers information for 10 months x 30 days x
24 hours. Moreover, these analysers store information every hour and can therefore
provide the real consumption curves of the dwellings, very useful for features such
as the standby mode or the collection of consumption peaks.
Measurement equipment used
Individual equipment Time analyzers
The electric equipment, on which the measures have been done, whenever the
house had this equipment available, has been:
Electric Heating System:
• Reversible heat pump.

• Non-reversible heat pump.
• Electric heater.
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• Electric convector.
• Electric radiator.
• Electric boiler.
Sanitary Hot Water Service:
• Electric water heater
Cooling:
• Air conditioning
• Reversible heat pump
Kitchen:
• Electric.
• Glass ceramics.
• Induction.
Electric Appliances:
• Fridge.
• Freezer.
• Washing machine.
• Dishwasher.
• TV Set
• Tumble dryers.
• Ovens.
• Microwave ovens.
• Computer: desktop or laptop.
• Rest of electric equipment.
Given the impossibility of fully measuring the consumption of certain services or

use by competition with other unmeasured consumption of the equipment, the
methodology used to estimate the same has been as follows:
1. Completion by each household of a questionnaire with data from equipment

and consumer habits.
2. Lighting consumption: estimated on the basis of existing lighting equipment

in each home and the use of such equipment.
3. General standby consumption: estimated by deducting the measurements of

the equipment consumption that may be running in these periods from the
total consumption measured in periods of null or minimum electric
consumption.
4. Rest of the electric equipment: estimated as the difference between the

daily total consumption and the summation of the daily consumptions
associated with the rest of the equipment.
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Apart from the measurements of real consumption of the chosen equipment, the
total electric consumption and the costs associated with it have been drawn from
the information derived from the electric billing for a consecutive 12-month
period, as provided by the house owners.
The choice of the dwellings has been made with enough representativeness as
regards their features and location so that all the data obtained can be quantified
and used in the calculations necessary for the development of the study. To do so,
the following has been considered:
- Dwellings in towns with an average per capita GDP equivalent to the

national average: the aim is to represent the direct relation between energy
consumption and affordability.
- Geographical balance: 200 dwellings in each of the three climate zones.
- Differentiation by type of housing: maintaining a ratio of approximately 3 to

1 blocks of houses with respect to single-family houses according to the INE
information concerning the number of houses in Spain against the primary
residence total4.
This new operation established a method, equally novel, which has allowed access
to dwellings for the measurements. The method is based on agreements and
collaborations with universities and university students with technical training, in
their final university years or taking an official Master’s degree, for each climate
zone. To promote the interest in the execution of the study, a newsletter was sent
by IDAE, informing about the relevance of this action. The possibility of contacting
the IDAE’s Citizens Information Service on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
(SICER) to solve issues in relation to these subjects was also promoted among the
house owners.
A bottom-up method, supplemented with a top-down one has been used in order to
achieve the results needed, so that the whole of the system generates consumption
curves from:
1. The information drawn from individual measurement equipment: to

obtain information on the consumed electric power in the measured
period and corresponding running time of the equipment. A data
collection intermediate of the consuming equipment has been done with
a sample of 10% of the dwellings (60 as a whole).
2. The information provided by the questionnaire: it enables to collect the

information on the equipment inventory and their technical features as
well as the usage habits for the said equipment.
3. The information from model consumption curves: already known from

projects formerly carried out in Spain (Intel, Samelec, etc.). These
curves are weighted with the curves generated with the information
INE Data: INEbase / Industry, energy and building / building and housing / Population and Housing Census.
4
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drawn from the measurement equipment and the questionnaire data, and
allow homogenizing the information coming from the 600 dwellings
measured. The rest of the households in Spain are thus generalised with a
lesser error margin.
4. The information obtained with energy time analysers: they provide

“model” curves for each type of dwelling and climate zone, and allow
measuring standby modes and consumption peaks.
5. The information derived from house billing: which enables to adjust the
house consumption curves in the billing period, adding an extra
adjustment to the previous curves in order to adapt them to the said
consumption.
The methodological scheme used is shown in the following figure:
Methodological outline used in measurements
DATA RESULTS
(1) 600 pieces of measuring

equipment in 600 dwellings
Initial consumption curve of every piece of

equipment, dwelling curve (and stand by)
(2) Questionnaire: electric for every dwelling measured (600)
appliances and energy-consuming
equipment and consumption habits
data
(3) Consumption type curves

coming from former experiences/ Loading
projects of each piece of factor
equipment use
(4) 6 pieces of measuring Stand-by and consumption peaks checking

equipment with 10-month
consumption records
(5) Dwelling billing: curve

adjustment to the value stated Data Time consumption is obtained
in the invoice obtained for every dwelling and piece of
from “other main equipment, both for
equipment” equipment in running or stand-
by mode, either on working
days or holiday, etc.
The possible distortions integrated in the measurements, derived from the lack of
measurement data from some equipment, have been refined to minimize the
overall weight by controlling the quality of the preliminary results using two
automated filtering actions in the measurement database:
1. Filtering and control No.1: which checks that every dwelling has all the
necessary data from the equipment and that the capacities shown in
different tables add up the total capacity installed in the home
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2. Filtering and control No.2: which checks that the billing in every dwelling
corresponds to the equipment consumption for the period stated in the
invoice
Invoices are checked for the addition of equipment consumptions for every
dwelling.
Initial Data Filtrating
It is checked that each dwelling provides the

(6) Filtering and control No.1. necessary data from the equipment, and that
they coincide with the capacities in the
various tables.
For every dwelling, the billing is checked to

(7) Filtering and control No.2. make sure it corresponds to the summation of
the equipment consumptions. Consumption
peaks and minimums are calculated.
Calculations and achievement of seasonal and national results
Once the filtering of the preliminary data has been done, the values which did not
meet the demanded quality parameters were adjusted and the final results were
produced.
3.5. - Survey to Land Agents Operation
Apart from the above operations and with a view to supplementing them, contacts
were established with the General Council of Land Managers, which officially and
totally represents the profession of Rural and Urban Land Manager on an exclusive
basis.
The objective was to have access to information on energy consumptions and

expenses in common installations for heating and/or sanitary hot water in houses
through a survey aimed at the various members of the Land Managers Association.
A survey was done to a total number of 100 Land Managers, 33 per climate zone,
who provided information on the energy consumption per energy source, the
associated expenses, the heated or cooled surface and common service for as many
as 3,656 dwellings with common installations for heating and/or sanitary hot
water.
The information derived from this survey was used as a comparative and
adjustment element for phone and face-to-face surveys when the interviewee
stated having heating and/or sanitary hot water consumptions on communal basis.
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3.6. - Information from Energy Traders Operation

MITyC/IDAE also requested information from the main energy traders and their
associated billing, itemised by climate zone, and whenever possible, by type of
dwelling.
Thanks to the information provided by these traders, it was feasible to determine

the energy consumption and the billing for the different climatic zones; this
enabled having the actual cost per physical consumption unit of the major energy
sources. This information has been used as a contrastive and checking element in
the various consumptions derived from phone and face-to-face surveys.
3.7. - Information on Renewable Energies Operation
IDAE/MITyC annually draft an energy consumption statistics on renewable energies,

used among other purposes to inform the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the
Eurostat about the consumption by sectors, associated with the said energy
sources. To draft this statistics, IDAE, in its capacity of advisory support body,
relies on the Advisory Committee for Energy Saving, Diversification and Renewable
Energies (CADER), presided over by the President of IDAE and made up by
representatives of the State General Administration and of the Autonomous
Communities. There is a Working Group on Renewable Energies within CADER,
which meets twice a year and analyses the national and regional energy statistics
to establish a consensual working method and the national statistics on renewable
energies.
These statistics are drafted from the information available in the Public
Administrations, both national and regional, and from national bodies as the
National Commission for Energy (CNE), the Spanish transmission and system
operator (REE), and the Corporation of Strategic Reserves of Oil-based Products
(CORES). The Database for the Development of Renewable Energies (BDFER) is
available for the management and treatment of these statistics, which can be
consulted by all the members of the Public Administrations belonging to CADER.
The increasing presence of private, non-subsidized initiatives in the sector of

thermal renewable energies has made "ad hoc" studies necessary for certain sectors
such as solar thermal energy, thermal biomass, and recently, geothermal energy. In
this sense, IDAE has carried out both statistical operations in the said sectors for
the year 2009, which have enabled a deeper, thorough knowledge of the
implementation of the said renewable technologies in Spanish society.
The results of the phone and face-to-face surveys carried out within the framework
of project SPAHOUSEC do not permit a suitable assessment of the presence of
renewable energies in Spanish society, since on the one hand, the universes used in
both surveys were not designed with the specific aim of providing relevant
information on the renewable energy consumptions in particular, and on the other
hand, they are not mostly commercial energies with costs associated with their
consumption. Moreover, if we consider that energies of this kind have been
developing rather in a rural environment than in large population centres, the
result is a low penetration of renewable energies in the national whole, as provided
by phone and face-to-face surveys.
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Valid as the approach carried out through the phone and face-to-face surveys is for
commercial energies, “ad-hoc” studies carried out on solar thermal energies and
thermal biomass have stressed the fact that 17% of energy consumptions in the
residential sector are met with thermal technologies derived from solar and
biomass technologies and, to a lesser extent, from geothermal energy.
For all these reasons above, it has been considered desirable and appropriate so as
to reflect as closely as possible the energy situation in the residential sector, to
integrate the statistics results of renewable energies as solar thermal, biomass and
geothermal technologies as such, in the energy consumption associated with the
residential sector in SPAHOUSEC project.
3.8. - Integration of Results
The set of the six operations carried out, stated above has required a major effort
as regards design, setting, and coordination of both the volume of the tasks
undertaken and the novelty of some of them, as is the case of the measurements
made in 600 dwellings. This cabinet work has been undertaken entirely by IDAE, in
collaboration with the MITyC, which also has designed and implemented the
integration of the various methodology results obtained from the operations carried
out.
This integration methodology has taken place along several stages:
1. Features of dwellings and households.

2. Household equipment.
3. Aggregate energy consumption by energy source.
4. Energy consumptions per services/uses and energy sources
The levels of segmentation and crossings established for the study have been
preserved throughout the whole process of integration of results, i.e., national
scope, Climate Zone, size and type of dwelling.
3.8.1. - Dwelling and Household Features
The characterisation of Spanish dwellings and households has been obtained from
the result of phone and face-to-face surveys, which have supplied information for
all the required scopes.
The data provided by each of the surveys have been virtually identical; therefore,
the adjustments made when necessary, have been minimal, and a weighted
adjustment between both surveys for the various characterisations of the housing
and household stock.
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SPAHOUSEC: DWELLING AND HOUSEHOLD FEATURES MODULE
Face-to-face Phone
Surveys Survey
Adjustment
Dwellings/Households Dwellings/Households
Dwellings/Households Features
Dwellings/Households Features
The main features achieved through the surveys done have been:
Type of dwelling.
Kind of location.
Property type.
Climate zone.
Surface to heat/cool.
Age of the dwelling.
Household composition.
Number of household members.
Average income level and family incomes.
3.8.2. - Household Equipment
The origin of the information to determine the housing and household equipment
has been based on the surveys, both phone and face-to-face, and electric
The various methodologies used in the operations carried out have contributed with
quite accurate information, in general terms, with regard to the said operations,
and the differences that may be noticed are quite irrelevant. It must be taken into
account that the approximation has been achieved through a random access to the
households in each of the 6 sub-samples to do the phone survey and the electric
consumption measurements whereas the face-to-face survey has been done
through a loyal panel. Additionally, some features of the equipment supplemented
one another between the different types of operations.
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Despite the above and given that equipment is an essential parameter in

determining the consumptions, both total and by services and/or uses, it has been
necessary to do weighted adjustments between the data achieved by the various
operations carried out, in accordance with the following chart:
As shown, the adjustment methodology has been based on the adjustment of non-
electrical equipment on the one hand, and the electrical, on the other hand, as a
result ensuing the electricity metering information operation, carried out
exclusively on electric equipment, and regardless of the electric or thermal use
given to it.
Thus, non-electrical equipment has been determined at an early stage by adjusting
the results of telephone and face-to-face surveys to further determine the electric
equipment through the adjustments of the information resulting from surveys, both
telephone and face-to-face, and from the electric consumption metering.
The adjustment methods used have been the two following:
1. Supplementary adjustment: used when some given equipment has been

reported by some of the operations carried out but not by others. In this
case, the equipment rate resulting from the operation which reported on the
said equipment has been assumed.
2. Inter-operational adjustment: this kind of adjustment has been used when
several operations have informed about the same equipment with different
rates in a range of 25% over the equipment. There are two casuistries for
this issue:
a. The equipment rates of the three operations fall within the 25%
range: it is adjusted to the equipment rate through the weighted
average of all three operations.
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b. The equipment rates of two operations fall within the 25% range,
and the third operation is over: in this case, the adjustment is made
through weighted averages with the equipment rates of the two
operations found between the 25% range.
3.8.3. - Aggregate energy consumptions by energy sources
Almost all the operations in SPAHOUSEC study have been involved in determining
the aggregate energy consumptions by type of energy source. This module also
considers, along with the information in section 3.5.4, the core of the integration
and determination system for the sector’s energy consumption.
The aim sought by this module is determining the aggregate consumptions in the
residential sector, both totalised and segmented by kind of energy source
considered in the study. The energy sources researched in the various operations
have been:
Anthracite.
Soft coal.
LPG.
Diesel oil.
Natural Gas.
Charcoal.
Pellets.
Briquettes.
Other solid biomass.
Electric power.
District heating.
Other energy sources.
Some of the energy sources above are not sufficiently identified by household
consumers as shown in surveys, either phone or face-to-face ones. In like manner,
it has been noticed that households find it difficult to tell between the various
kinds of mineral coal, and get messed about the various kinds of biomass.
Additionally, some residual kerosene consumption has been found in the energy
demand of some rural areas, which are not representative enough in the grouping
and segmentation levels of SPAHOUSEC study.
As a result of the above, it has been deemed suitable to group supply energy
sources envisaged initially under the following energy groups:
Coal: including energy consumptions derived from anthracite and soft

coal, with no difference, for lack of representativeness in the survey
operations.
Petroleum Products: including the derived consumptions of diesel oil
and LPG duly differentiated.
Natural Gas; which consists both of natural gas as such and some
residual town gas.
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Renewable Energies: which envisage the derived consumption, dully

segmented, from the use of energy sources such as solar thermal
energy, geothermal energy, and the various biomass presentations
(charcoal, firewood and branches, pellets and the rest of solid
biomass).
Electricity: which groups the energy consumptions derived from its
use.
As regards the consumption associated with other energy sources such as district
heating and residual kerosene, it has not been possible to associate them with the
total consumption in the sector for their low penetration. The presence of energy
sources of this kind in the residential sector consumption remains virtually symbolic
at best; therefore, they have not been taken into account in terms of determining
the entire end energy consumption in the residential sector.
Both costs and energy consumption have been part of the issues in the surveys
carried out in face-to-face and phone mode to land administrators. Filters and
debugging actions have been added to the information about costs and energy
consumption, on the basis of the unit supply prices provided by traders, validated
by an instrument developed by IDAE to determine the average prices that a user
pays for a given energy supply service. The debugging phases have been as follows:
SPAHOUSEC: ENERGY COST AND CONSUMPTION ADJUSTMENT
IDAE/MITyC Traders
Average Energy Prices Average Energy Prices
Surveys
Average Energy Prices (PM)
Energy Cost
No
Averages Cost (CM) CM>PM 5% Energy Costs and Consumption
Energy Consumption
Yes
Correction
1. The collected information, in every climate zone, and in survey and

interview, has been applied a filter consisting in initially discarding the
energy costs and consumptions exceeding the average price by 5%.
2. The interviewees with a face-to-face survey that have initially been
discarded by the former filter have been contacted anew so as to amend
their data.
3. All the interviews outside the allowed variation ranges of average prices
have been recalculated in terms of costs and energy consumptions,
depending on the very features of the relevant household. There is
always a residue of approximately 7% of rejected interviews in terms of
cost and energy costs.
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Once the energy consumptions and costs for the various surveys have been
adjusted, as it happened with the equipment, a new adjustment and balancing
between the different surveys has been done, using a similar method:
1. Supplementary adjustment: used when a given cost or energy consumption

has been reported by some of the operations carried out but not by the
others. In that case, the equipment rate resulting from the operation that
reported on this equipment has been assumed.
2. Inter-operational adjustment: this kind of adjustment has been used when
several operations reported on the same cost or consumption with different
values within the range of 15% on the equipment rate. Should this happen,
there are two casuistries:
In practice, the adoption of this approach has meant that the energy consumption
derived from the phone survey could not be assumed in the context of SPAHOUSEC
study, as it showed very high dispersion values and completely outside the
established ranges. Therefore, face-to-face surveys and the information from land
administrators have been used to determine the conventional thermal
consumptions. As regards electric consumptions, the information derived from the
electric measurement operations have been used as it shows deviations under 3% as
opposed to the face-to-face survey.
As regards the role of renewable energies in the sector consumption, surveys have
detected a low penetration f of each of the various types of RE in residential
consumption. Therefore, the consumption deviations for these renewable energy
sources can undergo strong deviations. Therefore, given that IDAE provides
specialised, updated statistical5 operations on thermal energy derived from solar,
biomass and geothermal energy, it has been considered that the information
provided by these operations is more reliable than the one provided by the face-to-
face survey.
55
IDAE has carried out statistical operations on the consumption of renewable energies, which include both the
statistical operation as such and the drafting of a specific methodology. These operations have been:
1. Statistics on Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy 2008 & 2009.
2. Statistics on Biomass, Biogas and Waste for Thermal Uses 2009.
Additionally, a new study on the Assessment of the Geothermal Energy Potential in Spain was drafted within
the framework of the drafting of the New Plan on Renewable Energies 2011-2020.
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3.8.4. - Energy Consumptions by Services/Uses and by Energy Sources

The determination of energy expenditure for services and / or residential uses, one
of the main objectives of the study, has been conducted according to the type of
consumption considered: consumption of electricity and fuel consumption.
With regard to electricity consumption, regardless of thermal or electrical use, the
segmentation of the same service and / or use is the result of the operation of
electricity metering by type of equipment.
Concerning fuel consumption, and in the absence of consumption measures, it has
been necessary to infer the segmentation of aggregate consumption from the
information provided also by the traders, especially natural gas.
The information supplied by natural gas marketers is broken down by climate
zones, the month of consumption and two types of fees: the one relating to
households consuming natural gas for cooking and sanitary hot water, and the one
in households with consumptions in cooking, sanitary hot water and heating.
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Consumptions devoted to coo have been inferred taking into account the
consumptions measured for electric cookers, affected by a performance of 85% of
the gas and LPG cookers. These consumptions are subtracted from the aggregate
consumptions by energy source, leaving a residue ascribable solely to the
associated consumptions of sanitary hot water and heating.
A similar procedure takes place with the consumptions associated with sanitary hot
water, once discounted the cooking consumption and the heating seasonality from
the whole of the aggregate consumptions. In this sense, taking into account the
minimum temperatures it is deemed that there are not associated consumptions
with heating from mid-June to mid-September.
Lastly, the residue left after subtracting the aggregate consumptions by sources
coming from the energy consumption module, the consumption associated with the
cooking and sanitary hot water has been ascribed to heating consumption.
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4.- RESULTS AND VALIDATION
Here are the results obtained in SPAHOUSEC study according to the project’s initial
proposal thanks to the application of the methodology as described in chapter 3:
Housing stock featuring and building characteristics.

Household features.
Dwelling and household joint featuring.
Household equipment.
Residential sector energy consumption per services and/or uses.
4.1. Characterization of the Stock of Dwellings and Building Features
A high percentage of households in Spain - 70% - live in blocks of houses and 92% of the
households are freehold properties. Although there are not big geographical
differences, the incidence of blocks of houses in the North Atlantic climate zone is
slightly higher than the average, accounting for 74% of the whole.
Households by Type of Dwelling, Climate Zone and Property Regime
Blocks of Flats Single-Family Houses Freehold Property Rental
Blocks of Flats 98 2
Mediterranean 69 31
Single-Family
90 10
Houses
Continental 71 29 Mediterranean 94 6
Continental 92 8
North Atlantic 74 26
North Atlantic 89 11
TOTAL SPAIN 70 30 TOTAL SPAIN 92 8
Most of the Spanish houses are freehold properties; this rate is lower in the North
Atlantic zone, reaching 98% for single-family houses. The number of houses owned is
higher than the rented ones, mostly in single-family houses in all climate zones.
The average house has 8 rooms, including bathrooms and kitchen, a figure higher for
single-family houses, especially in Continental and Mediterranean areas.
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Average Number of Rooms by Type of Dwelling and Climate Zone
9,3
9,4
10 8,3 9,4
8 8
9 7,3 7,5 10 8 8 7,4
7,1 7,7
8 9
7 8
6 7
5 6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
TOTAL North Continental Mediterranean Single-family Block 0
SPAIN Atlantic TOTAL North North Continenta Continental Mediterranean Mediterranean
SPAIN Atlantic Block Atlantic l Bloc Single-family Block Single-family
Single-family k
With respect to the average surface of a Spanish household, it is 102.4 m2, and
actually reaches 140.2 m2 in single-family ones. Single-family houses have a larger
average surface, above all in the Continental zone.
Average Surface (m2) of the Dwellings by

Type of Dwelling and Climate Zone
140,2 150,6 136,8
126,7
140 102,4 103,5 103,8 140 102,4
93,7 84,7
86,5 82,2 88,7
120 120
100 100
80 80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 TOTAL North North Continental Continental Mediterranean Mediterranean
TOTAL North Continental Mediterranean Single-family Block SPAIN Atlantic Block Atlantic Block Single-family Block Single-family
SPAIN Atlantic Single-family
49% of Spanish dwellings have been built between 1979 and 2005, thus they are over
30 years old. According to the type of dwelling, most single-family houses have been
built in the last 30 years, so their building structure is newer than housing blocks.
Thus, dwellings before 1979 accounted for 49% of housing blocks, and only 33% for
single-family houses. Regarding climate zones, the oldest dwellings are found in the
North Atlantic zone, while the most modern ones are the single-family ones in the
Continental area.
Age of Houses per Type of Dwelling and Climate Zone

< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006 < 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006
100 7 5 6 6 100 7 5 3 7 5
8 9 11 9
90 90
31
80 80
43 46 47 44 46
70 49 48 52 70 49
58 56 65
60 60
50 50
40 40
66
30 53 30 48 49 49
44 44 49 44
42 20 33
20 33 26
10 10
0 0
TOTAL SPAIN North Atlantic North Atlantic Continental Continental Mediterranean Mediterranean
TOTAL SPAIN North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-Family Blocks of Flats
Block Single-Family Block Single-Family Block Single-Family
Houses
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In summary, the oldest houses have less surface area and a smaller number of rooms,
and are located in large habitats, while new dwellings display a higher percentage in
small habitats.
Households according to Number of Rooms and Age of the Dwellings
Year of Construction
TOTAL
< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006
SPAIN
Characteristics
Average Number of
of Dwellings
8.0 7.5 8.5 8.2

Rooms
Average Surface (m2) 102.4 92.8 109.9 109.7
Base: Total households 2010 (17,199,630)
Households according to Age of Dwellings and Habitat Size
Size of Habitat
TOTAL 10,000 - 50,000 -
< 10,000 200,000
SPAIN 49,999 199,999
< 1979 44 31 35 42 64
Construction
Year of
1979 - 2005 49 60 57 50 34
> 2006 7 57 8 8 2
Base: Total households 2010 (17,199,630)
4.2. - Features of Households
Household size, in terms of household members, is a variable with significant impact

on energy consumption, which reached 2.7 members per household in Spain in 2010 on
average. Half of the Spanish households are small, with 1 or 2 members, while
households with more than 5 members hardly represent 9%.
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Distribution of Households per Size
>5
members
9% 1 member
22%
4
members
20%
2
3 members
members 27%
22%
19.7% of households account for more than two adults. 24% of households have
children less than twelve years of age. This is a relevant aspect on account of the
energy consumption needs associated with this stage of life.
Distribution of Households per Life Cycle
With children < 12 years of age

1 member < 45 years of age Without children < 12 years of age
100%
Couple without children (Purchases resp between 18 & 44 years of age)
14,6% 90% 24%
6,6% Adults with children under 5 years of age
7,5% 80%
13,9%
Adults with children between 6 & 12 years of age 70%
6,6%
60%
Adults with children between 13 & 17 years of age
13,6% 50%
19,7%
> 2 adults 40% 76%
7,1% 10,4% Couple without children (purchases resp > 44) 30%
20%
1 member > 44 years of age
10%
Rest of households 0%
As regards income levels, more than 60% of households belong to a social class equal
or higher than the average, with incomes over €30,000.
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Households per Income and Social Class

High -Upper Mid Mid- Low Mid
Level of Income
100%
< 6.000 €
90% 2,2% 5,5%
23%
10,7% 6.000 €- 11.999 €
80%
70% 10,8% 15,2% 12.000 € - 17.999 €
60% 37% 18.000 € - 23.999 €
50% 14,5%
24.000 € - 29.999 €
40% 21,3%
30.000 € - 35.999 €
30% 19,4%
20% 40% 36.000 € - 59.999 €
10% > 60.000 €
0%
Nearly two thirds of the households are located in highly densely populated towns,
with over 200,000, whereas only 23% are in low-density areas, with a population under
10,000.
Households per Habitat Size
> 200.000
30%
< 10.000
23%
50.000 -
199.999 10.000 -
22% 49.999
26%
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4.3. Joint Characterization of Dwellings and Households
Single-family houses are associated with larger-size households and the presence of
small children.
Households by Type of Dwelling, Household Size and Presence of Children
Single-Family Houses Blocks of Flats
Without children < 12 years of age 73 27
With children < 12 years of age 64 36
> 5 members 53 47
4 members 63 37
3 members 66 34
2 members 73 27
1 member 84 16
TOTAL SPAIN 30 70
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Likewise, there are more single-family houses in small habitats, with a population up
to 10,000.
Households by Type of Dwelling, Social Class and Habitat Size
Single-Family Houses Blocks of Flats
> 200.000 8 92
50.000 - 199.999 16 84
Size of Habitat
10.000 - 49.999 35 65
< 10.000 66 34
Mid- Low 37 63
Social Class
Mid 24 76
High -Upper Mid 27 73
TOTAL SPAIN 30 70
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Households with a larger number of members and those with children have a larger
number average of rooms on average, and a larger surface, too.
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Average of Rooms and Average Surface per

Household Size and Presence of Children
8,4 9,1 8,4
8,2 7,9 120,6
8 8,0 106,6 110,2
10 140 100,9 108,3 100,5
7,1 102,4
9 85,6
120
8
7 100
6 80
5
4 60
3 40
2
1 20
0 0
TOTAL 1 member 2 members 3 members 4 members >5 With Without TOTAL 1 member 2 members 3 members 4 members >5 With Without
SPAIN members children < children < SPAIN members children < children <
12 years of 12 years of 12 years of 12 years of
age age age age
Considering the age of houses, it’s observed a higher percentage of new houses
associated with larger households and with children.
Houses by Age, Size of the Household and Presence of Children
< 1979 1979 - 2005 > 2006
100 7 7 8 7 6 5 11 5
90
80
39 42 45
70 49 52 58
64
60 64
50
40
30 54 51 50
44 41
20 30 36
25
10
0
TOTAL 1 member 2 members 3 members 4 members >5 With Without
SPAIN members children < children <
12 years of 12 years of
age age
4.4. - Equipment
For SPAHOUSEC study, equipment is understood as the availability of the following

energy equipment or services: Heating, sanitary hot water, air conditioning, and
cooking, lighting and electrical appliances, either white or brown lines.
The availability of different equipment depends on multiple parameters, such as the

type of energy service, type of dwelling, climate zone and household purchasing
power. Considering the type of energy services and equipment, most of Spanish
households have some kind of heating system, sanitary hot water, cooker and
household appliances, with lesser presence of air conditioning systems.
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Equipment ownerships vary according to different Spanish climate zones, as well as

between different types of dwellings, although the greatest difference is the climate
factor.
Equipment Ownership of the Households by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling
ZONA CLIMÁTICA TYPE OF DWELLING

TOTAL
Single- SPAIN
North Atlantic Continental Mediterranena Block
Family
HEATING 92.8% 95.1% 86.2% 87.7% 91,0% 90,0%
SANITARY HOT WATER 99.9% 99.7% 99.9% 99.6% 100,0% 99.8%
COOKER 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
AIR COOLING 1.1% 39.3% 66.7% 48.4% 50.1% 48.9%
LIGHTING 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
Refrigerators 99.9% 99.8% 99.4% 99.6% 99.6% 99.6%
Freezers 30.1% 22.5% 22,0% 40.4% 16,0% 23.2%
Washing Machines 91.9% 94.1% 92.5% 94.4% 92.3% 92.9%

Washers-Dryers 8.1% 5.9% 7.5% 5.6% 7.7% 7.1%
Dishwashers 41.9% 55.9% 54.1% 61.6% 49.5% 53.1%

TV 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 99.9%
Dryers 19.1% 21.4% 34.9% 37.8% 24.2% 28.3%
Oven 82.5% 75.4% 77.1% 76.7% 78.3% 77.1%

Microwave 87.9% 90.8% 89.9% 90,0% 91,0% 90,0%
Computers 82,0% 89.5% 97.8% 93.8% 90.8% 93,0%
Destock PCs 45.7% 50.1% 55.3% 52.6% 51.5% 52.3%
Laptop 36.3% 39.4% 42.5% 41.2% 39.3% 40.7%
Other Equipment 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
Considering the type of house, the equipment ownership shows values nearing the
national average, except for freezers, dishwashers and dryers, with a more
remarkable presence in single-family houses.
According to the above equipment rates, and considering multi-equipment appliances,

the number of households fitted with energy services as well as the number of
electrical appliances in use can be drawn from the following table:
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Equipped Houses and Equipment by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling
CLIMATIC ZONE TYPE OF DWELLING

TOTAL SPAIN
North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-Family Block
HEATING 2,090,082 5,496,602 7,894,703 4,525,223 10,956,164 15,481,387
SANITARY HOT WATER 2,252,233 5,768,214 9,158,544 5,139,249 12,039,741 17,178,990
COOKER 2,253,421 5,782,834 9,163,375 5,159,889 12,039,741 17,199,630

AIR COOLING 25,141 2,305,053 6,199,103 2,497,386 6,031,910 8,529,297
LIGHTING 2,253,421 5,782,834 9,163,375 5,159,889 12,039,741 17,199,630

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 22,874,585 60,446,586 98,492,462 57,630,263 124,183,370 # 181,813,633
Refrigerators 2,268,895 5,834,661 9,221,469 5,273,776 12,051,248 17,325,025
Freezers 688,557 1,311,013 2,024,125 2,088,508 1,935,187 4,023,695
Washing Machines 2,078,657 5,464,545 8,514,668 4,870,806 11,187,064 16,057,870
Washers-Dryers 183,611 343,555 687,837 285,587 929,417 1,215,003

Dishwashers 946,890 3,246,711 4,969,022 3,166,838 5,995,784 9,162,623
TV 5,029,818 12,840,405 20,092,474 12,597,876 25,364,821 37,962,697

Dryers 430,964 1,238,291 3,193,881 1,929,296 2,933,840 4,863,136
Oven 1,868,103 4,369,607 7,143,081 4,077,506 9,303,285 13,380,791
Microwave 2,029,452 5,489,910 8,500,745 4,950,480 11,069,627 16,020,107

Computers 2,059,801 6,092,332 10,858,404 5,510,372 13,500,166 19,010,538
Destop PCs 1,174,396 3,331,567 5,823,157 3,051,883 7,277,236 10,329,120
Laptop 885,406 2,760,766 5,035,247 2,458,489 6,222,930 8,681,418
Other Equipment 5,289,836 14,215,556 23,286,756 12,879,218 29,912,930 42,792,148
The equipment ownership, the number of equipped houses and electrical appliances,
have an effect on the crossings between climate zones and type of houses, with most
clear differences in the availability of air conditioning, and great variations between
single-family households in the North Atlantic, and single-family households in the
Mediterranean areas.
Differences in the availability of freezers can also be seen between single-family

houses in the North Atlantic and block houses in the Continental zone; and also
regarding dishwashers and dryers in the Mediterranean zone; so it happens with ovens
between single-family houses in the North Atlantic and block houses in the Continental
zone.
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Equipment Ownership of the Households:

Climate zone and Type of Dwelling Crossing
NORTH ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL MEDITERRANEAN
Block Single-Family Block Single-Family Block Single-Family
HEATING 93.3% 91.5% 97.4% 89.4% 86.3% 85.9%
SANITARY HOT WATER 100,0% 99.6% 99.9% 99.3% 100,0% 99.7%
COOKER 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
AIR COOLING 1.3% 0.3% 40.3% 36.9% 66.2% 67.8%
LIGHTING 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
Refrigerators 100,0% 99.5% 99.7% 100,0% 99.4% 99.4%
Freezers 21.1% 56,0% 14.2% 43.2% 15.8% 35.6%
Washing Machines 90.1% 97,0% 93.4% 95.6% 92.2% 93.1%
Washers-Dryers 9.9% 3,0% 6.6% 4.4% 7.8% 6.9%

Dishwashers 41.7% 42.3% 53.6% 61.4% 48.8% 65.7%
TV 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
Dryers 16,0% 28.2% 16.9% 32.7% 31.3% 42.8%
Oven 79.7% 90.4% 74.9% 76.6% 77.2% 76.8%
Microwave 87.5% 88.9% 90.6% 91.3% 89.4% 91.1%

Computers 82.7% 80,0% 91.2% 85.2% 98.5% 96.2%
Destop PCs 45.9% 45.1% 50.4% 49.2% 55.8% 54.1%
Laptop 36.8% 34.9% 40.8% 36,0% 42.7% 42.1%
Other Equipment 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
Equipped Houses and Equipment: Climate zone and Type of Dwelling Crossing
NORTH ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL MEDITERRANEAN
Single- Single-
Block Block Block Single-Family
Family Family
CALEFACCIÓN 1,559,649 530,434 4,023,418 1,473,184 5,431,703 2,463,000
AGUA CALIENTE SANITARIA 1,674,023 578,210 4,130,415 1,637,799 6,298,021 2,860,522
COCINA 1,673,181 580,240 4,133,792 1,649,042 6,295,427 2,867,948
AIRE ACONDICIONADO 23,278 1,863 1,688,359 616,693 4,226,937 1,972,166
ILUMINACIÓN 1,673,181 580,240 4,133,792 1,649,042 6,295,427 2,867,948

(2)
ELECTRODOMÉSTICOS 16,647,871 6,226,714 41,942,076 18,518,253 65,577,825 32,880,363
Frigoríficos 1,673,181 595,714 4,121,746 1,712,915 6,256,321 2,965,148
Congeladores 353,528 335,029 588,252 722,761 993,407 1,030,718
Lavadoras 1,506,869 571,788 3,861,979 1,602,566 5,804,136 2,701,063
Lavadoras-Secadoras 166,312 17,299 271,813 71,742 491,291 188,010

Lavavajillas 698,509 248,381 2,222,014 1,024,697 3,075,262 1,893,760
TV 3,742,263 1,287,555 8,473,246 4,367,159 13,149,312 6,943,162

Secadoras 267,511 163,453 698,770 539,520 1,967,559 1,211,571
Horno 1,334,680 533,423 3,102,252 1,281,098 4,864,837 2,276,727
Microondas 1,490,285 539,167 3,832,985 1,656,925 5,746,356 2,754,388

Ordenadores 1,576,281 483,521 4,412,446 1,679,887 7,511,440 3,346,965
Ordenadores Fijos 862,498 311,898 2,394,716 936,851 4,020,022 1,803,135

Ordenadores Portátiles 713,783 171,623 2,017,730 743,036 3,491,417 1,543,830
(3)
Otro Equipamiento 3,838,452 1,451,384 10,356,573 3,858,983 15,717,905 7,568,851
________________________________________________________________________
Page 46 of 75
Field studies performed within the framework of this project allow making a more in-
depth analysis on the considered equipment, both qualitative as quantitative. A
summarized presentation follows showing some of the more relevant conclusions
reached for each type of service and energy infrastructure.
Heating
Single-family houses in the Continental and Mediterranean zones have the most
equipped with heating service. Most households are multi-equipped, with 1.3 types of
average heaters per household (radiators/heaters, boiler, etc.). In general, individual
systems are dominant with 82% of heated households, while central heating is present
in only 8% of households, an average increasing up to 18% in the Continental zone. 70%
of these households have a thermostat or some other heating system temperature
regulating device.
The most common heating equipment is the conventional boiler, present in nearly half
of Spanish households, and reaching its highest representativeness in the Continental
zone and in block houses. The preference in the Mediterranean zone is the electrical
heating equipment such as reversible heat pumps, heaters and radiators. On the other
hand, the penetration of more efficient equipment such as condensing boilers is still
scarce, limited to 1% of households with heating.
Heating Systems by Climate Zone
North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Spain
Others 13% 32% 55% 8%
Non-reversible Heat Pumps 22% 34% 44% 1%
Solar Panels 18% 45% 38% 1%
Heater/Non-electrical Mobile Radiator 15% 28% 57% 5%
Condensing Boiler 17% 50% 33% 1%
Reversible Heat Pump 14% 86% 21%

Radiator/convector/Electrical
15% 22% 63% 23%
Acumulator
Heater/Electrical Mobile Radiator 10% 17% 73% 23%
Conventional Boiler 16% 54% 30% 50%
This kind of equipment in Spain is 8.4 years old on average, with the newest ones
located in the Mediterranean zone and the older ones in the Continental zone. By
technologies, conventional boilers are about 10 years old in average, whereas
condensing boilers and reversible heat pumps are 5.6 and 6.6 years old, respectively.
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The most widely used energy sources in heating are electric power (46%), and natural
gas (32%). Electric power prevails in the Mediterranean zone whereas it is natural gas
in the Continental zone.
Sanitary Hot Water (SHW)
The sanitary hot water service is available in virtually most of the households, with a
predominance of individual systems as opposed to collective ones. In general, multi-
equipment is not habitual.
The most widespread used equipment is the individual boiler, especially in the North
Atlantic, and the equipment is 7 years old on average.
SHW by Climate Zone

Condensing Boiler 16% 49% 35% 1%
Solar Panels
1% 12% 87% 1%
(individuals or collectives)
Heater 11% 11% 78% 1%
Collective Boiler 13% 73% 15% 6%
Electric Thermo 9% 21% 70% 29%
Individual Boiler 14% 73% 14% 61%
The most widely used energy sources are natural gas (40%), butane (26%) and electric
power (22%). The order of importance varies according to the kind of climate zone and
kind of dwelling.
Cooling/Air Conditioning
49% of Spanish households have some kind of air conditioning system, basically of an
individual type, regardless of the type of dwelling. Differences are defined by climate;
being the Mediterranean zone the most equipped one with 67% of the households,
whereas the Atlantic zone hardly reaches 1% of all the households.
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Cooling Systems by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

Air Cooling Mobile Reversible Heat Pump
100% 5
16 12 12
17
90% 25 5 4
6 7
80%
9
70%
67
60%
50%
83 84
40% 78 75
66
30%
20%
28
10%
0%
TOTAL SPAIN North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Single-Family Block
The prevailing equipment is the reversible heat pump, with a penetration at national
level of 78%. This figure rises to 83% in the Mediterranean zone and to 84% in single-
family houses.
Multi-equipment in a service of this kind is a fact, with nearly 3 items per household
(heat pump, portable equipment, etc.), which is accounted for, in general terms, with
a greater presence of portable equipment.
Cooling systems in Spain are on average 6.2 years old. Electric power is the energy
source for this kind of service in all the households analysed, 62% of which have some
kind of temperature regulation device.
Cooker
Virtually the whole of the Spanish households are furnished with equipment of this
kind, most of which corresponds to gas cookers (31%) and glass ceramics (30%). In the
Mediterranean zone the prevailing element is gas cookers whereas the North Atlantic
zone opts rather for glass ceramics cookers. As for the type of dwelling, single-family
houses prefer glass ceramics cookers, but in block housing it is as cookers the ones
that lead the ranking.
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Types of Cookers by Climate Zone
Mixta: Glass ceramic-induction 14% 41% 45% 4%
Induction 18% 38% 44% 5%
Mixt: gas-electrity 16% 37% 48% 7%
Electricity 10% 36% 54% 23%
"Normal" Glass-ceramic 16% 40% 44% 30%
Gas 11% 23% 66% 31%
Cookers are 9 years old on average, and no significant difference can be noticed by
either climate zones or types of dwelling. Gas cookers are the oldest ones, over 11
years old, whereas the electric ones are much newer, especially the induction ones,
only 3 years old.
The main energy source used in Spanish cookers is electric power, followed by natural
gas or LPG. Natural gas is more present in the Mediterranean zone and in housing
block, whereas LPG is rather found in the North Atlantic and in single-family houses.
Lighting
The average number of bulbs per household is approximately 23, the equivalent to 3
per room. This number is increased in Mediterranean dwellings, as well as in single-
family houses.
Bulbs with higher penetration (86%) in households are low energy bulbs, even though
in absolute terms it is conventional bulbs the most used ones, with an average of 8.3
bulbs per household versus the 7 low energy ones per household. LED bulbs hardly
reach 1% penetration in Spanish households and the number of bulbs of this kind per
household is negligible.
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Average Number of Bulbs per Household by Climate zone and Type of Dwelling
Standar Halogens LBC Fluorescents LED Total Bumbs

9,5
8,7 8,8
9 8,5
8,3 8,3
8,0 7,8
8 7,6
7,0
7 6,5 6,4
6,3 6,3 6,2
6,1
5,9
5,7
6
5 6,1 5,7 6,4 6,1 6,2 5,9
3
1,8
2 1,4 1,5
1,2 1,2 1,2
1
0
Spain North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Block Single-Family
Electrical Appliances
All of the Spanish households have some kind of electrical appliance, either of the
white or brown line, even if the white line ones are dominant. Although the
equipment level is related to the household purchase power, among other parameters,
there are equipment differences according to climate areas and types of dwelling.
The most representative white line appliances are the fridge, the washing-machine,
the washer-dryer, the dryer, the oven, the dishwasher and the freezer. The latter is
the white line appliance with the highest penetration in households, followed by the
washing machine, the oven and the dishwasher. On the other hand, equipment like
the dryer, the freezer and the washer-dryer is more limited. As a whole, households
have an average of 3.8 white line appliances, a figure that rises to 4.2 in single-family
houses. In like manner, single-family houses in the Mediterranean zone account for the
largest equipment, whereas housing block in the North Atlantic account for the least.
Multi-equipment in white line electric appliances is little relevant.
The penetration of efficient appliances, according to the energy-label scheme, varies

depending on the equipment, even if in fridges, washing machines, dishwashers and
washers-dryers it is over 50%. In general, the best known energy class is Class A, with
a national average penetration of 40% in all the equipment. Nevertheless, as a whole
and regarding the most efficient classes (A, A+ y A++), the most efficient equipment
items in households are fridges, washing machines and dishwashers. On the other
hand, fridges and dishwashers are the equipment items that currently have a higher
penetration efficiency rate (Class A++).
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Penetration (%) of White Line Appliances

according to the Energy -Label
Class A++ Class A+ Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G
100%
10% 11% 10%
20% 18% 21% 20%
90%
80% 22% 24%

30%
70% 28% 31% 28% 29%
60%
50% 38%
49% 38%
40%
42% 41% 42%
45%
30%
16%
20% 12%
10%
10% 6% 11%
6% 6% 5% 7%
2% 2% 5%
1% 3%
0%
Refrigerators Washing Machines Dishwashers Washers-Dryers Dryers Dryers Freezers
The average age of the white line electrical appliances varies depending on the
equipment, even if it ranges from 6 to 8 years, the minimum one for washing
machines and washers-dryers, 6 years old, and the maximum one for ovens, 8 years
old.
Brown line appliances account for the following appliances: TV, microwaves, DVD,
desktop computer, notebook, modem/ADSL, stereo, videogames console, VHS-Blue
Ray & alarm.
TV is the appliance with the highest penetration, as it is virtually present in all

households. It is followed in importance by the microwaves and DVDs, both with a
remarkable penetration, around 90% and 80%. Computers, on the other hand, are
goods that have expanded their use in the last years, leading to an average global
penetration of around 70%, considering the desktop and portable equipment together,
even though the desktop one is more prevalent, specifically, in over than half of the
Spanish households. Additionally, other accessories considered within the brown line
category are stereos, videos, videogames and alarms, with a penetration rate ranging
between 40% and 3%.
No significant differences have been found as regards the presence of this equipment
by climate zones or kind of dwelling, with the exception of alarms, which have higher
penetration in the houses located in the Mediterranean and Continental zones and in
single-family houses (7%).
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Multi-equipment is a common feature of the brown line appliances. TV sets lead the
list, with more than two per household. Then follow videogames, stereos and DVD,
with more than one unit in each household. On average, global multi-equipment of all
the brown line considered as a whole, consists of 1.3 items.
Average Multi-Equipment of the Households in Brown Line Electrical Appliances

by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling
TV Micro Dvd Destock PC Laptop Sound System Modem Console Video Alarm
2,5
1,5
0,5
0
Spain North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean Block Single-Family
Spanish households have an average of 6.7 brown line appliances. This average even
reaches 7.05 in single-family houses and to 6.85 in the Mediterranean area dwellings.
The average age of brown line appliances varies according to the equipment, their
presence on the market and the families in the household; in this sense, the maximum
one goes for the stereos, nearly 9 years, and the minimum goes for modem/ADSL
equipment, which is hardly 3 years old on average.
Standby mode:
The Standby option is usually present in the brown goods line, even some of the white
line appliances as washing machines also have devices of this kind: that is why it is to
be found in most of the households. 79% of the households equipped with TV have this
kind of device: this gives an account of how decisive TV sets are in relation to the
total consumption associated with standby mode, bearing in mind that multi-
equipment is linked to these devices. Specifically, every household has an average of
1.6 TV sets with standby mode.
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Penetration (%) of Standby in the Households Equipped with Brown Line Electrical Appliances
VHS/Blue Ray
Console
Sound System
Modem/ADSL
Laptop
Destock PC
DVD
TV
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
In general terms, there are hardly any significant differences between climate zones
or type of dwelling, with the exception of the modem/ADSL, with a slightly higher
incidence on houses.
4.5. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector by Services and Uses
In accordance with the methodology described in chapter 3, the energy consumption

of the Spanish households has been broken down by services and/or uses, and
segmented by climate zone and kind of dwelling.
Next are shown the most relevant results derived from the methodology developed by
the IDAE from the various operations stated in the drafting of SPAHOUSEC study.
4.5.1. - Energy Consumption of the Residential Sector in Spain:
The average consumption of a Spanish household is 10,521 kWh a year (0.038 TJ), with
a predominance of fuels in terms of final energy, 1.8 times higher than electric power
consumption. 62% of the electric consumption is related to household appliances, and
to a lesser extent, to cooking, heating and hot water services.
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Disaggregation by Thermal and Electric Consumption

FINAL CONSUMPTION
ELECTRIC FUELS TOTAL
FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ
HEATING 15,907 272,667 288,574
SANITARY HOT WATER 16,129 100,114 116,243
COOKER 20,063 25,588 45,651
AIR COOLING 5,042 107,000 5,148
LIGHTING 25,366 25,366
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 133,470 133,470
Refrigerators 40,834 40,834

Freezers 8,083 8,083
Washing Machines 15,812 15,812
Dishwashers 8,083 8,083
Dryers 4,469 4,469
Oven 11,022 11,022
TV 16,263 16,263
Computers 9,906 9,906
Stand-by 14,292 14,292
Other Equipment 4,707 4,707
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 215,978 398,475 614,453
Bearing in mind the set of services and equipment available in Spanish households, the
heating service is the one that demands the most energy, with almost half of the
entire consumption in the sector. It is followed in relevance by electric appliances,
sanitary hot water, the cooker, lighting and air conditioning. Regarding household
electrical appliances, fridges, washing machines, TV sets and Standby systems stand
out for their relevant incidence, as standby systems account for 2.3% of consumption,
almost threefold the consumption associated with cooling services, and similar to TV
set consumptions.
Consumption Structure by Energy Uses

Other
Equipment
Air cooling 3,5%
0,8% Lighting
4,1% Refrigerators
Cooking Stand-by
SHW 30,6%
7,4% 10,7%
18,9%
Computers
7,4%
Electrical Freezers
Appliances 6,1%
21,7% TV
12,2% Washing
Heating Machines
47,0% Oven 11,8%
8,3%
Dishwashers
Dryers
6,1%
3,3%
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Page 55 of 75
As stated above, the residential sector consumption is by two thirds made up of fuels,
mainly petroleum products, natural gas and renewable energies.
Disaggregation by Energy Sources
ENERGY SOURCES
COAL OIL PRODUCTS GAS RENEWABLE ENERGIES
Biomass ELECTRICITY
Thermal
Hard Coal LPG Gasoil Others TOTAL NG Geothermy Firewood and Other Solid
Solar Charcoal Pellets TOTAL
Branches Biomass
FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ MWh
HEATING 506 16,247 85,116 -- 101,363 70,977 432 254 805 97,695 202 434 99,135 4,417,934
SANITARY HOT WATER 39 19,220 7,644 -- 26,864 65,568 5,402 143 247 1,469 168 213 2,097 4,479,594
COOKER 74 7,730 7,730 16,704 90 989 1 -- 1,079 5,572,109
AIR COOLING 107 1,400,183
LIGHTING 7,044,741
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 37,068,412
Refrigerators 11,340,606
Freezers 2,244,898
Washing Machines 4,391,450
Dishwashers 2,244,747
Dryers 1,241,167
Oven 3,060,994
TV 4,516,825
Computers 2,751,108
Stand-by 3,969,322
Other Equipment 1,307,296
The presence of coal in the supply structure is essentially symbolical, and renewable
energies are getting more and more relevance with a contribution to thermal demand
nearing the one for petroleum products.
Consumption Structure by Energy Sources
Natural Gas
24,9%
Oil Products
22,1%
Renewable
Energies
Biomass
17,7% 94,17%
Coal Electricity
0,1% 35,1%
Geothermy 0,46%
Solar Thermal
5,37%
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Page 56 of 75
4.5.2. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Climate Zones
According to the climate zones established for the SPAHOUSEC study, energy
consumption in the residential sector is concentrated in the Mediterranean and
Continental zones.
Consumption by Climate Zones
FINAL CONSUMPTION BY CLIMATE ZONES TOTAL

SPAIN
North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean
FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ
HEATING 30,233 145,374 112,967 288,574
SANITARY HOT WATER 16,535 45,662 54,045 116,243
COOKER 9,053 16,976 19,622 45,651
AIR COOLING 68 1,951 3,130 5,148
LIGHTING 2,868 6,848 15,650 25,366
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 16,648 46,299 70,523 133,470
Refrigerators 4,475 14,290 22,069 40,834

Freezers 1,622 2,003 4,459 8,083
Washing Machines 2,487 4,997 8,328 15,812
Dishwashers 1,019 2,950 4,113 8,083
Dryers 418 1,058 2,993 4,469
Oven 1,759 4,056 5,207 11,022
TV 1,206 6,642 8,416 16,263
Computers 912 3,504 5,491 9,906
Stand-by 1,906 4,815 7,572 14,292
Other Equipment 844 1,987 1,876 4,707
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 75,405 263,11 275,937 614,453
The Mediterranean zone stands out for its larger electric consumptions, as a result of
larger electric appliance equipment and the high humidity rate in the climate, which
accounts for larger electric consumptions in the thermodynamic cycles associated with
cooling and heating equipment through electric appliances.
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Disaggregation by Thermal & Electric Consumption and Climate Zone
FINAL CONSUMPTION BY CLIMATE ZONES

North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean
FUELS ELECTRIC FUELS ELECTRIC FUELS ELECTRIC
FINAL USES TJ MWh TJ MWh TJ MWh
HEATING 27,745 690,976 139,261 1,697,708 105,66 2,029,250

SANITARY HOT WATER 14,298 621,515 42,442 894,273 43,374 2,963,806
COOKER 5,206 1,068,284 8,546 2,341,106 11,835 2,162,719
AIR COOLING 18 13,867 25 534,894 64 851,423
LIGHTING 796,464 1,901,974 4,346,304
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 4,623,632 12,858,625 19,586,156
Refrigerators 1,242,964 3,968,598 6,129,044

Freezers 450,394 556,156 1,238,348
Washing Machines 690,774 1,387,690 2,312,986
Dishwashers 283,068 819,304 1,142,375
Dryers 116,166 293,862 831,14

Oven 488,519 1,126,388 1,446,087
TV 334,961 1,844,584 2,337,280

Computers 253,193 973,028 1,524,887
Stand-by 529,254 1,337,189 2,102,879
Other Equipment 234,34 551,826 521,13
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 47,267 7,814,736 190,274 20,228,579 160,934 31,939,658
North Atlantic Zone
The average consumption of households to be found in the North Atlantic zone

amounts to 10,331 kWh/year (0.037 TJ), with a structure per services/uses similar to
the national one. There are, though, small differences in heating and air conditioning,
as a result of milder temperatures and sanitary hot water, which are slightly higher.
Other Equipment
5,1%
Air cooling
0,1%
Refrigerators
Cooking Lighting Stand-by 26,9%
12,0% 3,8% 11,4%
SHW Computers
21,9% 5,5%
TV Freezers
22,1%
7,2% 9,7%
Oven
10,6% Washing Machines
Dishwashers 14,9%
Heating 6,1%
40,1%
Dryers
2,5%
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Page 58 of 75
The energy supply structure also show similarities with the national average, even
though with a lesser contribution of renewable energies, which are essentially based
on biomass.

ENERGY SOURCES
Biomass ELECTRICITY
Thermal
Branches Biomass
HEATING 402 3,372 7,692 -- 11,064 6,939 67 43 -- 9,192 34 3 9,229 690,976

SANITARY HOT WATER 32 2,874 1,841 -- 4,715 9,225 153 33 -- 100 37 3 140 621,515
COOKER 39 981 981 3,665 43 479 0.32 -- 522 1,068,284
AIR COOLING 18 13,867
LIGHTING 796,464
Freezers 450,394
Washing Machines 690,774
Dishwashers 283,068
Dryers 116,166
Oven 488,519
TV 334,961
Computers 253,193
Stand-by 529,254
Other Equipment 234,340
TOTAL CONSUMPTION-NORTH
473 7,227 9,534 -- 16,760 19,829 220 94 43 9,771 72 6 9,892 7,814,736
ATLANTIC
Continental Zone
The average consumption of households in the Continental Zone is 13,141 kWh per
year, 0.047 TJ, 27% higher than the national average, as a result of climatology
associated with the zone and characterised by a great thermal contrast between
summers and winters. Heating consumptions, essentially based on thermal systems,
account for 55% of the consumption in the sector.

Other Equipment
Air cooling 3,5%
Cooking 0,7%
SHW Refrigerators
6,5% Stand-by
17,4% Lighting 30,6%
2,6% 10,7%
Computers
Heating 7,4%
Electrical Appliances Freezers
55,3%
17,6% 6,1%
TV
11,8%
Oven
8,3%
Dishwashers
6,1%
Dryers
3,3%
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Page 59 of 75
By energy sources, energy demand is mostly met with petrol derivatives and natural
gas. Renewable energies show a contribution similar to the national one, with a
prevalence of biomass.

ENERGY SOURCES

Biomass ELECTRICITY
Thermal
Branches Biomass
HEATING 103 5,138 57,732 -- 62,870 36,123 195 145 805 38,613 80 327 39,825 1,697,708
SANITARY HOT WATER 8 3,707 4,176 -- 7,883 31,541 1,173 59 247 1 93 110 1,778 894,273
COOKER 35 1,980 1,980 6,105 35 390 0.2 -- 425 2,341,106
LIGHTING 1,901,974
Freezers 556,156
Dishwashers 819,304
Dryers 293,862
Oven 1,126,388
TV 1,844,584
Computers 973,028
Stand-by 1,337,189
TOTAL CONSUMPTION-CONTINENTAL 146 10,825 61,908 -- 72,733 73,769 1,369 229 1,087 40,331 174 437 42,028 20,228,579
Mediterranean Zone
The average consumption of the households located in the Mediterranean zone is

8,959 kWh per year, or 0.032 TJ, 15% lower than the national average. Climatology
and its high humidity rate, mild temperatures in winter and very high ones in summer,
has a bearing on the structure of energy consumption. The largest consumptions,
compared to the national average, go for cooling (1.1%) balance the energy needs for
heating (41%), both on the preferential basis of portable electric equipment.

Other Equipment
Air cooling 2,7%
1,1%
Cooking Lighting Refrigerators
5,7% Stand-by
SHW 7,1% 10,7% 31,3%
19,6%
Computers
7,8%
25,6% Freezers
6,3%
TV
Heating 11,8%
40,9% Oven Dryers Dishwashers
7,4% 4,2% 5,8%
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Page 60 of 75
Demand energy supply accounts for a predominant use of electric power versus
natural gas and petroleum products. Renewable energies have here a greater
contribution than in the rest of the climate zones, and solar thermal energy plays a
more relevant role.
ENERGY SOURCES
Biomass ELECTRICITY
Hard Thermal
LPG Gasoil Others TOTAL NG Geothermy Firewood and Other Solid
Coal Solar Charcoal Pellets TOTAL
Branches Biomass
HEATING -- 7,738 19,692 -- 27,430 27,915 169 66 -- 49,889 87 104 50,080 2,029,250
SANITARY HOT WATER -- 12,639 1,626 -- 14,265 24,801 4,076 51 -- 41 38 100 180 2,963,806
COOKER -- 4,769 4,769 6,934 11 121 -- -- 132 2,162,719
LIGHTING 4,346,304
Freezers 1,238,348
Dryers 831,140
Oven 1,446,087
TV 2,337,280
Computers 1,524,887
Stand-by 2,102,879
TOTAL CONSUMPTION-
-- 25,146 21,318 -- 46,464 59,651 4,245 182 11 50,051 125 205 50,392 31,939,658
MEDITERRANEAN
4.5.3. - Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector by Type of Dwelling
Before delving into this section, it is necessary to state that it was not possible to
quantify some renewable energy consumptions by type of dwelling. Non-quantified
consumption amounts to 1,018 TJ, 2% of the whole consumption of fuels in the sector,
and is associated with the consumption of pellets and other solid biomass. This is
because there is not enough information available regarding the disaggregation of
consumptions per type of dwelling in the Statistics for Biomass, Biogas and Waste for
Thermal Uses, carried out by IDAE for the year 2009. For all the above, the summation
of the total consumptions per type of dwelling shows an imbalance concerning the
whole consumption of the sector, out of the above stated 1,018 TJ. Therefore only
613,435 TJ are justified versus the real 614,453 TJ.
As for types of dwelling, energy consumption focuses on housing blocks versus single-
family houses, as it corresponds to the large size of the housing block stock. As a
whole, housing blocks account for 53% of the sector’s consumption versus 46% of
single-family houses.
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Consumption by Types of Dwelling
FINAL CONSUMPTION BY
TOTAL
TYPE OF DWELLING
SPAIN
Blocks of Flats Single-Family Houses
FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ
HEATING 105,874 182,065 287,939
SANITARY HOT WATER 85,328 30,533 115,861
COOKER 26,948 18,702 45,65
AIR COOLING 3,291 1,857 5,148

LIGHTING 17,300 8,066 25,366
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 89,982 43,488 133,47
Refrigerators 28,261 12,573 40,834

Freezers 3,401 4,682 8,083
Washing Machines 11,023 4,789 15,812
Dishwashers 5,218 2,864 8,083
Dryers 2,721 1,748 4,469

Oven 7,593 3,428 11,022
TV 10,859 5,405 16,263
Computers 6,810 3,096 9,906
Stand-by 10,329 3,963 14,292
Other Equipment 3,767 940 4,707
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 328,723 284,712 613,435
Energy demand by kind of source, fuels or electric power, displays significant

differences as regards the consumption structure, with greater balance between the
fuel & electric power consumptions in housing blocks, and greater prevalence of fuel
consumption in single-family houses. This is explained in terms of the greater demands
associated with heating, derived from the larger surface of these dwellings, their
larger occupancy rate and the preference for systems based on fuel energy sources.
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Disaggregation by Electric and Thermal Consumption

FINAL CONSUMPTION BY CLIMATE ZONES
FUELS ELECTRIC FUELS ELECTRIC
FINAL USES TJ MWh TJ MWh

HEATING 94,425 3,179,813 177,607 1,238,120
SANITARY HOT WATER 75,045 2,855,894 24,687 1,623,700

COOKER 13,031 3,865,052 12,556 1,707,057
AIR COOLING 0 914,03 107 486,153

LIGHTING 4,804,683 2,240,058
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 24,990,582 12,077,830
Refrigerators 7,848,859 3,491,746

Freezers 944,68 1,300,218
Washing Machines 3,061,357 1,330,092
Dishwashers 1,449,288 795,459
Dryers 755,705 485,462
Oven 2,108,871 952,122
TV 3,015,748 1,501,077
Computers 1,891,327 859,781
Stand-by 2,868,605 1,100,717
Other Equipment 1,046,141 261,155
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 182,501 40,610,055 214,957 19,372,918
Considering the average household consumption in energy units per household and by
type of service/use, it is remarkable that the consumption in single-family houses
clearly outweigh the ones of the housing blocks, especially the one associated with
heating. The total single-family house consumption doubles the housing block one,
where the heating consumption is four times higher.
Unit Energy Consumption by Type of Dwelling

0,4
Unit Consumption (GJ/dw)
56 Heating Electrical Appliances 1,6

SWH Cooking 3,6
48 Lighting Air Conditioning 5,9
40 8,4
32 0,3
1,4
24 2,2
7,1
35,3
16
7,5
8
8,8
0
________________________________________________________________________
Page 63 of 75
Housing Blocks
The average consumption in a housing block is 7,859 kWh per year (0.028 TJ), 25%
lower than the consumption of the national average household. Regarding the
structure of consumption by uses, heating predominates although its
representativeness is less relevant than the national average one. In order of
importance, it is followed by electrical appliances and sanitary hot water.
Other Equipment
4,2%
Air cooling
1,0%
Refrigerators
Cooking Stand-by 31,4%
8,2% Lighting
5,3% 11,5%
Computers Freezers
SHW 7,6% 3,8%
26,0%
27,4%
TV Washing Machines
12,1% 12,3%
Oven Dryers
Heating 3,0% Dishwashers
8,4%
32,2% 5,8%
Demand in housing blocks is preferably met with electricity and natural gas, with a
negligible contribution of renewable energies.
Disaggregation by Energy Sources:

ENERGY SOURCES
Biomass
Thermal ELECTRICITY
Branches Biomass
FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ GWh

HEATING 239 6,988 34,547 -- 41,535 52,617 33 -- -- -- n,a n,a -- 3,179,813
SANITARY HOT WATER 29 10,077 2,933 -- 13,010 61,721 285 -- -- -- n,a n,a -- 2,855,894
COOKER 27 3,851 3,851 9,152 -- -- n,a n,a -- 3,865,052
AIR COOLING -- 914,030

LIGHTING 4,804,683
Freezers 944,680

Dryers 755,705
Oven 2,108,871
TV 3,015,748
Computers 1,891,327
Stand-by 2,868,605
Other Equipment 1,046,141
TOTAL CONSUMPTION_
295 20,916 37,481 -- 58,396 123,491 319 -- -- -- — -- -- 40,610,055
HOUSING BLOCKS
________________________________________________________________________
Page 64 of 75
Single-Family Houses
The average consumption of a single-family house is 17,012 kWh (0.061 TJ), almost
double than the national average household consumption. Heating predominates with
a significantly higher representation over the national average, 64% vs. 47%, regarding
the structure of consumption per service/ uses. In order of importance, it is followed
by electric appliance and sanitary hot water consumptions.
Other Equipment
2,2%
SHW Air cooling
10,7% 0,7% Refrigerators
Cooking
Stand-by 28,9%
6,6% Lighting
2,8% 9,1%
Computers
7,1%
Heating Freezers
15,3%
63,9% TV 10,8%
12,4%
Oven Washing Machines

7,9% 11,0%
Dishwashers
Dryers
6,6%
4,0%
There is a clear contrast in comparison with the national average household in terms
of energy sources. Renewable energies stand out for being the largest source of
demand coverage, over the contribution of petroleum products, electricity and
natural gas.
Consumption Structure by Energy Sources

ENERGY SOURCES
Biomass
Thermal ELECTRICITY
Branches Biomass
FINAL USES TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ GWh

HEATING 267 9,260 50,569 -- 59,828 18,360 398 254 805 97,695 n,a n,a 98,500 1,238,120
SANITARY HOT WATER 10 9,143 4,710 -- 13,854 3,847 5,117 143 247 1,469 n,a n,a 1,716 1,623,700
COOKER 47 3,878 3,878 7,552 90 989 n,a n,a 1,079 1,707,057

LIGHTING 2,240,058
Freezers 1,300,218
Dishwashers 795,459
Dryers 485,462
Oven 952,122
TV 1,501,077
Computers 859,781
Stand-by 1,100,717
TOTAL CONSUMPTION_
324 22,281 55,279 -- 77,560 29,759 5,515 397 1,141 100,153 — -- 101,294 19,372,918
SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSES
________________________________________________________________________
Page 65 of 75
4.5.4. - Energy Consumption by Climate Zones and Type of Dwelling:
The development of the present study provides absolute and comparative information
at cross level between the various features of the study, i.e., climate zone and type
of dwelling. Next are shown different tables and graphics to facilitate a comparison,
as previously done at national level, between energy consumptions for services/ uses
through the crossing of the various features studied.
Crossing: North Atlantic Zone and Type of Dwelling
The single-family houses in this area account for a large differential of unit
consumption with respect to housing blocks. The housing block location in places near
the coast, as opposed to the single-family houses, situated farther inland with more
severe weather and an older building structure, largely explains that single-family
houses should exceed by about 5 times the unit heating consumption in housing
blocks.
Unit Energy Consumption in the North Atlantic Zone by Type of Dwelling
Consumo Unitario (GJ/hogar)

0,06
Unit Consumption (GJ/dw)
Heating Electrical Appliances

55
SWH Cooking 1,2
50 5,9
Lighting Air Conditioning
45 5,0
40
9,0
35
30 0,02
1,3
25 3,4
20
8,1 32,7
15
10 6,8
5 6,7
0
With regard to the structure of energy supply and as it is the case at national level,
housing blocks minimise the demand for petroleum products, meeting their
consumption with electricity and natural gas. Meanwhile, two third of the
consumption by single-family houses is divided into almost equal segments between
renewable energy and petroleum products.
________________________________________________________________________
Page 66 of 75
Supply Structure of the North Atlantic zone by Types of Dwelling
Housing Block Single-Family Houses
Natural Gas
9,2%
Natural Gas
38,5%
Renewable
Energies
0,1% Oil Products
Oil Products 32,7% Geoterm
14,8% Renewable Biomas
Energies
32,2%
Electricity Coal
46,1% 0,8%
Electricity
Coal 25,0%
0,5%
Crossing: Continental Zone and Type of Dwelling
According to the current energy state of affairs at both national and regional levels,
single-family houses situated in this area are still displaying significantly higher
consumption than housing blocks. The lack of weather warmers, like the sea nearby,
in this climate zone, results in a lower differential between housing blocks and single-
family house in terms of unit consumption: single-family houses just exceed the unit
heating consumption of housing block by more than threefold.
Unit Energy Consumption of the Continental Zone by Type of Dwelling

Consumo según Tipo de Vivienda en la Zona Continental
Consumo Unitario (GJ/dw)
Heating Electrical Appliances 0,37

75
70 SWH Cooking 1,5
4,1
65 Lighting Air Conditioning
6,7
60
55 8,9
50
45
40 0,33
35 1,0
2,5
30
8,3
25 49,2
20 7,6
15
10
15,5
5
0
________________________________________________________________________
Page 67 of 75
As it happens with the energy demand coverage both in Spain and in other Spanish
climate zones, the consumption of renewable energies are to be found in single-family
houses in this area, significantly exceeding the petroleum products consumption as a
result of an increased agricultural and forestry biomass potential. The dominant
energy source is natural gas, followed by electric power in housing blocks.
Supply Structure of the Continental Zone by Types of Dwelling

Natural Gas Natural Gas

40,7% 12,4%
Renewable Energies
0,1%
Oil Products
31,0%
Renewable Energies
Oil Products
36,8%
25,1%
Electricity
34,1% Electricity
19,9%
Coal
Coal 0,06%
0,06%
Crossing: Mediterranean Zone and Type of Dwelling
As it happened in the North Atlantic zone, single-family houses in the Mediterranean

zone have unit heating consumptions almost 6 times higher than in housing blocks in
the same zone. Once again, location near the coast along with better weather than
the North Atlantic zone, largely explains the differences in energy demand by type of
dwelling.
Unit Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean Zone by Type of Dwelling

Consumo Unitario (GJ/dw)
Heating Electrical Appliances 0,43

50
SWH Cooking 1,7
45 2,9
Lighting Air Conditioning
40 5,8
35
8,2
30
0,30
25
1,7
20 1,8
15 5,9 28,6
10 7,5
5
4,9
0
________________________________________________________________________
Page 68 of 75
With regard to the coverage of residential energy demand in this climate zone,
electricity is the dominant energy source in the housing blocks due to the fact that a
part of the energy demands for air conditioning are carried out with electrical
equipment. Renewables, meanwhile, are energy sources that meet most of the
demand of the single-family houses.
Supply Structure of the Mediterranean Zone by Type of Dwelling
Oil Products Natural Gas

11,0% 9,1%
Oil Products
22,8%
Natural Gas
34,0%
Electricity Renewable Energies

54,9% 39,7%
Electricity
28,4%
Renewable Energies
0,1%
4.6.-Summary of Total Consumptions and Averages of the Households Sector
The average Spanish household consumes about 35.7 TJ per year (0.852 toe/dw); the
Mediterranean climate zone presents lower values and lower consumption, 0.718
toe/dw; and the continental area, which records higher consumption averages, 1.084
toe/dw.
By type of dwelling, the variation margins are between 0.652 toe/dw in housing block,
and 1.318 toe/dw in single-family houses. The lowest average consumption per
household is recorded in Mediterranean housing blocks, 0.527 toe/dw, and the highest
consumption corresponds to continental single-family houses, 1.69 toe/dw.
Total and average consumption in the residential sector

FINAL CONSUMPTION OF THE HOUSEHOLD SECTOR BY
CLIMATE ZONES AND TYPE OF DWELLING
North Atlantic Continental Mediterranean TOTAL
TJ 44,017 145,807 138,899 328,723
Block of Flats
GJ/dw 26.3 35.3 22.1 27.3
TJ 31,311 116,693 136,708 284,712
Single-Family Houses
GJ/dw 54.0 70.8 47.7 55.2
TJ 75,328 262,500 275,607 613,435

TOTAL CONSUMPTION
GJ/dw 33.4 45.4 30.1 35.7
Note: Terajoules (TJ) is equivalent to 23.8846 tons of oil equivalent (toe)
________________________________________________________________________
Page 69 of 75
4.7. - Validation and comparison of results
This introductory chapter on the results of SPAHOUSEC study would be incomplete

without a comparison between the resulting data from the study and the information
resulting from the Spanish energy balances done with top-down procedures.
Unfortunately the final assessment of the effectiveness of the energy information

derived from SPAHOUSEC study will have to wait until mid-autumn, when the
disaggregated sectorial energy data about the previous year’s consumption will be
available. Nevertheless, a contrastive exercise has been done with the consumption
resulting from SPAHOUSEC project, the residential consumption in 2009 and an
estimate made by IDAE for 2010.
Energy Consumption Contrast: SPAHOUSEC, Energy Balances for 2009 and

Residential Consumption Estimate for 2010

TOTAL
CONSUMPTION_R
Hard Natural Solar ELECTRICITY
LGP Gasoil Others Total Geothermy Biomass ESIDENTIAL
Coal Gas Theraml SECTOR
ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe ktoe
Energy Balance 2009

17 1,906 2,474 180 4,560 3,415 125 10 2,073 5,254 15,454
(MITyC/IDAE )
SPAHOUSEC Results 2010 15 1,032 2,216 0 3,247 3,660 139 12 2,444 5,159 14,676
Consumption Estimate 2010

12 1,544 2,111 n,a, 3,655 3,955 151 12 2.468 5,350 15,602
(IDAE)
Deviation:
23.2% -33.2% 4.9% n.a. -11.2% -7.4% -7.5% 0.3% -1.0% -3.6% -5.9%
SPAHOUSEC/Consumption Estimate 2010
Despite the above limitations, there is an undervaluation of 8% of the total residential

consumption, regarding the information obtained by energy traders, and therefore
with top-down approach. By energy sources the following conclusions have been
reached:
1. The energy consumption associated with renewable energy sources in

SPAHOUSEC study are within quite reasonable tolerance ranges. This stems from
the incorporation of IDAE's information to the study as input data. The small
differences observed derived both from the dates on which data were
incorporated to the study, January-February 2011, and the new data update at
the time of writing this report.
2. The consumption of electric power given by the SPAHOUSEC study is 4% lower
than the one obtained through the estimate by using traders´ information. This
can be largely explained by the type of tariff structure in Spain, where there
may be small business consumers using residential-type rates.
3. The same explanation can be given for the existing deviations in natural gas
consumption given by SPAHOUSEC, undervalued by 7%.
________________________________________________________________________
Page 70 of 75
4. The gasoil consumption in heating obtained from SPAHOUSEC are quite close to
those obtained through the traders’ information, with a reasonable deviation of
5%.
5. With regard to the consumption derived from LPG, the deviation between the
SPAHOUSEC data and those obtained through marketers, present a significant
deviation of 33%. In this energy product it must be considered that 71% of
supplies launched to market in 2009 corresponds to bottled LPG, of which it is
very difficult to determine, from the information provided by marketers, the
amount supplied to merely residential customers and the amount to commercial
customers, using both the same type of gas cylinder or container. The
representativeness of this energy source, in any case lower than 10% of
consumption in the residential sector, does not seem to suggest a further
statistical operation, which might be welcome in any case.
6. Finally, coal consumption associated with the sector is basically symbolic and
shows a tendency to disappear from 2012 under the application of the
Regulation of Thermal Installations in Buildings, RITE, currently in force.
Therefore the deviation of 23% in a consumption group which fail to account for
1% of residential consumption is perfectly acceptable.
To sum it up, the consumption of the residential sector by energy sources supplied by
SPAHOUSEC through bottom-up methodologies is considered a good approach but still
with room for improvement for the information obtained from marketers by a top-
down methodology.
Moreover, there has been another contrastive exercise between the information given
by SPAHOUSEC and the approaches made by IDAE for the residential consuming
segmentation according to the uses based on earlier top-down studies, based on the
total consumption of the sector, which applied small computer models of sectoral
allocation according to the information provided by utility companies.
Contrast of Energy Structure by Services/Uses:

SPAHOUSEC and IDAE’s Data 2008
CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

2008 2010 2008 2010
(IDAE) (SPAHOUSEC) (IDAE) (SPAHOUSEC)
Heating 7,756 6,892 47.1% 47.0%
SWH 4,313 2,776 26.2% 18.9%
Cooking 1,044 1,090 6.3% 7.4%
Air Cooling 152 123 0.9% 0.8%
Lighting 693 606 4.2% 4.1%
Electrical Appliances 2,520 3,188 15.3% 21.7%
TOTAL 16,478 14,676 100% 100%
________________________________________________________________________
Page 71 of 75
The main conclusion reached in this contrastive approach is that the consumption
structure is quite compatible with the segmentations made by IDAE using top-down
information, except for the consumption weights associated with sanitary hot water
and appliances. The explanation appears to be in the segmentation derived from top-
down approaches which overstates the electricity consumption aimed at the hot water
service, deducting part of the total electric power consumption of the dwelling from
the household electrical appliances.
________________________________________________________________________
Page 72 of 75
5. - DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
The dissemination of the methodology and results of SPAHOUSEC study to the whole of
Spanish society through the Institute's communication systems is seen as one of the
upcoming objectives of IDAE within the scope of this project. The aim is that Spanish
households can know, depending on their climate zone and type of dwelling, the
average consumption they can expect to meet their needs. To do so, IDAE will make
use of the means it has been using on a regular basis:
1. The Practical Energy Guide, with a print run over 7 million copies distributed to
Spanish households on a regular basis (6th Edition June 2011).
2. The Citizens Information Service on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
(SICER) available on the Institute's website, which receives about 180 queries
per day.
3. IDAE's website, which hosts an executive summary of the SPAHOUSEC study,
available to any person or organization who may wish to check information.
4. Presentations on energy efficiency to citizens and companies alike.
Additionally, the applied methodology and the results achieved with it will be
transmitted to the various technicians in the residential sector, both to those from
MITyC and from other departments in IDAE, and to the whole regional energy agencies
through network Emergen.
A particular reference should go for the in-depth knowledge of SPAHOUSEC

methodology, to be passed on to the National Statistics Institute (INE), in order to
growing fully acquainted with both the applied methodology and the scope and
reliability of the achieved results
IDAE will also disseminate the project through its international relationships, both
through projects like ODYSSEE-MURE, which will directly benefit from the results of
SPAHOUSEC, and in the scope of its participation in international forums such as the
EnR and the IEA Working Groups.
Last but not least, the results of the SPAHOUSEC project will be incorporated into the
annual energy balances and regular shipments to be made to the European
Commission, Eurostat and the International Energy Agency.
________________________________________________________________________
Page 73 of 75
6- GAINED EXPERIENCE AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
IDAE envisaged quite ambitious goals from the very beginning of SPAHOUSEC study
but, as experience has shown, these were not unattainable. Stemming just from an
energy vector associated with the residential sector, it was intended to explain the
latter through the segmentation of such consumption by sources and sectors,
expanding the research to climate zones and types of dwellings at the same time. It
can be diagnosed, objectively, that the objectives proposed by the study have mostly
been covered; only consumption per uses and type of dwelling for certain renewable
energy sources, pellets and other solid biomass are still to be identified.
As discussed in Chapter 3, devoted to the methodology used in the project, the

integration of different operations -some of which innovative within the study’s frame
while others already existed- has allowed explaining the consumption in the sector
according to the various uses and services used by it. Additionally, the highest
disaggregation of this consumption, per climate zones and type of dwelling, has
allowed the suitable and positive assessment of the good points of the applied
methodology. A proof of it is section 4.6 in this report, which shows the comparison
between the consumption vector resulting from the application of the bottom-up
methodology in SPAHOUSEC study and the energy vector, which is available through
the top-down methodology for the same year 2009.
Despite the advantages mentioned above, the SPAHOUSEC methodology has some
limitations, which spans over different fields and which will be stated next:
1. The applied methodology, which is simple in terms of planning, but complex in

its requirements for implementation entails different and expensive operations
synchronised in time. Both the different surveys carried out -by telephone and
face-to-face- and the measurement operation are extensive tasks in resources,
both human and technical, with the consequent associated economic cost. This
affects the development of annual and regular studies similar to the ones
developed within the SPAHOUSEC project.
2. The subcontractors engaged in telephone and face-to-face surveys have limited
experience in energy consumption, which leads the contractor to devote more
resources to them.
3. On the other hand, the statistical experience of the subcontractors involved in
the measurement of energy consumption is also limited, which, as in the
previous case, also involves a greater effort on the side of the main contractor.
4. A significant part of the work of the contractor's office relates to the
coordination of the contents of the survey and measurement operations.
5. The integration of the results of the various operations carried out requires that
the contractor should call upon the availability of human resources with large
experience and knowledge of the energy sector in general, and of consumer
sector in particular.
________________________________________________________________________
Page 74 of 75
As a result of the experience gained in SPAHOUSE study, here are some

recommendations with a view to their possible replication in the future:
1. Include operations of this kind into the national statistical plans of each
Member State.
2. Perform such studies with a frequency between four and six years so as to curb
economic and resources of whatever kind alike.
3. Use energy modelling tools within the study implementation periods, taking into
account the explanatory variables of the very sectorial consumption. After the
completion of the studies in a given year should follow the correction, if
necessary, of the intermediate consumption calculated with energy modelling.
4. Limit the contents and scopes of the survey-based operations. Experience has
shown that the country-level results on the featuring of dwellings, households
and equipment are far more reliable with telephone surveys, while panel-based
surveys provide better information about energy consumption drawn from
billing.
5. The coverage of the operation of electric power measurement consumption
should be expanded in the study in future editions to a larger universe in order
to broaden its representativeness. It should also be supplemented with heat
6. Segmentations according to climate zone and type of dwelling are not strictly
necessary for the development of statistics per services/residential sector uses,
but they must be considered in the sample designs which have an effect on the
survey and measurement operations.
7. Supplementary statistical operations, such as the statistics on renewable
energies should be enriched by variables that may explain better residential
consumption according to the types of dwelling.
8. Given the climatic and cultural diversity of the European Union, the
development of a common and comprehensive methodology, published in a
handbook containing all the relevant particulars of each Member State at EU
level is mandatory. This methodology should be periodically reviewed in order
to adapt it to the incorporation of new equipment and service technologies.
9. Conduct training courses for statistical agencies on the methods and parameters
to consider, methodologies etc.
________________________________________________________________________
Page 75 of 75

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SECH PROJECT -SPAHOUSEC

Analyses of the energy

The developed methodology has included the compilation of the existing

The structural explanation of consumption for services and uses, historically

Given that the global differences achieved as opposed to conventional methodology

Trends in Energy Consumption (ktoe) within the Households Sector in Spain

Commercial buildings (Tertiary) 157 211 30%

Manufacturing Industry 297 382 25%

Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 nd

3. - SPAHOUSEC PROJECT’S METHODOLOGY

Territorial distribution of climate zones in Spain

The base methodology of SPAHOUSEC Project consists in the combination of the

a) Compilation of the existing information of an energy and social-economic

Work Scheme of SPAHOUSEC Project

Socioeconomic Data Consumption by Uses and

Climatic and Geographical

Energy Parameters: (2) Definition of the

The performance of two kinds of surveys with a common core is meant to

d) Analysis and Validation of Results

By processing the information from all previous proceedings, it has been

Average consumptions in households have also been estimated on the basis of

3.2. - Phone Survey Operations

Distribution of Dwellings and Household Samples according to Climate Zones

The gathering of information has been done through computer-assisted phone

A pilot test is carried out (Pre-test) as a previous step to the interviews on

As a prior step to the collected information analysis, an exhaustive debugging of

1. Initial debugging: quota checking; no-answer rate analysis; code control;

2. Elimination of inconsistent records: once the non-valid registers detected,

The following algorithm has been used for this adjustment:

where m relates to the month.

Error Distribution according to Climate zone and Type of Dwelling

CLIMATE ZONE Blocks of Flats Single-Family Houses TOTAL

3.3. - Face-to-face Survey Operation

The social-demographic features considered in the sample of household of choice

Household size and number of household members

Sample Error Distribution by Climate Zone and Type of Dwelling

Blocks of Flats 4,85% 3,43% 3,38%

Work field consists in a telecommunication system that enables collecting and

Tool Used in Face-to-Face Surveys

The performance of the interviews has demanded an effort as regards the

As relates to the debugging process of the energy consumptions and expenses of

The following algorithm has been used for this adjustment:

Annual Average Cost =

where m corresponds to the month.

3.4. - Measurement Operation

Measurements have taken place in a total number of 600 dwellings, representing

The information obtained has enabled to achieve the average electric

600 pieces of individual measurement equipment have been used to do the

Consumption measurement in real time in Watts-hour.

Measurement equipment used

Individual equipment Time analyzers

Electric Heating System:

• Reversible heat pump.

Sanitary Hot Water Service:

• Electric water heater

Given the impossibility of fully measuring the consumption of certain services or

1. Completion by each household of a questionnaire with data from equipment

2. Lighting consumption: estimated on the basis of existing lighting equipment

3. General standby consumption: estimated by deducting the measurements of

4. Rest of the electric equipment: estimated as the difference between the

- Dwellings in towns with an average per capita GDP equivalent to the

- Geographical balance: 200 dwellings in each of the three climate zones.