Carrier PDF

TISHK INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Science Date: 08/06/2021

Department of Medical Analysis Duration: hr
Course : Personal Carrier and Laboratory Security
Type of Exam: □Quiz □ Mid-Term Exam
Code: MA 216
Spring Semester □ Final Exam □Make-up Exam
Write an assignment about:
Biological effect of radiation on human health during working in the

laboratories, how can be prevented its effect.
Requirements:
Font: Time new Roman, size 14, line space 1.5. number of words: 1000-2000
Deadline: 48 hours.
Name ; Helen Saadi Khalid

Group : 2
Instructor’s Name : Signature :

Code: MA 216
What’s radiation ?
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed
of light. This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it, and
has wave-like properties. You could also call radiation“electromagnetic waves
What’s Biological effect of radiation on human health during

working in the laboratories ?
Radiation classification :
External Radiation Exposure
As we have seen, the principle difference between nuclear radiation and other types
of radiation such as heat or light is that nuclear radiation deposits its energy which
produces ion pairs (ionizations) as it passes through matter. The ionization of living
cells can lead to molecular changes which damage the cell's chromosomes.
Radiation can cause several different types of damage to cells such as small physical
displacement of molecules or the production of ion pairs. If the energy deposited is
high enough, biological damage can occur (e.g., chemical bonds can be broken and
cells can be damaged or killed). There are several possible results from cellular
radiation interaction:
The damaged cells can repair themselves so no damage is caused. This is the normal
outcome for low doses of radiation commonly encountered in the workplace.
The cells can die, like millions of normal cells, and be replaced through the normal
biological process.
A change may occur in the cell's reproductive structure in which the cell may mutate
and subsequently be repaired with no effect, or they can form precancerous cells,
which
may then become cancerous. Generally, the most radiosensitive cells are those that
are rapidly dividing and undifferentiated. Examples include immature blood cells,
intestinal crypt cells, etc. Damage to these cells is manifested by clinical symptoms

Code: MA 216
such as decreased blood counts, radiation sickness, cataracts or, in the long term,
cancer.
Internal Radiation Exposure
As previously discussed, not all radiation is equally penetrating. When exposed to

external sources of ionizing radiation, only high-energy beta particles and gamma/X-
rays are potentially hazardous. Table 8 lists some commonly encountered, low-
energy beta emitting radioisotopes which are not external hazards. Generally, beta
emitters which have maximum beta energies of less than 200 keV are not external
radiation hazards.
Radiation damage can be divided in to two types :
Somatic damage and genetic damage

• All the cells in the body can be classified as either somatic or genetic.
• Somatic cells are all the cells in the body except the reproductive cells.
• The reproductive cells (e.g., ova, sperm) are termed genetic cells.
• Depending on the type of cell injured by radiation, the biologic effects
of radiation can be classified as somatic or genetic.
somatic effects
• Somatic effects are seen in the person who has been irradiated.
Radiation injuries that produce changes in somatic cells produce poor
health in the irradiated individual.
• Major somatic effects of radiation exposure include the induction of
cancer, leukemia, and cataracts.
• These changes, however, are not transmitted to future generations

Code: MA 216
Affect radiation on body :
(1) Hair
The losing of hair quickly and in clumps occurs with exposure at 200
rems or higher.
(2) Brain
Since brain cells do not reproduce, they won't be damaged directly unless
the exposure is 5,000 rems or greater. can cause seizures and immediate
death.
(3) Thyroid
The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine. In sufficient

amounts, radioactive iodine can destroy all or part of the
thyroid.
(4) Reproductive Tract
Because reproductive tract cells divide rapidly, these areas of the body
can be damaged at rem levels as low as 200. Long term, some radiation
sickness victims will become sterile. 28
(5) Blood System
When a person is exposed to around 100 rems, the blood's lymphocyte

cell count will be reduced, victim more

Code: MA 216
(6) Heart
Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1,000 to 5,000 rems would do

immediate damage to small blood vessels and probably cause heart failure
and death directly.
(7) Gastrointestinal Tract
Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will cause
nausea, bloody vomiting and diarrhea. This is occurs when the victim's
exposure is 200 rems or more.
8- Skin
9-Eye
10-Bone marrow

Code: MA 216
How we can prevent this affect ?
1. If you work around radioactive materials itʻs good to have a radiation

detector. Things change from day to day. Other workers can forget to
replace shielding around sources. X-ray machines can be be
inadvertently activated. Things can get spilled. Itʻs good to review your
environment on a regular basis.
2. Counting on a Dosimeter can leave you Vulnerable. Dosimeters
generally tell you what dose you have received after the fact. While this
may be useful for regulatory compliance and limiting your lifetime
dose, it does not help you keep your dose minimized on a day to day
basis.
3. Use Time Distance and Shielding to Protect Yourself. Putting distance
and shielding between you and a radiation source is an immediately
effective way of reducing your exposure. Reducing the time you are
being exposed is another way.
4. Use a Respirator or Face Mask if You are exposed to airborne sources.

5. Properly Label Sources and keep them Shielded.
6. Be Aware of All Sources of Radiation Exposure. We are all exposed to
radiation every day from natural sources, outer space, the earth, radon
gas in our homes and businesses. We are also exposed inadvertently to
sources that can include people undergoing medical procedures,
radioactive antiques such as Fiestaware, and diagnostic medical
procedures. .
7. Be Thoughtful and Informed about Medical X-rays. Medical imaging
can provide important and life saving diagnostic information. It is also
sometimes used unnecessarily. Sometimes the same diagnostic
information can be obtained by using techniques that reduce dose. If
you have concerns about the dose and benefits you may receive from a
proposed procedure, take time to inform your self and also have a
conversation with your health care professional with any concerns you
might have. If you continue to have reservations or concerns, you can
always ask for a second opinion.

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TISHK INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Science Date: 08/06/2021

Write an assignment about:

Biological effect of radiation on human health during working in the

Name ; Helen Saadi Khalid

Instructor’s Name : Signature :

What’s Biological effect of radiation on human health during

External Radiation Exposure

Instructor’s Name : Signature :

Internal Radiation Exposure

As previously discussed, not all radiation is equally penetrating. When exposed to

Radiation damage can be divided in to two types :

Somatic damage and genetic damage

Instructor’s Name : Signature :

Affect radiation on body :

The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine. In sufficient

(4) Reproductive Tract

(5) Blood System

When a person is exposed to around 100 rems, the blood's lymphocyte

Instructor’s Name : Signature :

Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1,000 to 5,000 rems would do

(7) Gastrointestinal Tract

Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will cause

Instructor’s Name : Signature :

How we can prevent this affect ?

1. If you work around radioactive materials itʻs good to have a radiation

4. Use a Respirator or Face Mask if You are exposed to airborne sources.

Instructor’s Name : Signature :

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