CANCER

(Diet therapy,
Nutritional care)
Presented by: Arvin Y. Labrada
 CANCER
‘WHEN GOOD CELLS GO BAD’

● Cancer refers to uncontrolled cell growth.

● Cancer can also refers to malignant neoplasm or
tumours.
● Tumours can be benign or malignant.
● Malignant tumor have the potentiality of
metastasis.
● Mutation causes cancer: Inherited or acquired.
Carcinogenesis

• Different types of cells have different life spans,

depending on their location and function.
• New cells are produced by the process of cell
division, mitosis.
• 2 types of genes that causes cell growth and
division: Proto-oncogenes & Tumor suppressor
genes.
● Proto-oncogenes: Genes which promote cell
growth and reproduction.
● Tumor suppressor genes: Genes which inhibit
cell division, repair DNA function and tell cells
when to die (Apopstosis).

● In order for a normal cell to transform into a

cancer cell, these genes must be altered.
● Typically, changes in many genes are required to
transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.
Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of

cancer are usually named from the organs or tissues
where the cancers form.

● For example, lung cancer starts in cells of the

lung, and brain cancer starts in cells of the brain.
Here are some categories of cancers that
begin in specific types of cells:

Carcinoma
● Carcinomas are the most common type of
cancer. They are formed by epithelial cells, which
are the cells that cover the inside and outside
surfaces of the body.
Sarcoma
● Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone and soft
tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels,
lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as
tendons and ligaments)

Leukemia
● Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of
the bone marrow are called leukemias. These
cancers do not form solid tumors.
Lymphoma
● Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells
or B cells). In lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes build
up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other
organs of the body.

Multiple Myeloma
● Multiple myeloma is cancer that begins in plasma cells,
another type of immune cell.

Melanoma
● is cancer that begins in cells that become melanocytes,
which are specialized cells that make melanin
Other Types of Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
● Germ cell tumors are a type of tumor that begins in the
cells that give rise to sperm or eggs.
Neuroendocrine Tumors
● Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release
hormones into the blood in response to a signal from
the nervous system.
Carcinoid Tumors
● Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor.
They are slow-growing tumors that are usually found in
the gastrointestinal system
Classification of Cancer
 Signs and symptoms of certain cancers

There may be other causes for each of these, but it’s important to see a doctor
about them as soon as possible – especially if there’s no other cause you can
identify, the problem lasts a long time, or it gets worse over time.

Change in bowel habits or bladder function

Long-term constipation, diarrhea, or a change in the size of the stool may be a
sign of colon cancer. Pain when passing urine, blood in the urine, or a change in
bladder function

Sores that do not heal

Skin cancers may bleed and look like sores that don’t heal. A long-lasting sore in
the mouth could be an oral cancer.

White patches inside the mouth or white spots on the tongue

White patches inside the mouth and white spots on the tongue may be
leukoplakia.
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Unusual bleeding can happen in early or advanced cancer. Coughing up blood
may be a sign of lung cancer. Blood in the stool (which can look like very dark
or black stool) could be a sign of colon or rectal cancer. Cancer of the cervix or
the endometrium (lining of the uterus) can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Blood in the urine may be a sign of bladder or kidney cancer. A bloody
discharge from the nipple may be a sign of breast cancer.

Thickening or lump in the breast or other parts of the body

Many cancers can be felt through the skin. These cancers occur mostly in the
breast, testicle, lymph nodes (glands), and the soft tissues of the body. A lump
or thickening may be an early or late sign of cancer and should be reported to
a doctor, especially if you’ve just found it or notice it has grown in size.

Indigestion or trouble swallowing

Indigestion or swallowing problems that don’t go away may be signs of cancer
of the esophagus (the swallowing tube that goes to the stomach), stomach, or
pharynx (throat).
Recent change in a wart or mole or any new skin change
Any wart, mole, or freckle that changes color, size, or shape, or that loses its
sharp border should be seen by a doctor right away. Any other skin changes
should be reported, too.

Nagging cough or hoarseness

A cough that does not go away may be a sign of lung cancer. Hoarseness can be
a sign of cancer of the larynx ( voice box) or thyroid gland.

Other symptoms
The signs and symptoms listed above are the more common ones seen with
cancer, but there are many others that are not listed here. If you notice any major
changes in the way your body works or the way you feel – especially if it lasts for
a long time or gets worse – let a doctor know. If it has nothing to do with cancer,
the doctor can find out more about what’s going on and, if needed, treat it. If it is
cancer, you’ll give yourself the chance to have it treated early, when treatment
works best.
MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
Measures that may reduce the risk of cancer:

● Limiting intake of high-fat foods, particularly

from animal sources (for example, high-fat meats
and whole-fat dairy products)
● Limiting intake of processed meat
● Increasing intake of fruits and vegetables
● Increasing intake of whole-grain foods
● Being physically active
● Keeping weight below the obese level
DIETARY MANAGEMENT
Objective of nutritional therapy

● To meet the increased metabolic demands of the

disease and prevent catabolism as much as possible
● To alleviate symptoms resulting from the disease
and its treatment through adaptation of food and
the feeding process.
ENERGY
Calorie requirements are:

● 20-25kcal/kg for non ambulatory or sedentary

patient
● 30-35kcal/kg for slightly hypermetabolic, weight
gain/anabolism
● 40-45kcal/kg for hypermetabolic or severly
stressed patient, significant malabsorption.
PROTEIN
Additional protein is required for regeneration,
healing and rehabilitation.

● 0.8-1.0g/kg- normal maintenance level

● 1.5-2.5g/kg if increased protein demands exist.
○ E.g. protein losing enteropathy, hyper
metabolism or extreme wasting
VITAMINS AND MINERALS
● Optimal intake of vitamins and minerals are
recommended
● Vitamin D(400-800IU) helps to protect against
several types of cancer including breast cancer
FLUIDS
● Most adults require approximately 35 mL/kg, or
between 1500 and 2000 mL, of water each day.
● Adequate fluid intake is important to replace
gastrointestinal (GI) losses or losses caused by
infection and fever, and to aid in renal excretion
of metabolic breakdown products from
destroyed cancer cells and medications.
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT
ANTIOXIDANTS
 DAY 1
BREAKFAST AM SNACKS LUNCH PM SNACKS DINNER

Chicken Arroz Avocado Laswa- 1 cup (131 Guyabano Juice- Sinigang na

Caldo- 1 cup (180 Milkshake- 1 cup cal.) 1 cup (220 cal.) Salmon- 1 cup
cal.) (270 cal.) (208 cal.)
Paksiw na Oatmeal- 1 cup
Papaya- ½ pc (70 Omelette tamban- 2 pcs (166 cal.) Rice- ½ cup (120
cal.) Sandwich- 1pc (120 cal.) cal.)
(200 cal.)
Green Tea- 1 cup Yogurt plain- ½ Tofu & Broccoli
(37.5 cal.) cup (120 cal.) Salad- ½ cup
(103 cal.)
Water- 1 glass Grapes- ½ cup (31
cal.) Banana- 1pc (90
cal.)
Water- 2 glass
Water- 2 glass

TOTAL CALORIES: 2,067 kcal

ARTHRITIS
(Diet therapy,
Nutritional care)
Presented by: Arvin Y. Labrada
 What is Arthritis?
● Inflammation and pain in the joints
● The degeneration and inflammation of
joints can cause joint stiffness, pain,
swelling, deformity, and eventually
disability
● Also refers to joint damage, such as
destruction of cartilage
Types of Arthritis
● Osteoarthritis (OA)
● Rheumatoid Arthritis
● Juvenile Arthritis
● Gout
● Fibromyalgia
Causes
The causes of arthritis might vary from person to person:

● Diet and nutrition habits: Some food items, especially red

meat and products derived from animals can cause a rise in
the level of uric acid thus, increasing the risks of arthritis as
well as gout. Smoking also has been known to worsen this
condition.
● Genetic predisposition: Some people are more prone to
develop arthritis as they are genetically predisposed to it.
● Problem in the immune system: Rheumatoid arthritis is one
condition which is caused by the attack of immune system
on the lining of the joints within the body.
Risk factors for arthritis include:

● Obesity: The joints are subject to excess stress because of

the excess weight. This results in a higher risk of arthritis in
obese people.
● Age: The risk of arthritis increases with age.
● Family history: It is possible for you to be vulnerable to this
disorder if arthritis runs in the family.
● Previous injury: People who have had a previous joint injury
are more susceptible to arthritis.
Typical symptoms of both forms of arthritis are:

● Redness in the affected areas

● Stiffness in the joints
● Pain in the joints of the body
● Swelling in particular joints or most joints of the
body
● Decreased mobility either due to pain or stiffness
How Does A Healthy Diet Affect Arthritis?

● Symptom reduction
● Weight control
● Immune system support
● Protection from chronic illness
Diet

● Eat a variety of healthy foods

● Maintain a healthy weight
● Eat fat and cholesterol in moderation
● Eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole-grains
● Use sugar and salt in moderation
● Drink alcohol in moderation
● Consume your daily requirements of vitamins and
minerals.
Diet and Inflammation

● Pro-Inflammatory Foods
- “damaged fats”
- Foods high on the glycemic index

● Anti-Inflammatory Foods
- Healthy fats
- Whole foods
- Vitamin D
Foods That Inflame

● refined carbohydrates, such as white bread and

pastries
● French fries and other fried foods
● soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages
● red meat (burgers, steaks) and processed meat (hot
dogs, sausage)
● margarine, shortening, and lard
WATER

● Delivers nutrients to joints

● Helps excrete toxins
● 6 or more 8 oz. glasses per day, more if you exercise
regularly
● Avoid adding sweeteners
● With certain medications, needs are higher
Foods That Combat Inflammation

● tomatoes and other yellow/orange/red vegetables

● olive oil and other Omega-3 fatty acids
● dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and
collards
● nuts and seeds like almonds and walnuts
● beans
● fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines
● citrus and other fruits such as strawberries, blueberries,
cherries, and oranges
● dark chocolate
● whole grains
 DAY 1
BREAKFAST AM SNACKS LUNCH PM SNACKS DINNER

Oatmeal- 1 cup Banana Ensaladang Okra Lemon Juice- 1 Ginataang

(166 cal.) Smoothie- 1 glass at Dilis- 1 cup (314 glass (22 cal.) Kalabasa at
(189 cal.) cal.) sitaw- 1 cup (398
Hard boiled egg- Tuna Sandwich- cal.)
1 pc (77 cal.) Whole grain Rice- 1 cup (240 1 pc (290 cal.)
crackers- 4 pcs. cal.) Pritong Bangus-
Fortified Soy (100 cal.) ½ pc (410 cal. )
Milk- 1 glass (105 Green Salad- ½
cal.) cup (70 cal.) Rice- 1 cup (240
cal.)
Papaya- ½ pc (70 Mango- 1 pc
cal.) (60cal.) Grapes- ½ cup
(31 cal.)
Water- 1 glass Water- 2 glass
Water- 2 glass

TOTAL CALORIES: 2,782 kcal

References:
Book:
Williams', Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy (11th edition)

Electronic Sources:
National Cancer Institute (2020) : National Institutes of Health
Retrieved from
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-c
ancer

Nutrition in Cancer Care. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.

Retrieved from
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/a
ppetite-loss/nutrition-hp-pdq
References:
Electronic Sources:
Arthritis: Center for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/types.html

Clark, Nancy. Nancy Clark’s Sports Nutrition Guidebook: Eating to

Fuel Your Active Lifestyle. Leisure Press; Brookline, MA. 1990.
Retrieved from www.today.msnbc.msn.com
www.cdc.gov www.mypyramid.gov