Chapter 13 - Outlook

PART III: COUNTY DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK
13 COUNTY DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK
T he Situational Analysis stage of the Kwale County Spatial Plan broadly assessed the county’s natural capital, economic
base, infrastructure and transport, population and demographics, human settlement and governance. Synthesis of the
information obtained revealed that while the county has immense resources, their utilization has not yet been optimized;
and as such, various facets of the county’s development continue to grapple with challenges. The table below is a summary of
the county’s development outlook, adopting a Potential, Opportunities and Challenges (POC) approach to each of the county’s
development facets/thematic areas:
13.1 Location and Physiography

LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
Potential Opportunities Challenges
 Exploit international trade  The county borders  Illegal trade and smuggling of goods, such as
Tanzania to the south sugar and charcoal
 Livestock farming  Nyika plateau  Infestation of breeds by parasites and
diseases
 Drought
 Cruise tourism and water sports  Proximity to the Indian  Availability of only one jetty and lack of a
 Energy development (wind and Ocean port in the count, resulting in inadequate
tidal) capacity to handle maritime cargo and
 Large scale fishing passengers
 Ease of access to international  Proximity to the  Occasional congestion and the long time
markets Mombasa port taken to cross Likoni channel
 Ready market for the county’s  Proximity to Mombasa
agricultural produce City
 Enhancement of beach tourism  Pristine, white, sandy  Poor management of waste
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Kwale County Spatial Plan (KCSP) 2018-2028
beaches
 Eco-tourism, education and  Availability of marine  Marine pollution (e.g. Coral bleaching)
research tourism and terrestrial tourism  Use of illegal fishing gear
assets o ( causes breakage of coral)
 Irrigation agriculture  Presence of permanent  Pollution
rivers
 Mining  Availability of vast  Insufficient mineral manufacturing and
amounts of mineral production materials.
resources to be  Mistrust between local communities and
prospected and mining companies over resettlement and
exploited commercially compensation for land and property lost
 Existence of a new legal  The County Government of Kwale is yet to
framework for receive revenue from mining activities in the
equitable sharing of county
mineral revenue  Unsustainable sand harvesting especially
(Mining Act, 2016) near rivers
among National
Government, County
Government and Local
Communities
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13.2 The People of Kwale

THE PEOPLE OF KWALE
 A fed, housed, healthy and  Government Big Four  Inadequate agricultural support
working population Development Priorities (Food infrastructure
security, Universal Housing and  Overreliance on rain for
Manufacturing. agriculture given low annual rains
recorded annually
 Inadequate, understaffed and
underequipped health facilities
across the county
 Unplanned and underserviced
settlements making housing
provision expensive.
 Poor roads and road networks.
Most areas remain unopened up
for industrial development.
 Under-explored mining potential.
 Limited skilled labor to work in
the industries
 Diversified economy  Multi-ethnic nature of the  High levels of unemployment and

population each with varied poverty
economic activities  Poor and inadequate economic
infrastructure such as roads,
markets,
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 Development of prominent and  High population growth rate  Sparse settlements patterns
sustainable settlements and  Preparation of Spatial leading to difficulties in provision
economic advancement development control policies of services across the county
(County Spatial Plan)  High dependency ratio as
depicted by the population
pyramid of the county.
 High levels of illiteracy
 Development of cultural tourism  Diverse culture due to multi  Inter boundary conflicts and
ethnic nature of the people of insecurity leading to decline of
Kwale. tourists
 Inadequate cultural centres
 Under exploited tourism
potentials of both the people and
county physical features.
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13.3 Land
LAND
 Resolution of historical land-  Existence of National Land  Grabbing of public lands such as
based conflicts and injustices Commission playgrounds and fish landing sites
 Proper Land information  Preparation of County Spatial  Prevalence of squatters
management. Plan  Inadequately-equipped County
 Better-controlled physical Physical Planning Department
development and enforcement  Large tracts of undeveloped
of land use regulations lands, held for speculation
 Investment  Availability of land for  Unserviced land

development
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13.4 Environment
ENVIRONMENT
 Enhanced environmental  Availability of land near major  Pollution of rivers and streams
conservation through proper urban centres for construction of from industrial activities, mining
liquid waste management. Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) and disposal of untreated
and conventional wastewater wastewater
treatment plants for sewage  Inadequate finances to construct
treatment adequate sewerage reticulation
systems in all urban areas
 Deposition of untreated
wastewater into the sea
 Community-based ecosystem  Clean Development  Inadequate education and
conservation Mechanism as an income knowledge of Clean Development
generator modeled the same Mechanism as an income generator
as Mikoko Pamoja for communities
 Willingness of Kaya elders to  Inadequate incentives to
be involved in forestry encourage community-based
conservation conservation vis a vis pressing
 Development of resource socio-economic needs
management plans for
sustainable use of natural
resources and ecosystems
such as forests
 Commercial-scale Sea-weed  Income generation from export of  Inadequate education and

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farming along the coastline. sea weed and conservation promotion of sea weed farming as
strategy an income earner
 Increased biodiversity for  Rich biodiversity in the Shimba  Coral reefs death as a result of
research tourism, ecotourism Hills National Park and reserve, industrial pollution and excess
and maritime tourism Diani-Chale and Kisite Mpunguti sediment deposition, bleaching
Marine National parks and  Wetland encroachment due to
reserves amongst other natural human settlement activities
resources.  Depletion of forest cover and
extinction of rare plant species
 Illegal Collection of corals and seas
life in the marine national parks and
reserves,
 Disagreements regarding the
gazettement of Diani/-Chale Marine
National Park and Reserve
 Human-wildlife conflict especially in
areas abutting Shimba Hills
National Park and Reserve
 Increased wetland encroachment
 Enhanced environmental  Viability of recycling of waste as  Inadequate staff and equipment for
conservation through proper proven by Kwale Plastics Limited optimal solid waste management
solid waste management.  Interest by corporate bodies such  Littering along beach areas
as Base Titanium in participating  Sporadic growth in undesignated
in county waste management dumpsites
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13.5 Economy
ECONOMY
AGRICULTURE
Agro- economy  Inadequate agricultural
development  Availability of arable land for crop infrastructure and skilled personnel
production at the coastal highlands:  Lack of appropriate knowledge and
Patanani, Kikomeni, Dzombo, Mrima and skills for carrying out of agriculture
Shimba hills (crop, livestock and fish farming)
 Availability of ready market in Mombasa  Inadequate supply of farm inputs
and neighboring counties for consumption (fertilizers, improved seed varieties,
of agricultural products. pesticides and machinery.)
 Support and goodwill form Kwale county  Inadequate access to finances and
government e.g. access to subsidized farm capital
inputs  Inadequate water supply ( hindering
 Entry of agro-processing industries e.g. optimum production in the County
Asante EPZ ,Kwale Coconut, KISCOL etc. through irrigation)
that support local farmers in the county  Salinization of soil
 Presence of ranches and grazing lands to  Inadequate provision of extension
support large scale farming. services
 Availability of livestock markets such as  Limited systems and outlets for
Kinango and Mwangulu. marketing of produce
 Proximity to the port of Mombasa and the  Lack of land ownership (limiting
standard gauge railway as well as roads for plans for long term land use hence
easy transportation of agricultural low productivity)
products.  Inappropriate technologies and
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 Earmarked irrigation projects such as technological skills for handling of

Mwache Dam. agricultural products. ( poor post-
 Proximity to the Indian Ocean offering harvest handling)
potential for aquaculture (Integrated  Limited number of cooperatives and
aquaculture, cage culture and ornamental associations (only 7 functional
fish culture cooperatives currently)
 Inaccessibility to farms hindering
marketing efforts
 Inadequacy in the number of agro-
processing industries
 Lack of breed diversification
 Pests and disease infestation
 Inadequate infrastructure for
production of livestock products
 Low commercialization of livestock
products
 Low product differentiation
(processing, manufacturing
 Adverse climatic conditions
( drought)
 High cost of farm inputs
 Inadequate training for farmers and
extension service officers
 Over prioritization of conventional
agricultural enterprises while
neglecting others ( neglect of bee-
keeping)
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 Limited value addition of

agricultural products
 Inadequate supply of fresh water
for aquaculture.
 Unreliable fingerling supply
 Low Agri-technological uptake
 Low capacity for uptake of new
technologies/fishing methods
TOURISM
 Sports and Beach  The magnificent world renowned sandy
 Spoilt image by beach boys
Tourism beaches, historical sites and other natural
 Low tourist numbers due to delays
 Meeting Incentives environmental resources such as natural
And Conference forests like the Shimba Hills National at Likoni channel
 Limited capital for development of
Exhibitions (Mice) reserve and other natural bio-diversity
 Eco-Tourism areas. tourist attraction sites and
 Education And  Culture and traditions of the people of supporting infrastructure
 Lack of a system to enable
Research Tourism Kwale, presents an opportunity for
 Resort Tourism community tourism as an alternative collection of revenue from the parks
 Cultural Tourism package to contemporary resort tourism. and reserves by the county
 Community Tourism  The Indian Ocean and the Tsunza bay, government
 A spotty occurrence of international
 Maritime Tourism which is a massive untapped marine
resource containing unique marine bio- terrorism along the Kenyan Coast
diversity sites, is an opportunity for cruise has created a wrong impression of
and water sports tourism. the state of security
 Poor state of roads and limited air
 Boat rides and cruising between Mombasa
Island, Diani, Shimoni and the islands of transport
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Kisite Mpunguti, Wasini and to the

 Overdependence on the beach and
Tanzanian islands of Unguja and Pemba
are activities that can be used to further resort tourism
 Limited marketing
the tourism potential.
 Upcoming research institutions as well as
the existence of biodiversity areas.
 Existence of Meetings Incentives
Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE)
facilities in the county.
 Eco-tourism sites such as; the Mwaluganje
elephant sanctuary, Gazi historical village,
Kongo mosque, Shimoni slave caves,
Kayas, Mangrove forests, Shimba Hills
national Park, Wasini and Gazi boardwalks
and trails, the footprint in Funzi, Komboza
cave in Diani, Majimoto springs in Nguluku,
Mkongani springs are just some of the
ecological sites that can be used to
enhance eco-tourism in the County.
 Creation of job and income generating
opportunities for the residents
BLUE ECONOMY
 Development of the  The Indian Ocean is one of the biggest  Immigrant illegal fishers
blue economy resources in the County and presents an  Limited value addition of fish
 Income growth for opportunity for building a blue economy  Influx of demand for fish products,
residents through the exploitation of maritime and making it impossible to venture into
marine resources – for example through new markets
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shipping, fisheries and aquaculture,  Poor fishing equipment such as

maritime transport and logistics services, vessels
extractive industries, culture, tourism,  Border conflicts
leisure and lifestyle, as well as the  Grabbing of fish landing sites by
exploitation of the oil and gas industry. private developers
 Indiscriminate fishing
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Agro-processing and  Availability of agricultural raw materials  Poor infrastructure especially road
value-addition such as cotton, coconut, fruits, Bixa, infrastructure
industrial cashew nuts, honey and animal products.  Low levels of value addition
development  Already earmarked Special Economic  High electricity costs
Zones and Export Processing Zones  Hostile nature of the county
 Proximity to the port of Mombasa and Moi residence towards certain industries
International Airport for transporting raw  High taxation
materials and finished products.  Concerns over environmental
 Availability of mineral base potential for pollution by large scale miners
value addition.  Lack of regulation of artisanal and
 Partnership with the National Government small scale mining
to implement the big four agenda  Concerns over smuggling, tax
especially on manufacturing. evasion, health and safety risks and
a variety of illicit activities have
arisen as a result of ASM (Artisanal
and Small scale Mining)
TRADE AND COMMERCE

Small and Medium  Active urban areas  Poor infrastructure for trade (poor
Enterprise development  Strategic location of the county roads)
 Support from the county government  Poor management of cooperatives
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through establishment of county revolving  Uninformed and low membership

fund due to low awareness creation
 Infrastructure development such as roads  Poor savings culture within
especially linking key urban areas to cooperatives
facilitate trade  High lending rates by financial
 Proximity to Tanzania institutions
 Limited access to financial services
in the county
 Low access to credit facilities due to
lack of collateral (no title deeds of
land)
 Most banks are commercial in
nature
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13.6 Transport
TRANSPORT
 Regional Investment and  International  Lack of an Integrated Transport System in
International Trade. Roads the County
 Development of gateway and  Proximity to  Poorly maintained roads- Most roads are not
border towns Mombasa all weather roads, which makes them
Port impenetrable during rainy seasons and short
 Development road-life expectation due to erosion and
of the wear.
Shimoni and  Underdeveloped Airstrips, Inadequate land
Vanga Ports. for expansion, squatters invasion on the
 Agricultural growth and increase  Development airport land
of food supply of rural access
 Development of market linkage road by the
County
Government.
 Promoting tourism and business  Available
development. (functional
 Generating trade and providing and
connectivity on a national, nonfunctional
regional and international level. ) Airstrips
 Creation of employment
opportunities to the locals
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 Enhancement of tourism and  Availability of  Most of water transport facilities are owned
maritime boating. jetties by private entities.
 Unavailability of public water transport (ferry
services) hence water transport accidents
especially during high tides.
 Poor security measures and lack of basic
water safety amenities.
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13.7 Infrastructure
Potentials Opportunities Challenges
Physical Infrastructure
Water Supply
 Desalinization of ocean water for  Ocean water  High cost of desalination
large scale commercial and technology
residential use
 Construction of more water pans  High surface run-off in Kinango,  Under-coverage of water pans
Samburu, Lunga lunga and other and dams in the county
semi-arid regions
 Ground water potential, aquifers  Supply of ground water  High power bills and intermittent
,presence of aquifers supply occasioned by
overdependence on Kenya
 Availability of solar water
Power
pumping technology
 Rain water harvesting  High rainfall around the coastal  Roofs made of makuti and grass
highland making it difficult to harvest rain
water.
 Increased piped water  Mzima water pipeline  High percentage of non-revenue

 Ground water aquifers water
 Unregulated water supply
Solid Waste Management
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Proper solid waste management  NEMA Regulations  Inadequate disposal

infrastructure (receptacles,
transportation trucks)
 Lack of solid waste recycling

plants
 Littering and dumping
Electricity
Increase electricity connections  Re-planning of urban centres,  Barriers to distribution and
providing for adequate maintenance of power
wayleaves infrastructure (poor planning of
resources)
 Optimizing uptake of solar
 Encroachment of way leaves
energy
 Limited cross sectoral integration
 Develop offshore tidal and wind
 Slow response to electricity
energy
related services
 Commissioning of Kenya Off-grid
 Slow response to public demand
Solar Access Project (KOSAP)
for electricity-related services
 High cost of electricity
connection and monthly bills
 Inadequate coverage of
electricity in the county
ICT
 Enhancing efficiency in service  National Fibre Optic Backbone  Inadequate funds to finance ICT
delivery by equipping public (NOFBI) programs
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departments in the county with  Availability of ICT Department in  Poor cellular GSM and internet
basic ICT facilities the County Government. connectivity in some areas
 Exploring the immense potential
 Lack of basic ICT infrastructure
of ICT in job creation and
for service delivery
exploring opportunities in
Business Process Outsourcing
(BPO) Incorporating e-learning in
schools
Social Infrastructure
Education
Improved performance in education  Availability of funding from  Under staffing
and reduced literacy levels Government and NGOs  Low enrollment rates
 Poor access to citizens for
 Unemployed teachers
mobilization, monitoring and
 Free basic education program evaluation
 Irregular training of teachers to
 Availability of schools, keep up with new teaching
polytechnics and a university trends
college.  High illiteracy levels among
parents
 Presence of private education
institutions  Inadequate educational facilities
 Poor sanitation infrastructure
 Undefined school boundaries
 Lack of title deeds for school
lands
 Inadequate special schools
Health
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 Attaining affordable universal  Newly acquired Level 5 status of  Skewed distribution of health
healthcare for the county Msambweni County Hospital facilities
 Presence of sub-county hospitals
 Inaccessibility due to poor
 Favorable government policies
transportation and poverty
e.g. public/private partnerships
 Untrained personnel
 Devolution of healthcare
 Inadequate support facilities
 Universal Health Coverage
 Disease prevalence
program
 Inadequate number of doctors
 Presence of private health
institutions  Shortage of medicine and drugs
 Long distance to access medical
services
 Lack of emergency response
facilities such as ambulances
 Over-populated health centres
 Retrogressive cultural beliefs
which inhibit seeking of
professional medical service.
Recreation and Community Facilities
 Provision of appropriate and  Presence of sites of historical  Poor state and limited number of
adequate recreational facilities significance e/g beaches, parks, stadia and playgrounds
expansive shoreline  No designated and defined
playgrounds
 Availability of recreation facilities
 Insecurity
e.g. Social Halls and
 Poor transport linkages
amphitheater.
 Insufficient number of cultural
 Untapped indigenous forms of centres
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recreation e/g traditional dances,  Inadequate capacity of existing

acrobats etc. cultural centres
 Job creation for the youths  Inadequate number of and
 Adequate land resource for skewed distribution of social
construction of recreational halls
facilities  Irregular acquisition of land for
recreational facilities
 Degradation of recreational
facilities
 Neglect of cultural heritage sites
i.e. the Kayas
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13.8 Human Settlements

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
 Sustainable Urban growth and  Spatial planning that promote  Sprawl in human settlements
development sustainable development of  Uncontrolled development
urban areas.  Unbalanced regional development
 Availability of social and economic  Poor linkages between various
activities (tourism, administrative urban centres
functions, commercial, agriculture  Underserviced Human
and trade) that spur urban settlements
growth.  Dormancy of some centres ( Kwale
 High level of urbanization Town for example, despite being
 National and County Government the County headquarters)
urban development programs.
 Clustered and linear form of
human settlements that favor
service delivery
 Affordable housing  The Big Four Agenda that includes  A deficit in supply of housing
affordable housing needs (low cost and quality
 The adaptation of new and easily housing)
accessible building technologies  Majority of households use low
by the national government (the quality materials in construction of
interlocking blocks) has their households (mud walls and
presented the opportunity for earthen floors)
addressing the housing needs of  Lack of initiatives from the county
the county government in developing of
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 Easily accessible building material: housing for its residents, leaving

coral reefs, slate stones the national government and the
(mazeras), sand and cement private sector to undertake the
present an opportunity for same.
reducing construction costs of
housing developments
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13.9 Governance
GOVERNANCE
 Good governance  Presence of a well-structured  Insecurity
county and national public  Historical injustices
administration structure  Marginalization of minority
 Presence of security facilities and community groups
infrastructure  Drug abuse/child
 Commitment on public abuse/pornography
participation in decision making  Marginalization of Gender groups
and youth
 Poverty
 HIV and AIDS
 Compromised social values
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PART III: COUNTY DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK

13 COUNTY DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK

13.1 Location and Physiography

 Enhancement of beach tourism  Pristine, white, sandy  Poor management of waste

13.2 The People of Kwale

 Diversified economy  Multi-ethnic nature of the  High levels of unemployment and

 Investment  Availability of land for  Unserviced land

 Commercial-scale Sea-weed  Income generation from export of  Inadequate education and

 Earmarked irrigation projects such as technological skills for handling of

 Limited value addition of

Kisite Mpunguti, Wasini and to the

shipping, fisheries and aquaculture,  Poor fishing equipment such as

TRADE AND COMMERCE

through establishment of county revolving  Uninformed and low membership

 Increased piped water  Mzima water pipeline  High percentage of non-revenue

 Unregulated water supply

Solid Waste Management

Proper solid waste management  NEMA Regulations  Inadequate disposal

 Lack of solid waste recycling

 Littering and dumping

recreation e/g traditional dances,  Inadequate capacity of existing

13.8 Human Settlements

 Easily accessible building material: housing for its residents, leaving

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