Using the words in the box, fill in all the gaps.

analysis      indication      investment      Participation      restrictions   

1. The government….. of the student intake helped to ascertain a realistic picture of

which countries the international students have come from.

2. The ... by the report that business has been profitable since the end of the quarter

seems to suggest inevitable expansion. 

3. Next year’s … of £350 million by TFL next will refurbish several tube stations.

4. The UK Border Agency’s entry … apply to non EU and EEA citizens.

5.  ….in this urban migration is a way for individuals to generate income through non-

traditional means.

Using the sentences from the previous activity, change the nominalizations back into

verbs.

Look at the sentences below. Change the word in bold type into a noun, thus creating a
nominalized expression. If there are two sentences in the verbalized form, join them
together to create one sentence. 

1. The police provided the press with details of the case, which implicated Giovanni
Lo Cascio of the Corleonesi clan to such an extent, that he was forced into hiding.
2. Blended learning divides students. Some accept the newer style of teaching, while
others reject it.
3. Intercultural theory is very relevant to the business world. It's relevance
is illustrated in chapter 3 of this book.
4. Scientists deduced that the vaccine was also having a positive effect on reducing
the spread of HIV, which caused sales to rise.
5. Fossil fuels are used to power industry. Heavy usage is difficult to sustain because
they cannot be replaced.

Rewrite the sentences by changing the nouns into verbs.

1
1. This report gives an analysis of the problem of climate change and describes three potential
solutions.

2. The president did not provide an explanation for the pardon of his business friend.

3. Mr. Black’s class debate concerned the issue of nuclear weapons.

4. We performed a review of the company’s annual reports.

5. The school’s drama club gave a performance of Romeo and Juliet on the second of June.

6. There is a need for further study of this student financial aid program.

Nominalization

Circle the nominalization:

1. intention intent intend

2. disagreed disagree disagreement
3. exploration exploratory explore
4. applicability applicator applicable
5. fear afraid feared
6. excite exciting excitement

Change these nominalizations back into their verb or adjective form:

1. discussion 2. Analysis 3. Conclusion 4. Reaction 5. Suggestion 6. Belief

Rewrite the sentence so that there is no nominalization:

1. I completed the test with much difficulty.

2. She made the suggestion that we go out to dinner.
3. Sara has a great collection of butterflies.

Rewrite the sentence so that there is a nominalization:

1. His analysis was that the different fish in the sea were healthy.
2. I can’t believe I failed at this contest.
3. Did you see that they are expanding the dining hall?
2
Rewrite each sentence. Turn any unnecessary nominalization into its
corresponding verb or adjective.
1. The steering committee raised an objection to the proposed parking garage north of the
stadium.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. When the faculty senate has made a determination about the desirability of a lecture series, a
proposal will be presented to the chancellor. (Hint. Perhaps we have ONE useful
nominalization.)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Negligence on the part of hospital workers was the reason for the failure of the kidney
machine.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. Mercy Hospital made a decision to expand its geriatric facilities.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. It was the intention of the screening committee to interview all candidates face to face.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

6. The investor made an incorrect assumption about the volatility of Brazil’s emerging economy.
(Some information might be missing in the original sentence. Did the investor think that the
volatility of Brazil’s emerging economy was high or low? How can the meaning be made
clearer?)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

7. The parole board did not give an explanation for the early release of such a dangerous inmate.
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

8. It is my hope that you apply this material.

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Marie resented that her husband always took control of their children’s extracurricular
activities.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3
10. The guidance counselor made a suggestion that graduating seniors should submit early
applications to the colleges of their choice.
______________________________________________________________________________
______ ______________________________________________________

11. It is the judge’s recommendation that the children live with their maternal grandparents.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

12. When he plays soccer, Osman makes an effort to pass the ball to an open player.
______________________________________________________________________________
______
______________________________________________________________________________
13. As soon as she picked us up from school, Aunt Jessie made a decision to take us to Disney
World.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

14. It is the expectation of the judicial review board that the candidate answer all questions
truthfully.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

15. The film director’s house has the appearance of a Hollywood movie set.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

16. Although she never carried it out, Frances made a promise to her mother that she would call
every week.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

17. The critic E.M. Forster makes a distinction between round characters and flat characters.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

18. Teenagers sometimes feel that their parents cause them embarrassment.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

19. On his deathbed, the gangster made a confession about his theft of the Hope Diamond.
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

20. It was Mayor Richards’s understanding that the bicycle path would be built with funding
from the federal government.
4
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

21. The scholar Jackson Rowley was of the opinion that excessive in-breeding of cats led to
some strains having six toes.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

22. Because of the singer’s persistent denials of his drug addiction, a cancellation of the tour
ensued.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
23. When Vincent made a declaration to me that he had a preference for comedy over drama, I
laughed and expressed agreement with him.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

24. It is my suggestion that you engage in the application of these principles.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Subject/Verb Agreement

- When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined
by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.

E.g. The boy or his friends run every day.

His friends or the boy runs every day.

- Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb. The verb
agrees with the subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase.

E.g. One of the boxes is open.

The people who listen to that music are few.
The team captain, as well as his players, is anxious.
The book, including all the chapters in the first section, is boring.
The woman with all the dogs walks down my street.

- The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone,
nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb.
E.g. Each of these hot dogs is juicy.
Everybody knows Mr. Jones.
Either is correct.

5
 - Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs.

E.g. The news is on at six.

Note: The word dollars is a special case. When talking about an amount of money, it requires a
singular verb, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.
Five dollars is a lot of money.
Dollars are often used instead of rubles in Russia.

- Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and shears require plural verbs. (There are two
parts to these things.)

E.g. These scissors are dull.

Those trousers are made of wool.

- Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but that are considered
singular and take a singular verb, such as group, team, committee, class, and family.

E.g. The team runs during practice.

The committee decides how to proceed.
The family has a long history.
My family has never been able to agree.
The crew is preparing to dock the ship.
This sentence is referring to the individual efforts of each crew member. 

- Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as
well do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is too.

E.g. The President, accompanied by his wife, is traveling to India.

All of the books, including yours, are in that box.

Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.

1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.

2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.

6
10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.
16. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
17. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?
18. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.
19. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
20. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
21. The committee members (leads, lead) very different lives in private.
22. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.
23. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

Punctuation
Colon
In writing, the colon has three major functions.
First, it introduces a list when the list follows an independent clause.
Example:
We had healthy snacks today: fruit, nuts, and carrot sticks.

Second, the colon introduces a quotation when the quotation is not part of an independent clause.
Example:
I will quote the words of the wise Aesop: “Little friends may prove great friends.”

Third, the colon introduces an explanation when the explanation is proceeded by an independent
clause.
Example:
She knew the right place to find the answer: the library.

Below is a variety of sentences that need a colon. Rewrite each sentence and add the colon.

1. The opening phrases of Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities” are memorable “It was the best of times, it
was the worst of times.”

7
2. Just a few colored pencils were available green, orange and purple.

3. It was useless to wait any longer the last bus had left.

4. No one knows me like my mother not my sister, my best friend, or my father.

5. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. closed his famous speech with the words from a spiritual “Free at last! Free
at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”

Comma

A complex sentence has an independent clause and a dependent clause. They are put together in
a sentence using a word called a subordinating conjunction. Examples of subordinating
conjunctions
are: because, how, which, while, after, though, unless, even though and until.
E.g.: Jeff mowed the lawn because he wanted his allowance.
Jeff mowed the lawn is the independent clause. The dependent clause is he wanted his allowance.
The subordinating conjunction is because. There is no comma between the two clauses because
the subordinating conjunction separates them.
If the dependent clause is at the beginning of the sentence, a comma separates the dependent
clause from the independent clause.

,
E.g. Because he wanted his allowance Jeff mowed the lawn.

Below are some complex sentences. Some of the dependent clauses are at the beginning;
others are at the end. You are the comma detective! Rewrite the sentences and add the
commas where they are needed.

1. They played checkers until it was time to go home.

2. Even though Lee prefers blue Charlotte picked yellow.
3. Since there was no school that day the children played in the snow.
4. We thought she was nice because she smiled a lot.
5. Mike ate his vegetables before he ate his dessert.
6. While the class took a test the teacher graded papers.

8
Coordinating conjunctions join two independent clauses to make a compound sentence. Use a
comma between the first independent clause and the coordinating conjunction.
E.g. My brother likes the mountains, but I like the beach.
To help you remember the coordinating conjunctions, think of the words “FAN BOYS”.
For And Nor But Or Yet So
Combine the sentences using a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
1. I don’t want to argue with you. I don’t want to give in.
2. She had a lot of friends. She was a friendly girl.
3. I had a cute puppy. I lost him.
4. He studied for the test. He got a good grade.
5. Jim can boil eggs. Sally can make toast.
6. We can go to Disneyland. We can go to Sea World.
7. Dan moved to Michigan. He moved home again.
8. They didn’t want to be late. They hurried.
9. Jill runs a mile every day. She swims on Fridays.
10. You can choose vanilla ice cream. You can choose chocolate.

A direct address is when the person speaking uses the name or a nickname for the person they
are speaking to.

E.g.: “What time do you want to go to the game, Felix?”

The name in the direct address is always set apart from the rest of the sentence by a comma or
commas. If the name is at the end, as in the example above, the comma goes before the name. If
the name is at the beginning of the sentence, the comma goes after the name. If the name is in the
middle of the sentence, the name has a comma before and after.

E.g.: “Felix, what time do you want to go to the game?”

“What time, Felix, do you want to go to the game?”

Rewrite each sentence below as a direct address. Remember to add the quotation marks
and the commas where needed.

1. Thad you were elected captain of the team!

______________________________________________________________________________
2. It is important Chelsea that you always wash your hands.
______________________________________________________________________________

9
3. Can you help me sir?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Have a happy birthday Mom.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. You’re a great speller Winston so you might win the spelling bee.
______________________________________________________________________________

Write three original sentences, each with a direct address.

1.
____________________________________________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________________________________________
3.

An introductory element in a sentence is the word, phrase or clause that appears at the
beginning of the sentence and before the main clause.
Example 1: At the museum the students saw paintings and sculptures.
At the museum is an introductory element. The main clause begins with the subject of the
sentence,
the students. In this sentence the introductory element is a prepositional phrase beginning with
the preposition at. In general, a short introductory phrase does not require a comma after it unless
a comma is needed to make the sentence understandable. Longer phrases of more than four or
five words should have a comma following the phrase.

Example 2: In the heat of the summer afternoon, Janet walked to the corner store.
In Example 2 In the heat of the summer afternoon is an introductory prepositional phrase of
seven
words. There should be a comma after this introductory phrase.

Rewrite the sentences below, adding commas in the correct places.

1. On Tuesday we will go to the movies
2. On the tall and slanted rooftop the cat sat silently watching.
3.To the sailor the ship was the most beautiful he had ever seen.
4. Across the lake a light flashed at the end of the dock.
5. Over the course of the semester the class will study fossils

10
An introductory element in a sentence is the word, phrase, or clause that appears at the beginning
of the sentence and before the main clause.
Example 1: Yesterday we went to the water park.
In Example 1Yesterday is an introductory element. The main clause begins with the subject of
the
sentence, we. The introductory element is a single word, Yesterday. If the introductory element is
only modifying the verb or other specific part of the sentence, it does not require a comma
following it. That is the case with Example 1, as Yesterday modifies only the verb.
If the single word introductory element applies to the whole sentence, a comma is needed.

Example 2: Happily, they all survived the shipwreck

In Example 2 Happily is an introductory element that is a single word. It modifies the entire
sentence. There should be a comma after this introductory element.

Rewrite the sentences below, adding commas in the correct places.

1. Quickly he walked into the elevator.
2. First we must make the beds.
3. Meanwhile the other clowns did somersaults.
4. Softly Arabella sang a lullaby.
5. However Kyle would know more about dinosaurs than George.

Commas always go inside quotation marks in the United States when the comma follows the text
in quotation marks.
E.g.: “We can ask my mother,” said Elizabeth, “she’ll understand.”
Note the comma after Elizabeth. It is outside the quotation mark because it does not follow any
quoted text.

Rewrite each sentence below, adding commas in the correct places.

1. “You are looking in the wrong direction” said the detective.
2. His favorite old televisions shows are “I Love Lucy” “Batman” and “Bonanza.”
3. “If you want to go outside” said Mrs. Clark “you must wear your raincoats.”
11
4. “Yes, it’s an important clue” replied Vance “but more important is the time of the call.”
5. “Rarely” the doctor observed “has anyone survived such a fall.”
6. At camp we sang “Daisy, Daisy” “Oh! Susannah” and “Skip to My Lou.”

A series is a list of items in a sentence.

E.g.: I had eggs, toast, and fruit for breakfast.
Generally, a comma follows each item on the list before the conjunction. The conjunction is
and in the example above.

Below are sets of sentences. Turn each set into one sentence with a series. Add commas
where they are needed.
1) John’s shirt was blue. It was also green. It also had white on it.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2) We bought milk at the store. We also bought grapes. We also bought peanut butter.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3) One of her cats is named Sparky. Another is named Fluffy. There is one named Pete.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4) They went to the library after school. Then they went to the park. After that they went to
the store.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5) Ginny had four favorite sports. She likes tennis. She likes gymnastics. She likes swimming.
She also likes soccer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Tag questions, sometimes called question tags, are phrases added at the end of a sentence that
turn a declarative sentence into an interrogative. A comma separates the tag question from the
rest of the sentence. A question mark is the ending punctuation.
E.g.: You’re late. Sentence with tag question: You’re late, aren’t you?

Rewrite each sentence below using a tag question from the list. Remember to add the
comma and the question mark.
isn’t it didn’t they don’t you aren’t they hasn’t he won’t you shouldn’t he can’t they
doesn’t she is she will he
12
1. James should apologize.
2. Your favorite sport is football.
3. The children are very polite.
4. Lisa’s mother isn’t angry.
5. She wants to go with us.
6. The puppies went to good homes.
7. You’ll give me a ride.
8. Seth won’t cut in line.

Run-on sentences are sentences that have a punctuation error. A comma splice is a type of run-on
sentence. A comma splice happens when two independent clauses have been joined together with
only a comma. A comma is not “strong” enough to connect two independent clauses. They need
something more powerful.
Example: My mother is a police officer, she loves her job.
The two independent clauses are “My mother is a police officer” and “She loves her job.”
There are several ways to correct a comma splice.
A) Use a powerful period to make the two independent clauses separate sentences.
Example: My mother is a police officer. She loves her job.
B) Add some power by joining the two sentences with a coordinating conjunction and a comma.
The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Example: My mother is a police officer, and she loves her job.
C) Use the powerful semicolon.
Example: My mother is a police officer; she loves her job.
Rewrite the sentences below. Correct each of the comma splices by using one of the ways mentioned
above.

1. It was a warm day, the children were ready to play outside.

2. She can come with us, she can stay here.
3. If you are ready to go, let’s leave right away, we won’t be late.
4. Rupert ran to the cabin, no one was there.
5. As they walked through the woods, they saw a large deer, it ran away quickly.
6. The dog was keeping guard, it never heard the burglar.
1. Bob played the guitar Suzy played the piano.
13
2. Many people came to the show no one seemed to like it.
3. The pioneers crossed the plains in covered wagons the travel time was long.
4. The car came to a quick stop in the driveway in the house the people screamed.
5. James can do the dishes he can take out the trash.

Coordinating adjectives are adjectives that describe the same noun and are equal in importance.
Ask yourself these questions as a way to determine if the adjectives are coordinating adjectives.
A. Does the sentence make sense if “and” is added between the adjectives?
B. Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are reversed?
If the answer is yes to these questions, then they are coordinating adjectives. Use a comma
between coordinating adjectives.
Example 1: He was a sweet, helpful child.
These are coordinating adjectives. The sentence still sounds sensible if it is written as “He was a
sweet and helpful child,” or “He was a helpful, sweet child.”
Example 2: They lived in an old brick house.
These are not coordinating adjectives. The sentence sounds awkward if it is written as “They
lived in an old and brick house,” or “They lived in a brick old house.”

Decide if the adjectives below are coordinating adjectives and check the appropriate box.
Rewrite each of the sentences and add commas where they are needed.
1. We went down the long dirt road.
coordinating adjectives non-coordinating adjectives
___________________________________________________________________
2. The quiet respectful class listened to the guest speaker.
coordinating adjectives non-coordinating adjectives
___________________________________________________________________
3. The mighty winter storm howled through the night.
coordinating adjectives non-coordinating adjectives
___________________________________________________________________
4. They liked the fun surprise party.
coordinating adjectives non-coordinating adjectives
___________________________________________________________________
14
5. The choir sang a happy merry song.
coordinating adjectives non-coordinating adjectives
___________________________________________________________________

An appositive is a phrase that provides clarifying information about a noun. Use a pair
of commas to separate it from the sentence. If the appositive phrase is removed from
the sentence, the sentence still makes sense.
Underline the appositive phrase in each sentence.
Example: My backpack, the one that is red and blue, is by the door.
1. I invited Sheila, the new girl in our class, to come to the party.
2. Mom will make my favorite meal, spaghetti, for my birthday.
3. Jonathan, the boy in the blue baseball cap, is my new friend.
4. Our teacher, Mrs. Walker, gave us lots of homework tonight.
5. The playoffs for soccer, my favorite sport, are after school today.

Rewrite each of the sentences. Include an appositive to give more information about a noun
in the sentence.
1. Jessica took her kitten to the park.
2. We went to the restaurant with Samantha.
3. Stephen read his book for the book report assignment.
4. My favorite holiday is in December.
5. His pet is a little frightening.

Dash --
One use of the dash as punctuation is to signal an interruption, particularly in quotations. The
dash is longer that a hyphen. When typing a dash, use either two hyphens or the character called
an em dash.
Example: Albert began, “I wonder what happens when I pull this—”
Note that the dash works as ending punctuation; there is no period after the dash. There are no
spaces around the dash.

Rewrite each sentence below using a dash.

15
1. Jocelyn said, “But I”
2. “Let me expl” Tracy said before she noticed Cobb had left the room.
3. The teacher was saying, “Take out your books and” when the door flew open.
4. “No one likes a” Sylvia said as she stepped off the curb.
5. The witness started to answer the question by saying, “I don’t”
6. The tree fell just as Robert said, “I think it’s”

The dash may be used to signal a substitution for parentheses or as a substitute for the phrases
like “it is” or “they are.” When used as a substitute, the words after the dash become more
important.
Example 1: There is someone we should elect president; it is Olivia!
With a dash as a substitution: There is someone we should elect president—Olivia!
Note that there are no spaces around the dash.
Example 2: I believe (and I say this in all honesty) you should be a writer.
I believe—and I say this in all honesty—you should be a writer.

Rewrite each sentence using dashes as substitutions.

1. Let’s agree on the next steps; they are make a plan, divide the work, and complete the
assignment.
2. The Beatles (the most famous rock band in history) were from England.
3. I know who is at the door; it is the mailman.
4. Mary, Queen of Scots (who was also a French queen) was cousin to Elizabeth I of England.
5. Tomorrow (my last day of school) is almost here.
6. She knew who she would pick on her team and they were Ralph, Juan and Lucy.

Hyphen –

Hyphens play an important role in writing numbers. Almost all numbers from 21 through 99
have a hyphen when they are written as a word. Only numbers that end in a zero do not have a
hyphen.
Example: 37 thirty-seven 80 eighty

Part I. Write each number as a word using a hyphen where necessary.

A) 73 B) 55 C) 22
_____________________________________________________________________

16
D) 49 E) 81 F) 19
______________________________________________________________________
G) 36 H) 94 I) 70
_____________________________________________________________________________
J) 68
__________________________________________________________________________

Fractions also use a hyphen when they are used as a modifier.

Example: 1/2 one-half
If either the numerator or denominator is hyphenated or both, then no additional hyphen is
added.
Example: 10/22 ten twenty-seconds 33/75 thirty-three seventy-fifths
Note that an s is added to the denominator when the numerator is more than one

Part II. Write the fractions as words using hyphens.

A) 1/3 B) 1/8 C) 1/15 D) 3/4
________________________________________________________________________
E) 5/6 F) 2/9 G) 8/12 H) 12/23
_______________________________________________________________________________
I) 48/87 J) 30/72

Many words with prefixes require a hyphen between the prefix and root word.
Example: ex-wife
Prefixes that often need a hyphen are:
all-, anti-, mid-, pre-, post-, self-, ex- (when it means former)

Rewrite the words below, using a prefix and hyphen from the list.

1) aircraft
_________________________________________
2) war
_________________________________________
3) centered
_________________________________________
4) football player
______________________________________
5) powerful
_________________________________________
6) century
_________________________________________
7) serve
17
_________________________________________
8) itch cream
_________________________________________
9) around
_________________________________________
10) Reformation

When writing a document, it is often necessary to break a word at the end of a line. Sometimes
this is because the typed document is right justified, meaning the text ends evenly on the right
margin. Without breaking words, the word spacing on a line may be excessive. It may also be
necessary to break a word because of the large gap that would be left at the end of the line if the
word remained intact. To signal a break in a word at the end of the line, writers use a hyphen.
The word is broken between two syllables.
Example: sheltering Hyphenated: shel- tering or shelter- ing
Some rules that apply to line break hyphenation:
A. Do not break a word where only two letters will be on the following line.
Correct: care- fully Incorrect: careful- ly

B. For words ending in -ing that have an added consonant, break the word between the double
consonants.
Example: running run- ning or betting bet- ting

C. If the word already has a hyphen, break only at the hyphen.

Example: post-war post- war

D. Divide words with a prefix after the prefix; divide words with a suffix before the suffix.
Example: uncertain un - certain happiness happi - ness

Write the correct hyphenation line break for each word below. Remember to include a
hyphen.

Word First line Second line

wonderful
comments
forcefully
exhausted
management
calling
champion
planning
telephone
pre-Columbian

18
Quotation Marks

Circle the number of the sentences in which quotation marks are used correctly.
1. His father called, “Be careful out there”.
2. Mrs. Ricardo said, “We will eat lunch late today.”
3. I like that car, said Sally, “By the school.”
4. He asked to speak to a “real” person.
5. “There is a squirrel on the roof, said Ellie.
6. The choir sang “Jingle Bells” for the children.
7. Jay asked, “Where is the key to the safe”?
8. Our teacher said we could go outside if we “bundle up warmly.”
9. “Are you hungry?” she asked kindly.
10. The class was assigned to read a book called “By the Sea.”

Below are sentences with direct quotations. Rewrite each sentence, adding the quotation
marks before and after the quotation.
1) Phillip said, I think we’re going to the movies.
2) My vote goes to Belinda, said George.
3) Robert asked, What time is it?
4) Let’s each lunch, said Denise, I’m hungry.
5) I never met a man I didn’t like, said Will Rogers.
6) I like your shoes, exclaimed Carrie, where did you get them?
7) Thank you for the nice present! said Emma.
8) Liam asked Wesley, Do you want to come with us?

Commas always go inside quotation marks in the United States when the comma follows the text
in quotation marks.

, ,
Example: “We can ask my mother ” said Elizabeth “she’ll understand.”

Note the comma after Elizabeth. It is outside the quotation mark because it does not follow any
quoted text.

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Rewrite each sentence below, adding commas in the correct places.
1. “You are looking in the wrong direction” said the detective.
2. His favorite old televisions shows are “I Love Lucy” “Batman” and “Bonanza.”
3. “If you want to go outside” said Mrs. Clark “you must wear your raincoats.”
4. “Yes, it’s an important clue” replied Vance “but more important is the time of the call.”
5. “Rarely” the doctor observed “has anyone survived such a fall.”
6. At camp we sang “Daisy, Daisy” “Oh! Susannah” and “Skip to My Lou.”

Sometimes an exclamation point goes inside the quotation marks, and sometimes it goes
outside. If the exclamation point is part of the quotation, then the question mark goes inside.
Example: She cried, “Be careful!”
If the whole sentence is an exclamation, but the quotation is not, then the exclamation point goes
outside.
Example: I don’t like it when you say, “Dinner is late”!
Rewrite each sentence below, adding the exclamation point in the correct place.
1. Max heard someone call “Help”
2. Don’t tell me “It doesn’t matter”
3. His mother said, “That is no excuse”
4. I can’t believe I didn’t hear Mr. Williams say, “The homework is due tomorrow”
5. “Hooray” said Lily.
6. She was furious when her sister said, “Please take out the trash”

Periods always go inside quotation marks when the quotation marks are at the end of a sentence.
Example: Mr. Matthews said, “We all will leave together for the field trip.”

Rewrite each sentence below, adding the period in the correct place.
1. Richard said, “The train leaves in one hour”
2. The nurse told us, “Come this way”
3. The class read “The Road Not Taken”
4. The first words said on a telephone were “Mr. Watson, come here; I want to see you”
5. Her favorite show was “The Puppy Bowl”
6. “I know you don’t believe me,” said Clara, “but I’m telling you the truth”

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Sometimes a question mark goes inside the quotation marks, and sometimes it goes outside. If
the quotation is a question, then the question mark goes inside:
Example: John asked, “Are we there yet?”
If the whole sentence is a question, but the quotation is not, then the question mark goes outside.
Example: Did you hear me say “I’m hungry”?
Rewrite each sentence below, adding the question mark in the correct place.

1. When did Oliver say, “You’re lucky”

____________________________________________________________________________
2. My teacher said, “Are there any volunteers”
____________________________________________________________________________
3. “What time is it” said Mike.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Does Mrs. Jackson often say, “There’s no time like the present”
____________________________________________________________________________
5. The boys were already full when their mother asked, “Who wants more”
____________________________________________________________________________
6. Why did George Washington say “I cannot tell a lie”

Use quotation marks around the titles of poems, songs, short stories, newspaper articles, and
chapters in books.
Example: My uncle took out his book of fairy tales and read “The Box of Robbers” by L. Frank
Baum.
In each sentence, decide whether quotation marks have been used correctly. If the sentence
is correct as is, write “Correct as is”. If not, rewrite the sentence so that it uses quotation
marks correctly.
1. My favorite “Christmas carol is Silent Night.”
2. The poem he chose to read was “Ode to a Grecian Urn.”
3. The title of the seventh chapter is “Tough” Luck.
4. “Have Funds, Will Travel” was the most useful article in the newspaper.
5. Michael Jackson’s song “Thriller was a hit” in the 1980s.
6. “Earthquake” Terror is a story in our reading textbook.
7. King Midas and the Golden Touch “is one of the myths in our textbook.”
8. The Beatles’ Can’t “Buy Me” Love hit the top of the song charts when it came out.
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Quotation marks signal that the words between the marks are the real words said by the speaker.
Sentences that use quotation marks are called direct quotations.
Example 1: Rachel said, “I want to go to the park.”
Sentences that tell what someone said without using quotation marks are called indirect
quotations.
Example 2: Rachel said that she wanted to go to the park.
Change each of the follow indirect quotations to direct quotations. Remember to punctuate
the sentences correctly.
Indirect: Jeanne said that her dog is a poodle.
Direct: Jeanne said, “My dog is a poodle.”
1. The judge demanded order in the court.
2. The teacher said that the journals are due tomorrow.
3. Peter remarked that he thinks Mike is a great basketball player.
4. Luis told Elle that she is nice.
5. Benjamin Franklin said to remember that time is money.

Quotation marks signal that the words between the marks are the real words said by the speaker.
Sometimes the speaker may also be quoting someone. When that happens, the second quotation
is marked with single quotation marks.

“ ‘’ ”
Example 1: Liam said, “Beth told me ‘I’ll be late’ when I saw her yesterday.”
Single quotation marks are also used if the quotation mentions a title of a story, poem, song, or
other title that would usually be put in double quotation marks.
Example 2: “My favorite fairy tale is ‘The Three Bears,’” said Jeff.
Notice that in Example 2 the single and double quotation marks appear together at the end of the
quotation.

Rewrite each of the sentences below to add both double and single quotation marks.
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1. Grace’s mother told us, My grandmother’s advice was Always be kind and I try to do that.
2. I’ll read the first graders my poem Waterfall after school, Mrs. Simpson said.
3. Todd told me, Our practice is on Friday this week, said Kevin.
4. Her class sang Happy Birthday to Elise, commented Bella.
5. The coach remarked, It’s all right if you want to yell Hooray!

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