SERIAL COMMUNICATION

SIMPLEX: Data can be transmitted in only one direction – sensors,

commercial radio stations etc.
HALF DUPLEX: Communication can take place in either direction
between two systems, but can occur only in one direction ata time –
two way radio system
FULL DUPLEX: Each system can send and receive data at the same time –
normal phone conversation.
ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL DATA TRANSMISSION:
 One Start bit – Start of a character - always low
 1 or 2 stop bits – End of the character - always high
 Characters are individually identified and can be sent at any time.
 Programmable character length (5, 6, 7 and 8 bits)
 Optional parity bit may be even or odd.
 Data rates are less

SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL COMMUNICATION:

 Data is sent in blocks at constant rate
 The start and end of the block are identified by specific bytes or
bit patterns called sync characters.
 Transmitter and receiver use the same clock.
 Transmission begins with a series of sync characters.
 Receiver checks the bit pattern of sync characters to identify the
beginning of a block.
 Data rates are higher.
Baud Rate: Rate at which serial data is transferred. (1/the time between
signal transitions).
UART: 8250 USART: 8251A
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO REMOTE SYSTEMS USING MODEMS

 After the terminal power is on and self check is completed it

asserts DTR to indicate modem that it is ready.
 When modem is ready to transmit or receive data it asserts DSR to
the terminal.
 Modem then dials up the computer. If the computer is available it
will send back a specified tone.
 When the terminal has a character ready to send, it will assert RTS
to the modem.
 The modem then asserts its CD signal to the terminal.
 When the modem is fully ready to transmit data, it asserts CTS
signal back to the terminal.
 The terminal then sends serial data characters to the modem.
 After sending all the characters, terminal unasserts RTS signal, this
causes the modem to unassert its CTS signal and stop transmitting.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8251A

Control logic:
C/D RD WR
0 0 1 Data input from the Data-in-Buffer
0 1 0 Data output to the Data-out-Buffer
1 0 1 Read Status Register
1 1 0 Write to Mode, Control or Sync char. Regs
After reset the first byte written in the control port is the mode word.
Mode Word: Used to program the 8251A sync/async mode, baud rate
factor, parity enable, number of stop bits, character length etc.
Clock frequency = BRF X Baud rate factor
Typical baud rates in async. Mode is 110 to 19,200 bits/sec
 MODE WORD FORMAT

SYNCHRONOUS MODE WORD FORMAT

SCS ESD EP PEN L2 L1 0 0
↓ I−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−↓
No. of sync Characters External sync Detect
0 – 2 characters 0 – SYNDET is output
1 - 1 character 1 - SYNDET is input

CONTROL REGISTER: After issuing mode word, all the subsequent bytes
written into the control port are command words. The following
commands may be issued.
 Enable Transmitter and Receiver sections
 Internal Reset
 Sending DTR signal
 Sending RTS signal
 Resetting all Error flags
 Sending break in the TXD line
 Enter in haunt mode to check SYNC characters.
 CONTROL REGISTER FORMAT

STATUS REGISTER FORMAT