T H E H O U S I N G S E C T O R

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION

• HOUSING TYPOLOGY

• CURRENT STATUS OF HOUSING IN INDIA

• NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

• INCOME GROUPS AND TENEMENT SIZES

• AGENCIES UNDERTAKING PUBLIC HOUSING

• HOUSING FINANCE

• HOUSING SCHEMES

• SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

 INTRODUCTION

• House - A unit of dwelling that can accommodate an average

household.

• The first unit of society and it is the primary unit of human habitation.

• protection against wind and weather

• insurance against physical insecurity of all kinds.

• Housing sector contributes to national wealth and national

employment.

• Source of revenue for governments.

VARIED FORMS…..
 TYPE…. TYPOLOGY

The house may consist of a single tenement or a number of tenements.

A tenement means a family unit.
housing may be broadly classified in five categories as follows:
1. Detached Houses- Outward Looking
2. Detached Houses- Inward Looking
3. Semi detached houses
4. Rows of houses
5. Multistoried, multifamily units
6. Group Housing
7. Skyscrapers
8. Townships
Detached Houses- Outward looking
• individual requirements of the family.
• Margins on sides, front and rear.
• private amenities, garden, etc possible.
• at places where land price is low.
• Huts, bungalows, farmhouses, villas etc.
Inward looking Detached Houses
• individual requirements of the family.
• No margins on sides
• Internal space for light, ventilation and
activities
• private amenities possible.
• at places where land price is low.
• Wadas, havelis, Nallu Kettu etc.
Semi Detached Houses
• A common boundary wall divides
the plot into two
• many advantages of the detached
type are possible
• Economy by sharing expenses of
common amenities such as water
lines, drainage lines, electric cables,
etc.
Row of Houses
• shared walls on the sides
• margins in the front and rear
end.
• single- storeyed or two-
storeyed.
• more net residential density.
Multistoried, multifamily units
• High land values in city areas -
apartments.
• three and more storeys
• each floor - two or more tenements.
• The land and other common amenities
are shared by all the occupants.
• The individual owner has no future
scope of expansion.
• Apartments, chawls etc
Skyscrapers
• The growing need of land and consequently sudden shooting rise in
price of land in big cities, further led to the conception of multi-
storeyed building or as they are popularly known as sky scrapers.
Group Housing
Townships
 MASS HOUSING
• Multiple units within one building/ complex/ precinct
• Usually, high rise buildings such as apartment blocks, blocks of flats,
tenement buildings, etc.

Factors Affecting Housing:

• Family Structure
• Class, Caste, and Religion
• Economy-Cost of Construction
• Industrialization and Employment
• Migration
 HOUSING DESIGN TYPOLOGIES
TITAN HOUSING, HOSUR

KANCHENJUNGA APTS, MUMBAI

BELAPUR HOUSING, NAVI MUMBAI

SITE AND USER CONTEXT | MASTER PLANNING | ORGANIZATION AND QUALITY OF SPACES | FORM AND
MASSING | MATERIALS AND FINISHES
GRAIN SIZE AND PATTERNS
GRAIN SIZE AND PATTERNS
CURRENT STATUS OF HOUSING
IN INDIA
Housing Shortage:

• Substantial housing shortage in India

• wide gap between the demand and supply of housing, both in terms
of quantity and quality.

• the urban housing shortage in the country was estimated to be 24.71

million for 66.30 million households

• Lack of Private-Public Coordination

• Growing Slums and Squatter Settlements

Demand-Supply Dynamics
What is ‘Affordable Housing’?
• A ratio of price or rent of housing to income of household.

PRICE/ RENT OF HOUSE

INCOME

• The ratio differs for different income groups.

• Lower income groups can afford to pay much less proportion of their
income for housing than that of higher income groups.
• Non-affordability of housing is directly linked with magnitude of urban
poverty.
Demand-Supply Dynamics

The demand and supply for houses depends on the following features:
• Availability of cheap finance
• Availability of skilled labor
• Available transport facilities
• Cost of labor and materials of construction
• Predictions of future demand
• Rate of interest on loans
• Rate of population growth and urbanization
• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices
• Taxation policy on real estates
• Town planning and environmental conditions, etc.
URBAN HOUSING SHORTAGE-
CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS

There are certain impediments to the supply of affordable houses.

• Unavailability of Urban Land

• Delay in Approvals from Multiple Local Authorities

• Rising Construction Costs

• Lack of Skilled Manpower

• Financing Constraints for Low-Income Groups

• Limited Financing Avenues for Developers

• Need to Relook Laws and Building Guidelines

INCOME GROUPS AND TENEMENT SIZES

INCOME GROUPS

• EWS- economically weaker section : Rs 0 – 3300

• LIG- low income group : Rs 3301 – 7300

• MIG-medium income group : Rs 7301 - 14500

• HIG- high income group : Rs 14501 and above

(Source: Dr, KiranWadhwa, Affordable Housing for urban Poor, National Resource Centre, SPA 2009.
Report of the technical group (11th Five Year Plan: 2007 – 12) on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage.)
INCOME GROUPS AND TENEMENT SIZES

SIZE OF TENEMENTS

S I Z E E M I o r R e n t

Minimum of 300 Sq. F. super built- up Not exceeding 30 to 40

area percent of gross monthly
EWS income of buyer.
Minimum of 269 Sq. F. (25 Sq. M.)
super built- up area
Minimum of 500 Sq. F. super built- up
area
LIG
Minimum of 517 Sq. F. (48 Sq. M.)
super built- up area
Minimum of 600 - 1,200 Sq. F. super
built- up area
MIG
Minimum of 861 Sq. F. (80 Sq. M.)
super built- up area
(Source: Guidelines for Affordable Housing in Partnership (Amended), MHUP, 2011.)
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

• The formulation of the National Housing Policy is an ongoing process

which started in 1986.

• The 1998 revision in the Policy intends to

– promote sustainable development of habitat

– ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all
sections of society.

The Goal of the National Housing Policy

• Provide adequate, comfortable, quality and affordable housing to

enhance the sustainability of the quality of life of the people.
The Salient Features of the National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007
are:
• affordable urban housing.
• basic services to the urban poor
• Emphasis on Backward Classes, Minorities, empowerment of Women
• symbiotic development of rural and urban areas
• Encouraging Integrated Townships and Special Economic Zones.
• States to develop 10 years perspective plan for housing of EWS or LIG.
• in-situ slum rehabilitation.
• Model municipal laws to be prepared by the Central Government.
• Use of proven cost effective technology and building materials
PUBLIC HOUSING
 AGENCIES UNDERTAKING PUBLIC
HOUSING
• Public Housing has remained the jurisdiction government.
• Government’s role from provider to now law and policy maker.
• the supreme agency - government and semi-government bodies or
departments.
– State government,
– Central government,
– postal department,
– income tax department,
– railways,
– local authorities etc.
• State agencies like:
– MHADA – Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority,
– Slum Rehabilitation Authority – SRA
– Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)
– Housing Urban Development Authority (HUDA)
 HOUSING FINANCE
Funding agencies for housing finance are following:

• ICICI Home Finance Company Limited

• Housing Urban Development Corporation – HUDCO

• Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited - HDFC

• State Bank of India Home Finance – SBI

• LIC Housing Finance Limited – LICHFL

HOUSING SCHEMES
INDIRA AWAS YOJANA/ PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA:
• Launched in 1985 for the rural poor.

• PMAY now is not limited to just the rural population.

• Ownership: joint ownership of both husband and wife

• Construction: construction was to be carried out by the beneficiary. Contractor was not

allowed. Support services from NGOs, etc. was allowed.

• Construction standards: eco-friendly and sustainable modes of building. Locally-sourced

materials.

Fund allocation: Funds were released in instalments:

• The first instalment - 25% of the total cost.

• The second instalment- 60% of the total cost. Was paid after reaching the lintel level.

• The final instalment- 15% of the total cost. Was released after beneficiary was living in the

home.

• Construction time limit: After the first instalment 9 months to complete the first stage. stage

2 had to be completed within 9 months from receiving the second instalment.

Eligibility criteria for the Indira Gandhi Yojana

• Households under the BPL were the primary beneficiaries.

• Disabled or handicapped citizens

• Ex-service personnel

• Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe

• Free bonded labourers

• Widows

• Next of kin of defence or parliamentary personnel killed in action

• Citizens in the marginalised sector of society

VALMIKI AMBEDKAR AWAS YOJANA
• The VAMBAY was launched in December 2001.
• construction and up-gradation of dwelling units for urban slum dwellers.
• community toilets under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (Now Swacch Bharat Abhiyan).
• The Central Government provides a subsidy of 50 per cent, the balance 50 per cent
being arranged by the State Government.
• There are prescribed ceilings on costs both for dwelling units and community toilets.
• The beneficiaries are identified through Neighbourhood Groups and Community
Development Societies in consultation with the Municipalities.
• Dwelling units are registered in the name of the female member or in the name of
husband and wife jointly
• The Govt. of India releases subsidy under VAMBAY to HUDCO. HUDCO releases the
subsidy and the loan directly to the State Nodal Agency
• The beneficiaries have complete freedom as to the manner of construction of the
houses.
BSUP : Basic Services To Urban Poor :
• security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health,
education and social security to low-income segments.
• The scheme ensures adequate funding for the above.

IHSDP – Integrated Housing and Slum Redevelopment Program:

• aims to combine the existing schemes of
ValmikiAmbedkarAwasYojana -VAMBAY and National Slum
Development Programme - NSDP
• urban slum dwellers.

SRA : Slum Redevelopment Authority :

• slum redevelopment along with rehabilitation of slum dwellers.
• FSI in the form of prescribed rehabilitation to sale ratio.

AHIP – Affordable Housing in Partnership:

• to promote public-private partnerships,
• This scheme is a part of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission -JNNURM