Algebra and graphs Exercise 11.4 Factorise the following: L a) ¢ °) a °) °) a) °) °) a) ) °) a) °) °) a 9 ax-6 6y-3 3p 34 Bab + dac — Sad @—ab abe + abd + fab S3pqr ~ 9pqs Sey — dry? 12p ~ 36 18+ 12y LLx + Lixy Spq~ gr + 15qs mt + mn par + qrs 3p} — 4p m3 — nein + mnt S6x7y — 28xy? @ Substitution Worked examples Evaluate the expressions below if a= 3,6 = 4,¢ = 2a+3b-e 641245 23 2a + 2b - 3¢ —6+8+15 a) e) 7 Sa(2b — 3e) 9(8 + 15) 9x23 207 b) 1812p d) da +66 f) Sm + 12n + 16r ‘b) 8pq + 6pr — dps d) 4x7 — bay f) 3m? + 9m b) Sm? ~ 10m d) 2a°b? = 3 f) 4x 54 b) 14a — 216 dd) 4s 16t + 20r 1) dry +89? b) 3p? 6pq d) ab + ab + ab? 1) Tbe + bee b) dr? — 6? + B's d) Ten + 36rn? — 80Pr? by) 3a—4b + 2c =9-16-10 =-17 ad @+e4e 9416 +25 50. 1) =2e(-a +25) 10(—3 + 8) 10 x5 =50 wa ma Exercise 11.5 Evaluate the following expressions if p = 4,g = —2.r = 3 and =-5 a) °) °) a) 9 eS) 2+ Aq 3q — 4s Br — 3p +5q 2p -3q- ar +s P+ paq-rts) b) Sr—3s a) 6p —8q +45 1) -p-qtr+s b) 3s—4ptr+g d) Pas? 1) rp — 34)uv Algebraic representation end manipulation Worked examples Exercise 11.6 3. a) 2s(3p —24) b) pg +rs ©) 2pr-3rq d gr e) sip? f) rig 4. a) ~2pqr b) 2g +r) c) -2rq+r d) (p+ qyr-s) ec) @tsyr-a) f) (@+a\p—s) 5. a) (2p +3a)(p - 4) b) @tna-n) 2) gar d) pi? e) (Ptrn(p-r) (stp @ Transformation of formulae In the formula a = 2b + ¢, ‘a’ is the subject. In order to make either b orc the subject, the formula has to be rearranged. Rearrange the following formulae to make the bold letter the subject: a) a=2bt+e a-2b=c ©) ab=ed ab ad In the following questions, make the letter in bold the subject of the formula: 1. a) mt+ne=r b) mtn=p — c) m+n=3p d) 3x=2p+q ec) ab=ed f) ab=cd 2. a) 3ay=4m b) 7pq =5r c) 3r= d) 3v+7=y ec) Sy-9=37 ft) Sy—9= 4x 3. a) 6b=2a-S bb) 6b=2a—-S cc) 3x —Ty = 4z d) 3e—Ty=4z ce) 3v—7y=4z f) Ipr—q=8 4 by Sam ©) n= ©) pgtry=2t f) pqtr=2% 5. a) 3u—n=n(p +4) b) 3m—n=rt(p +4) c) 3m-n=n(p +4) d) 3m—n=rp +q) ¢) 3nt—n = rip +4) i) 3m—n=np +4) 6 b) Bade ° ee e ftb=d 0) f+b=dAlgebra and graphs Worked example Exercise 11.7 Worked examples © Further expansion ‘You will have seen earlier in this chapter how to expand a pair ‘of brackets of the form (x — 3)(x + 4). A similar method can be used fo expand a pair of brackets of the form (2x ~ 3)(3x ~ 6). Expand (2x — 3)(3x — 6). ox 8 ax | 6x? | -ox -6 | -12x | 18 = 6x? — Ox — 12x + 18 = 6x? = 21x + 18 1. a) (+2)Qy +3) b) G+ 7Gy +4) ce) (2y +1) +8) d) y+ 1)y +2) e) (Gy +4)(2y +5) f) (6y + 3)Gy +1) 2 a) (2p—3)(p +8) b) (4p — S)(p +7) ©) Gp-4)Qp +3) d) 4p -5)Gp +7) ©) (6p + 2\(3p - 1) f) Tp —3)(4p +8) 3 a) (2x— 12-1) b) Gr +1P ©) (r-27 d) Gr-4? e) (x +6) f) (Qe +3)(2x -3) 4 a) 34+2x)(3-2x) b) (4x —3)(4e +3) ©) G+ 4x)G ~ 4x) d) 7-57 +59) ©) (3+ 2y)(dy — 6) f) (7 Sy © Further factorisation Factorisation by grouping Factorise the following expressions’ a) 6x+3+2y+y 3Qx +1) + Qe +1) B+ y)2Qx +1) Note that (2v + 1) was a common factor of both terms. D) ax tay — bx — by a(x +y) — bee +y) (a— bya + y) Wo 3x+2xy—3y = x(x —3) + yx 3) = @+ yr —3)uv Algebraic representation end manipulation Exercise 11.8 Worked examples Exercise 11.9 Factorise the following by grouping: La) artbxt+ayt+by — b) a+ bx—ay—by ©) Sm Sn mx tnx d) amt mx tan + mx ©) 3m+mx—3n—nx f) 6x +xy+6z4zy 2 a) pr—ps+qr—qs b) pq —4p +3q-12 ©) pqt+3q-4p—12 dd) rst rt + 2s +27 e) rs—stt-2F =f) ab—4eb + ac ~ 42 a) aytdyt+etdr by) x —ay— 2 +2y ce) ab+3a—7b-21 d) ab—b-a+1 ©) pq 4p—4q+16 1) mn—Sm—5n +25 4. a) mn=2m—3n+6 —-b) mn —2nr 3m + 6F ©) pr-4p—4qr+ 16g d) ab-a-~bete e) P—2ne Day +4yz 1) 2a? + ab + + ab Difference of two squares Onexpanding (+ y)(r-y) x —xy tay—y =y-y ‘The reverse is that x* — y* factorises to (x + )(¥ — y). 2 and y? are both square and therefore x? ~ y*is known as the difference of two squares. a p-g b) 4a? — 967 =@+@P-4) = (2a? ~ bP = (2a +3b)(2a — 3b) ©) (am)? 25k d) 4x? ~ (oy)? = (nny? ~ (5k = Gx? OF = (mn + 5k)(mn ~ 5k) = (2x + 9y)(2x — 9y) Factorise the following: La a8 b) m=? oe) 2-25 4) m—49 e) &-¥ i) 100-y* 2 a) 44-y? b) g- 169 1 d)i-e e) 4-y¥" £) 25p" — 64g? 3. a) 9x? —4y? b) 6p? — 364?) 64 - d) x? — 100y ©) (re -4p*— £) (ab) - (ed? 4.2) nf? —9? by be — 1g) (24)? Gy)! d) pig ©) 4m‘ —36y' —f) 16x* — B1y* ®Algebra and graphs @ Evaluation Once factorised, numerical expressions can be evaluated. Worked examples Evaluate the following expressions: a) wp b) 629-395 = (134+7)03-7) = (625 + 3.75)(6.25 ~ 3.75) 20x6 10x25 120 25 Exercise 11.10 By factorising, evaluate the following: 1. a) 8-2 b) 16¢—4 ©) 4-1 d) 17-3 e) 88-127 1) 9 -# 2 a) 48-25 b) 9 = 1 c) 2-29 ) 6 — 34% e) 999 f) 25-8 a) 8. 1.6 b) 9.37-OF c) 42.8 — 7.27 d) (YP?) GPP OP? f) 5.25 - 4.7" 4 a) 8.62?— 1.38 b) 0.97 — 0.17 ig) 33h d) 4 e) 2-1 f) 2-25 © Factorising quadratic expressions x + Sy + 6 is known as a quadratic expression as the highest power of any of its terms is squared ~ in this case x*. Itcan be factorised by writing it as a product of two brackets. Worked examples a) Factorise x* + Sx + 6. x x x” As there is only one term in x, this can be entered, as can the constant +6. The only two values which multiply to give 5 2 are.x and x. These too can be entered. 5 We now need to find two values which multiply to give +6 and which add to give # an ‘The only two values which satisfy both these conditions are 4+3.and +2. . se Therefore x? + Sx + 6 = (x + 3)(x +2) +2 | a | 46Algebraic representation end manipulation b) Factorise x? + 2x ~ 24 x x 46 x] oe x | oF | 46x 24 -4| n4x | -26 Therefore x? + 2x — 24 = (x + 6)(x — 4) ©) Factorise 2x7 + 11x + 12. 2x x48 x] 2 x| ae | 8x 12 +4] a | 12 ‘Therefore 2¢ + 11x + 12 = 2x +3)(x +4) d) Factorise 3x? + 7x ~ 6. 2x 2x x) oe x oe oe 6 +8) ox | 6 Therefore 3x? + 7x ~ 6 = (3x ~ 2)(x +3) Exercise 11.11 Factorise the following quadratic expressions: Loa) att 7e+12 b) P+8r+12 C+ 13e +12 @)-%e+12 ce) PB 412 f) PI t12 RB alve+Gr+5S db) PHGr+B co) P+ Ot9 ) 2410425) + 22e4 121 f) a 13r +42 3. a) x2 + Ld +24 b) + AL + 24 c) a? Or +24 d) 2415 +36) P+ 20436 f) x—12r +36 a) x2+2e-15 b) P-2r-15 co) a@+x-12 @)-x-12 e) P+4r—12 f) P- 15 +36 a)x2-2e-8 — b) P—¥- 20) +30 @)-x-42 ce) P— 2-63 f) P+ 3-54 6. a) 2241 -b) A+ THE cc) Wa 6 @)28-Tr+6 c) A2+8r+4 f) BH Led 2) av + 12+ 9h) 8-61 i) G21Algebra and graphs @ Transformation of complex formulae Worked examples Make the letters in bold the subject of each formule: a) C=2nr b) Aaa" d Bole ‘Square both sides a__b Gero ® ax = b(bx +1) ax=hx+b ax Bx x(a—B") se Exercise 11.12 In the formulae below, make x the subject: La) P=2mx b) T=3x7 c) me= ye e) ne +=uv Algebraic representation end manipulation Exercise 11.13 Exercise 11.14 3. a) vr=— P a reanf op In the following questions, make the letter in bold the subject of the formula: Lo a)veutat — b) Paw +205 ©) Pau + as d) s=u+tar? ec) s=urtjar? f) s=ur+ Sar? 2 Pr 1. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = meh, where his the height of the eylinder and r is the radius, a) Find the volume of a cylindrical post of length 7.5 m and a diameter of 30 cm. b) Make r the subject of the formula. ©) A cylinder of height 75 cm has a volume of 6000 em’, find its radius correct to3 s.f. ‘The formula C = 3(F ~ 32) can be used to convert ‘temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) into degrees Celsius (°C). a) What temperature in °C is equivalent to 150 °F? 'b) What temperature in °C is equivalent to 12 °F? ¢) Make F the subject of the formula. d) Use your rearranged formula to find what temperature in °F is equivalent to 160°C. 3. The height of Mount Kilamanjaro is given as 5900 m. ‘The formula for the time taken, T hours, to climb to a height H metres is: H T=mtk where k is a constant a) Calculate the time taken, to the nearest hour, to climb to the top of the mountain if & = 9.8. b) Make # the subject of the formula, ©) How far up the mountain, to the nearest 100 m, could you expect to be after 14 hours?Algebra and graphs Worked examples Exercise [1.15 4, The formula for the volume V of a sphere is given as. Va ger a) Find Vifr =m. b) Make r the subject of the formula. c) Find the radius of a sphere of volume 2500 mé. The cost Sx of printing n newspapers is given by the formula x= 150 + 0.05n. a) Calculate the cost of printing 5000 newspapers. b) Make the subject of the formula. ©) How many newspapers can be printed for $25? © Algebraic fractions ‘Simplifying algebraic fractions ‘The rules for fractions involving algebraic terms are the same as those for numeric fractions. However the actual calculations are often easier when using algebra. a ab » ¢ a ay bb c* We 2 Ho AKKK AK EK AR EREuv Algebraic representation end manipulation Worked examples Worked examples Worked examples Exercise 11.16 5 b) 0 ithe 6 b> Addition and subtraction of fractions In arithmetic it is easy to add or subtract fractions with the same denominator. It is the same process when dealing with algebraic fractions. 4.3 a”) ti ai i If the denominators are different, the fractions need to be changed to form fractions with the same denominator, b) °) Similarly, with subtraction, the denominators need to be the same.