OSI Model

1. Physical layer – Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium. The actual
physical link between the devices is responsible for this. In the form of bits, the
physical layer contains information. It is responsible for the transmission from
one node to the next of individual bits. This layer will get the signal received while
receiving information and translate it into 0s and 1s and transfer them to the Data
Link layer, which will bring the frame back together.

2. Data Link layer – Defines the format of data on the network. The node to node
distribution of the message is the responsibility of the data link layer. This layer's
main function is to ensure that data transfer is error-free over the physical layer
from one node to another. When a packet reaches a network, it is the duty of the
DLL to use its MAC address to relay it to the host.

3. Network layer – Decides which physical path the data will take. The network
layer operates by transferring data from one host to another on various networks.
It also takes care of packet routing.

4. Transport layer – Transmits information using transmission protocols, including

TCP and UDP. The transport layer provides application layer services and picks
up services from the network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to
as Segments. It is responsible for the full message's end to end delivery. The
transport layer also provides acknowledgment of the efficient transmission of the
data and, if an error is detected, re-transmits the data.

5. Session Layer – Maintains connection and is responsible for managing

sessions, ports, authentication and also guarantees security.

6. Presentation layer – Ensures the information is in an accessible format and is

the location where data encryption takes place. Presentation layer is also called
the Translation layer. The data from the application layer is extracted here and
manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the network.

7. Application Layer – the layer of human-computer interaction where apps can

access network services. The data that has to be transferred over the network is
produced by these applications. This layer also serves as a window to access the
network for the application services and to display the received information to the
user.
TCP/IP Model
1. Network access or Link layer - This layer coincides with the combination of the
OSI model's Data Link Layer and Physical Layer. It looks for hardware
addressing and allows for the physical transmission of data by the protocols
present in this layer.
2. Internet layer - This layer resembles the Network Layer functions of OSI. It
specifies the protocols that are responsible for transmitting data logically over the
entire network.
3. Transport layer – Is also called as host-to-host layer. This layer is similar to the
OSI model's transport layer. It is responsible for end-to - end correspondence
and the distribution of data free of errors. It protects from the complexities of data
the upper-layer applications.
4. Application layer - This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the
OSI model: Application, Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for
node-to-node communication and controls user-interface specifications. Some of
the protocols present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH,
SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD.

Why the networking industry uses a layered model?

Networking industry uses a layered model because it is to visualize the
interaction between various protocols. A layered model depicts the operation of the
protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above
and below it. Layered model assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate
at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to
the layers above and below. Fosters competition because products from different
vendors can work together. It also prevents technology or capability changes in one
layer from affecting other layers above and below. Lastly provides a common language
to describe networking functions and capabilities.

Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
http://electronicswithnetwork.blogspot.com/