Introduction TCP/IP

 The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known

as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar
networks.

 It is named from two of the most important protocols

in it:
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and

 Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two

networking protocols defined in this standard.

APPLICATION LAYER
 This layer is comparable to the application,
presentation, and session layers of the OSI model all
combined into one.

 It provides a way for applications to have access to

networked services.

 It is widely-known layer for the exchange of user

information
 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to
transfer files that make up the Web pages of the
World Wide Web.

 The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for

interactive file transfer.

 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used

for the transfer of mail messages and attachments.
 Presentation Layer does Encryption-Decryption and
Compression-Decompression of Data.

 This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which

are considered as synchronization points into stream of
data.
TRANSPORT LAYER
 This layer acts as the delivery service used by the
application layer.

 Two protocols used are TCP and UDP.

 The choice is made based on the application's

transmission reliability requirements.

 The transport layer also handles all error detection

and recovery.
 It uses checksums, acknowledgements, and timeouts
to control transmissions and end to end verification.

 Unlike the OSI model, TCP/IP treats reliability as an

end-to-end problem

 TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented,

reliable communications service.

 UDP provides a one-to-one or one-to-many,

connectionless, unreliable communications service.
 A message is divided into segments; each segment
contains sequence number, which enables this layer
in reassembling the message.
 Message is reassembled correctly upon arrival at the
destination and replaces packets which were lost in
transmission.

 Connection Control : It includes 2 types :

1. Connectionless Transport Layer : Each segment is
considered as an independent packet and delivered
to the transport layer at the destination machine.

2. Connection Oriented Transport Layer : Before

delivering packets, connection is made with
transport layer at the destination machine.
NETWORK LAYER
 This layer is also known as Internet Layer. The main
purpose of this layer is to organize or handle the
movement of data on network.

 By movement of data, we generally mean routing of

data over the network.

 This layer is responsible for addressing, packaging,

and routing functions.
 The core protocols of the Internet layer are IP, ARP,
ICMP, and IGMP.

 The Internet Protocol (IP) is a routable protocol

responsible for IP addressing, routing, and the
fragmentation and reassembly of packets.

 The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is

responsible for the resolution of the Internet layer
address to the Network Interface layer address such
as a hardware address.
 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is
responsible for providing diagnostic functions and
reporting errors due to the unsuccessful delivery of IP
packets.

 The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is

responsible for the management of IP multicast
groups.
 It translates logical network address into physical
address. Concerned with circuit, message or packet
switching.

 Routers and gateways operate in the network layer.

DATA LINK LAYER
 Data link layer is most reliable node to node delivery
of data.

 It forms frames from the packets that are received

from network layer and gives it to physical layer.

 It also synchronizes the information which is to be

transmitted over the data. Error controlling is easily
done.
 Protocols of this layer determine which of the devices
has control over the link at any given time, when two
or more devices are connected to the same link.
 Error control is achieved by adding a trailer at the end
of the frame.

 Duplication of frames are also prevented by using this

mechanism.

 Frames are the streams of bits received from the

network layer into manageable data units.

 This division of stream of bits is done by Data Link

Layer.
 Switch and Bridge are used in this layer
PHYSICAL LAYER

 Physical layer is the lowest layer of all. It is

responsible for sending bits from one computer to
another.

 This layer is not concerned with the meaning of the

bits and deals with the physical connection

 This layer defines electrical and physical details

represented as 0 or a 1.
 This layer defines the rate of transmission which is
the number of bits per second.

 It deals with the synchronization of the transmitter

and receiver. The sender and receiver are
synchronized at bit level.

 Devices must be connected using the following

topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.
 Physical Layer defines the direction of transmission
between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full
Duplex
 Deals with baseband and broadband transmission.

 Hubs and Repeater are used in this layer